Alternate Wikipedia Infoboxes VI (Do Not Post Current Politics or Political Figures Here)

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The 1948 South African general elections were held on 26 May 1948 and saw the United Party (UP), led by Jan Smuts, win another term in office at the head of a narrow majority in the House of Assembly.

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During the election campaign, the UP formed an electoral pact with the left-leaning Labour Party. The main opposition party was the Reunited National Party (HNP) led by D.F. Malan, a Dutch Reformed cleric. The HNP campaigned on a promise to implement a policy of strict racial segregation. However, their wartime record (many had collaborated with the German colonial government in South-West Africa) and the strident anti-Anglo sentiment coming from many senior party figures alienated many people. The UP, by contrast, campaigned on a promise of incremental reform to the franchise, attracting liberal votes without alienating some conservative whites. A wartime redistricting, giving more weight to urban districts, also served to boost the UP.

Despite Smuts' equivocal and limited support for an expansion of the franchise, his final government attempted to implement the recommendations of the Fagan Commission. The government would introduce the New Franchise Bill, which extended the vote to 'elite' Black, Asian and Coloured populations. Smuts would die at his desk in September 1950, midway through the Bill's passage through the Assembly, and be replaced by Jan Hofmeyer, from the UP's liberal wing.

Other updates in this series
Lordship of the Gold Coast
Guangxu Emperor
1885 UK election
1887 Irish election (also includes an explanation of the POD)
1922 British election
1932 Indian election
1942 German election
1949 Palestinian election
 
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Miller
President Miller might have gone down as just another Chester Arthur, one of those bland, one term presidents that happened to sit behind the oval office because the predecessor either got sick from hypothermia or happened to be murdered by an assassins' bullet. Indeed, anything anyone knew of him came from Democrat's taunt "here's a riddle, it's a killer, who the hell is william miller?" In spite of conspiracy theories that it may have been under the direct orders of FBI director Richard Nixon, no concise evidence has come forward to back up such a claim, which remains just a theory dismissed by more professional historians and investigative journalists. As the flag draped coffin that held the remains of Barry Goldwater walked past Miller, the country wondered. It had been the second time in a decade that a president of the united states died. Many people weren't sure what to make of the supposed "man who drove LBJ nuts." However, he made the best attempt to live-up to the conservative leanings of his former running mate. The New York representative soon, with his hand on the bible and meeting the glare of Chief-Justice Earl Warren, spoke out the oath of office in a private, then public ceremony.

His administration saw the man hunt for Goldwater's killer come to a brutal end outside of a gas station, with the televised attempted arrest turned bloody shootout of Arthur Bremer. Miller also controversially continued the "proliferation and pacification campaign" as advocated by General Curtis Le May. This policy completely shattered whatever goodwill there had been developing between the South Vietnamese and the American forces stationed there, numbering at least a one hundred thousand by 1967. Miller resisted the more extremes calls for an atomic bombing of Vietnam, continuing the strategic bombing that was pursued by Goldwater. As the war dragged on however, Miller finally gave the consent for a "small test to probe the Charlies." When Hanoi was vaporized off the face of the earth In 1969, there was much alarm by the Soviets, and much of the world at such a move. No-one had been expecting to utilize nuclear weapons in a conventional war, but Miller reluctantly had followed through with Le May's demands. As the world held their breathe, there was no rush of soviet weaponry towards American cities, nor any of Uncle Sam's freedom deliveries coming in hot on Vladivostok or Sevastopol.
However, he was able to "Win" the Vietnamese War, so his presidency is given marks for that, even though many international human rights advocates argued for his imprisonment or worse for the act of vaporizing a city. In spite of his conservative opposition, the poll tax was officially abolished during his presidency via a constitutional amendment.
Wallace
One of the more progressive leaders within the deep south, George Wallace promised to "out-Lincoln Lincoln." In spite of the biting conservative rhetoric of his later senate career, culminating in his party switching in 1993, his time as a lawyer in Alabama representing black clientele with the respect gave him his purpose in life, at least initially. The southerner would make good on his campaigns to assist the African American community. He, along with the help of northern majority leader Eugene McCarthy, would embark on the "grand program for the negro." Opposed by southern segregationists, Wallace would force down several constitutional amendments, helping pass the Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity Amendments, sending them to the states to ratify, politically maneuvering lobbying efforts outside of the deep south, though continuously pushing for his home Alabama. His presidency is praised for his commitment to the efforts of civil rights, though some criticize his policies as being anti-white.

Ford
The eight years of Gerald Ford were an interesting time. Considered by some to be the highwater mark of conservatism, Ford was forced to deal with a hostile congress until his landslide re-election turned the house and gave way for conservative democrats to hobble back together the right-wing coalition that had enabled some sort of progress. Ford puffed out his chest at the Russian bear, confronting efforts such as in the uprising of communist Quebec (at least what he was told by the Canadian Prime Minister, and who wouldn't pass up a good opportunity to bomb some reds?) However, his attempts early in 1982 at the continued privatization of President Tugwell's crowning Medicare met with such resistance from a now progressively democratic house that the government stopped functioning for a week. While ford blamed congress and congress blamed ford, the voters sided with congress, delivering a slightly expanded senate in favor of the opposition.

Dornan
Ford's compromise with the democratic house infuriated the staunchly conservative voters that had re-elected him in 1984, with controversial California governor Bob Dornan being the loudest critic from Sacramento. Dornan would beat back the other conservative democrat hailing from South Carolina running for president narrowly by a few thousand votes and the state of Illinois. Already known for a slew of controversial statements, his presidency would be marred by offhanded remarks and fiery speeches from the comfort of the oval office. "B-1 Bob", a nickname from his house days, would forcibly kick out the League of Nations in the Woodrow Wilson Building Siege of 1989. Apart from starting another world war, he would propose a slew of constitutional amendments through proxy representatives and senators, ultimately culminating in the Constitutional Convention of 1991.

Despite numerous disagreements devolving around partisan lines between Republican and Whig, Federalist and Democrat, a consensus was reached with the overturning of the 13th Amendment, in spite of the cries of former president George Wallace, who started a political resistance lobbying group known as Save13. Dornan's conservative fight was now with former president Wallace. By the 1992 election, Dornan's constitutional convention passed the new amendments that overturned the 13th and 14th Amendments, seeing precedent with the 21st and 18th amendments. The Alabaman would challenge that the move was unconstitutional, a position rejected by the now conservative supreme court in Wallace v. Peculiar Institutions ( 1993) The massive political changes led to numerous revolts against the president, with the civil rioters being quelled. As Dornan announced a run for an unconstitutional third term in 1996, he was wounded in an assassination attempt by one of the many people he pissed off during his administration. Dornan, taking the hint that people are pissed off at him, graciously backs out, endorses Perkins and retires to the conservative stronghold of California, being elected senator in 1998.

Perkins
The religious conservative faction soon eats the Republicans, resulting in a close election between an ardent left-leaning democratic candidate and former governor turned presidential candidate Tony Perkins. Controversially known for conflicts of interest in office, as he refused to resign from the Family Research Council while serving as governor until an investigation began by the FBI into white supremacy ties between the FRC. Cleared of any wrongdoing in the investigation, Perkins then runs and easily wins a third term as governor , distancing himself from the controversial Dornan administration and boosted by the spontaneous implosion of Communist China in the Asian Spring by the time of the presidential election. The Perkins Administration would actively support such nation building activities, though he would forge close ties with Iraq, even giving Hussein the green light to invade Kuwait in 2001. In spite of the international outrage, not many nations were willing to do something about it after "Miller Time."
In terms of domestic policy, Perkins refused to bail out the massive automotive industries in 2004, culminating with a combined real-estate bubble popping and mass unemployment making Perkins suffer the lowest approval ratings to date. His religious answers indicating it was "divine intervention" to the massive 2004 Hurricane Caroline that struck Florida and Louisiana were televised bombshells that ruined any chance that the Republicans would carry on their six presidential term winning streak with a seventh and fourth republican president.

Silber
The first democratic president since Wallace, John Silber's presidency was marred by frequent interparty in-fighting between the staunchly conservative and liberal wings of the party, threatening to tear itself apart in time for a possible republican to make Silber the next Wallace one termer. Silber, for his part, did not make it any better by alienating the progressive wing and threatening to register as a republican. One of many reasons as to why the governor of Massachusetts had won another term was that Perkins's running mate Jefferes ran for president himself. The Americans took one look at the lackluster policy and domestic affairs of the Silber administration and contrast it with the controversial an unpopular Perkins administration, to which Jefferes unwisely strategized to closely tie himself to as a symbol of loyalty to Perkins and to woo the evangelical base within the Republican Party. That's not to say there weren't policies in his first term, besides the construction of an interstate highway system, pouring money into a mass transit network and passing legislation that legalized prostitution and gay marriage were all seen as benefits and improvements compared to the Perkins administration.
 
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Back to the Future Part IV is the fourth and final installment the Back to the Future franchise. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, and stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson, Crispin Glover, Lea Thompson, and Eric Stoltz. The film starts six months since Back to the Future Part III (1990), the bank has begun foreclosing on Doc's home. On May 14, 1986, while helping his father George (Crispin Glover) clear out Doc's possessions, Marty (Michael J. Fox) is shocked to see Clara (Mary Steenburgen) in the Delorean Time Machine asking for his help as Doc (Christopher Lloyd) has gotten himself arrested in 1931 then killed by Irving "Kid" Tannen (Thomas F. Wilson). Clara explains how the DeLorean would return to her should Doc fall on hard times. Together they travel to June 13, 1931 and learn that Doc was accused of arson upon Kid's illegal speakeasy and thus needs to break out of jail. Doc tells Marty and Clara to seek the aid of his younger self, Emmett (Eric Stoltz), who at this point in time assists his father, who staunchly resents Emmett's dream of a career in science, at the courthouse. Along the way, Marty encounters his grandfather Arthur "Artie" McFly (Crispin Glover), Officer Danny Parker (his girlfriend Jennifer's grandfather; played by Cliff Robertson) and Trixie Trotter (Elisabeth Shue) (who is revealed to be Marty's grandmother Sylvia Miskin). In the end it's revealed that the reason Doc traveled to 1931 was that he had been compiling a history of the McFly family to present to Marty as a graduation gift but found information on his grandmother challenging to come across (as she was working under the name Trixie) and thus had to travel to 1931 to attempt to obtain research first-hand.

The movie was a box office smash with many critics and fans giving it positive reviews, many believe it's the best of the series.
 
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Back to the Future Part IV is the fourth and final installment the Back to the Future franchise. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, and stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson, Crispin Glover, Lea Thompson, and Eric Stoltz. The film starts six months since Back to the Future Part III (1990), the bank has begun foreclosing on Doc's home. On May 14, 1986, while helping his father George (Crispin Glover) clear out Doc's possessions, Marty (Michael J. Fox) is shocked to see Clara (Mary Steenburgen) in the Delorean Time Machine asking for his help as Doc (Christopher Lloyd) has gotten himself arrested in 1931 then killed by Irving "Kid" Tannen (Thomas F. Wilson). Clara explains how the DeLorean would return to her should Doc fall on hard times. Together they travel to June 13, 1931 and learn that Doc was accused of arson upon Kid's illegal speakeasy and thus needs to break out of jail. Doc tells Marty and Clara to seek the aid of his younger self, Emmett (Eric Stoltz), who at this point in time assists his father, who staunchly resents Emmett's dream of a career in science, at the courthouse. Along the way, Marty encounters his grandfather Arthur "Artie" McFly (Crispin Glover), Officer Danny Parker (his girlfriend Jennifer's grandfather; played by Cliff Robertson) and Trixie Trotter (Elisabeth Shue) (who is revealed to be Marty's grandmother Sylvia Miskin). In the end it's revealed that the reason Doc traveled to 1931 was that he had been compiling a history of the McFly family to present to Marty as a graduation gift but found information on his grandmother challenging to come across (as she was working under the name Trixie) and thus had to travel to 1931 to attempt to obtain research first-hand.

The movie was a box office smash with many critics and fans giving it positive reviews, many believe it's the best of the series.
Nice references to the Back to the Future video game.
 
View attachment 622687Lester Garfield Maddox Sr (September 30, 1915 - June 25, 2003) was an American politician who served as Governor of Georgia from 1967-1971 and again from 1975 to 1983. Maddox was first elected Governor in the contentions election of 1966. After winning the 1966 Democratic primary in a hotly contested runoff against former Governor Ellis Arnall, Maddox went on to go up against Republican Representative Bo Callaway in the general election. although Callaway won a plurality of the vote, since no candidate had received a majority of the popular vote (In part do to a surprisingly effective independent campaign by Maddox's primary opponent, Ellis Arnall) the election was instead decided via a contingent election in the Georgia House of Representatives. Maddox was eventually elected Governor by the House, although the vote reveled schisms within the Democratic party, with nearly 30 left leaning Democratic state Representatives breaking party lines and voting for Callaway as they were opposed to Maddox's segregationist views. Nonetheless he took office as the 45th Governor of Georgia on January 11, 1967.​

Under the then-current Georgia constitution, Maddox was unable to run for a second consecutive term in 1970, so he instead run for Lieutenant Governor, winning the race and becoming Lieutenant to newly elected Democratic Governor Jimmy Carter. During his four years as Carter's Lieutenant, the two were constantly at odds with each other, especially over social issues such as civil rights. As Carter's term came to an end, Maddox sought his prior office, defeating lawyer George Busbee in the Democratic primary, and then being elected to a second non-consecutive term in 1974. He returned to the Governorship on January 14, 1975 with Zell Miller, his former Chief of Staff succeeding him as Lieutenant Governor, leading to a much less toxic Governors mansion.

In 1976, just a year into his second term, Maddox ran for President on the American Independent Party ticket, the same ticket Alabama Governor George Wallace had run on in 1968. Interestingly, his third party Presidential campaign pitied him against his predecessor, successor and Governor during his stint as Lieutenant Governor, Jimmy Carter, the Democratic nominee who would go on to win the election.

Two years into his second term, Georgia's constitution was changed to allow Governors to be elected to a second consecutive term, freeing up Maddox to run for a third term in 1978, something he quickly made clear he would do. Maddox was re-elected in 1978, becoming the first Georgia Governor to be-reelected to a consecutive term. He left office on January 11, 1983, being succeeded by fellow Democrat Joe Frank Harris.
Why does he look like Mr. Bean?
 
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Back to the Future Part IV is the fourth and final installment the Back to the Future franchise. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, and stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson, Crispin Glover, Lea Thompson, and Eric Stoltz. The film starts six months since Back to the Future Part III (1990), the bank has begun foreclosing on Doc's home. On May 14, 1986, while helping his father George (Crispin Glover) clear out Doc's possessions, Marty (Michael J. Fox) is shocked to see Clara (Mary Steenburgen) in the Delorean Time Machine asking for his help as Doc (Christopher Lloyd) has gotten himself arrested in 1931 then killed by Irving "Kid" Tannen (Thomas F. Wilson). Clara explains how the DeLorean would return to her should Doc fall on hard times. Together they travel to June 13, 1931 and learn that Doc was accused of arson upon Kid's illegal speakeasy and thus needs to break out of jail. Doc tells Marty and Clara to seek the aid of his younger self, Emmett (Eric Stoltz), who at this point in time assists his father, who staunchly resents Emmett's dream of a career in science, at the courthouse. Along the way, Marty encounters his grandfather Arthur "Artie" McFly (Crispin Glover), Officer Danny Parker (his girlfriend Jennifer's grandfather; played by Cliff Robertson) and Trixie Trotter (Elisabeth Shue) (who is revealed to be Marty's grandmother Sylvia Miskin). In the end it's revealed that the reason Doc traveled to 1931 was that he had been compiling a history of the McFly family to present to Marty as a graduation gift but found information on his grandmother challenging to come across (as she was working under the name Trixie) and thus had to travel to 1931 to attempt to obtain research first-hand.

The movie was a box office smash with many critics and fans giving it positive reviews, many believe it's the best of the series.
Nice sequel but is there any possible Back to the Future V movies that will be out in the 2000s?
 
Here's a thing based on Hong Kong's status in my China TL.

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The 1994 Hong Kong referendum was held on the 18th September 1994, the same day as the 1994 Hong Kong local elections, and asked Hong Kongers whether, once the United Kingdom returned sovereignty over the region to China in 1997, it should then become a municipality of the Republic of China (effectively a province-level administrative level given to the country’s major cities).

One of the provisions of the Sino-British Joint Declaration given by then-Chinese President Gu Zhutong (Moshan) and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984, which confirmed that British rule over Hong Kong would be relinquished at the end of the ’99-year lease’ in 1997, was that under the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the region would have more laws protecting freedom of speech and expression, its democratic process would include universal suffrage, and that a referendum would be held within the territory to determine its relationship to China prior to the handover. The process behind this proved fraught at first, but after the Tiananmen Square Revolution forced Moshan’s successor, Zhao Ziyang, to take a more pro-democratic position, universal suffrage was indeed implemented in Hong Kong.

In 1992, after one of new British PM John Major’s allies, Chris Patten, lost his seat at the general election, Major appointed Patten to the Governorship of Hong Kong, and Patten proceeded to accelerate electoral reform of the Legislative Council (the main legislative body of Hong Kong). Under Patten’s reforms, the Legislative Council would be restructured into a fully elected legislature rather than the mixed elected and appointed system that had existed before, where only 18 of the 60 members were directly elected.

Patten’s reforms proved controversial, as Zhao accused him of trying to undermine the handover and sympathy for China in the region. In early 1993, Zhao introduced a counter-plan where Hong Kong would become China’s fourth municipality (alongside Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), which would see it granted its own City Council, devolved powers and the right to elect members to the National Congress and vote for the Presidency.

This backfired badly on Zhao, however. It soon became apparent he had not given much time for his allies in the Kuomintang to look into the scheme, and undermined his leadership, helping allow the minor parties to gain ground against the Kuomintang in the National Congress election later that year. It also stirred up opposition from within Hong Kong, as the ‘Radical’ alliance (the former ‘pro-democracy’ group) capitalized on discontent with the idea of Hong Kong becoming part of China.

Regardless of this, the Kuomintang (and to a degree the Chinese right in general) soon warmed to the concept of Hong Kong becoming part of China again, as did those in parts of the New Territories bordering the mainland. A warmly-received speech by Jasper Tsang, leader of the DAB party in the ‘Moderate’ alliance (the ex-‘pro-Beijing’ camp), described the concept of Hong Kong joining China as ‘reuniting people who were only divided because of long-dead imperialism’.

This conflict between Hong Kong nationalism and Chinese nationalism became the main animating feature of the referendum campaign, but the voting cleavage was not as straightforward as ‘Moderates’ voting Yes to becoming a municipality and ‘Radicals’ voting No. Rather, the main side wholeheartedly advocating a ‘Yes’ vote was the third force in Hong Kong politics, the ‘pro-business’ alliance, which focused on the possibility of creating strong trade relations with neighbouring Guangdong and the risks of antagonizing the government with the protracted reform process. The ‘Radicals’ were mostly pro-No, but some of their voters were swayed toward backing Yes because of the problematic process of reforming Hong Kong’s legislature and the promise of a simpler City Council. Similarly, the ‘Moderates’ generally supported Yes, but some were in favour of the nationalism which drove the No side and thus voted that way.

It is generally agreed the key turning point for the campaign which gave No the momentum to win was when, at the beginning of July, the Patten reforms survived an attempt through the hostile amendment of ‘pro-business’ Allen Lee to kill them and were narrowly passed by the Legislative Council. While figures like Lee and those supporting Hong Kong integration on the mainland continued to fight hard, the No camp’s hand was strengthened by the new status of the Legislative Council, with a particularly effective speech put forward by Democratic leader Martin Lee.

In a speech he gave on the 2nd August, Lee said: “Beijing keeps telling us ‘you will have sovereignty’. We will get to vote on the Presidency, we will get to vote for the National Congress, we will get to vote for our City Council… someone needs to tell them about 1995 and 1996! If we agree to become a municipality, democracy enters limbo for 2 years, and our Legislative Council becomes meaningless!”

While many of the Yes camp’s supporters criticized Lee’s sentiments, pointing out that the Legislative Council’s policies would be kept in force by a future City Council and that Hong Kong would not have the right to vote for mainland China’s government if a No vote occurred, the Hong Kong public’s distance from Beijing undermined the strength of those arguments.

When the referendum was finally held on the 18th September, a fairly strong geographical and ideological divide was seen. Most of the northern New Territories, including populous Sha Tin District, voted Yes, while the western New Territories, all of Hong Kong Island and all of Kowloon except strongly pro-‘Moderate’ Wong Tai Sin District voted No, and consequently No won by a narrow 4.2% margin.

The result was considered a major victory for the ‘Radicals’ and for advocates of Hong Kong sovereignty, helping them to secure a major victory in the 1995 Legislative Council election, and a major setback for the Kuomintang government on the mainland which forced Zhao not to run for re-election as President and prompted both Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji to renounce their previous opposition to the new Legislative Council. It also energized the secessionist movement in Chongqing, which ironically enough did become China’s fourth municipality after voting to split off from Sichuan in 1997.

By the time the UK handed back power to China in July 1997, Hong Kong’s status had finally been decided: through mutual cooperation between new Chinese President Jiang and Hong Kong President Lee (Lee’s title being the shortened form of ‘President of the Legislative Council’), Hong Kong became a dependency of China with the right to self-government, its own flag* and the Chinese President as de jure head of state, though like the British monarchs they de facto have no right to affect Hong Kong’s laws. A free trade area was also set up with neighbouring Guangdong, defusing the business concerns of those in the province, and the arrangement was used as a blueprint by which to return Macau to Chinese rule in 1999.

This arrangement was highly beneficial to public opinion of both the Chinese and Hong Kong governments; the Kuomintang and Jiang enjoyed a popularity boost for defusing the tensions in the province while retaining international recognition as its rulers, while Lee was praised for his canny protection of Hong Kong’s sovereignty and would go on to serve as President of Hong Kong until he retired in 2005.

* In TTL, Hong Kong’s flag has the same orchid emblem on it, but the background is dark blue rather than red, to evoke both the Kuomintang blue on the Chinese flag and the old British Blue Ensign from the colonial-era flag.
 

Thomas27

Banned
How can Harry S. Truman serve as FDR's Vice President from January to April 1945 if FDR died on December 31, 1944? That and Truman succeeding him before his term as VP starts doesn't make any sense!

Simple mistake, settle down. We've all been there and we've all seen worse mistakes.

True, but I was only pointing out the mistake and confusion.
In the book, the problem of constitutionality is invoked, but with the country at war, Congress decides to let the elected vice-president take power immediately rather than wait a few weeks for the end of Wallace's term. They don't want Wallace as president and especially they don't want to have three president succeeding each other.
 
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In the book, the problem of constitutionality is invoked, but with the country at war, Congress decides to let the elected vice-president take power immediately rather than wait a few weeks for the end of Wallace's term. They don't want Wallace as president and especially they don't want to have three president succeeding each other.
That's seriously illegal (especially before the 25th amendment). At the very least Wallace is acting POTUS until the end of his legal term and at this point there is no system to appoint a new VP and have him succeed. And Wallace is unlikely to go quietly without an impeachment. Guess that author didn't let rules get in the way if a story?
 
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