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The World That Huey Made
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Billy Graham
William Franklin "Billy" Graham, Jr. was an American evangelist and statesman who served as the 37th
President of the United States from 1965 to 1973. Graham was born on November 7, 1918 in Charlotte, North Carolina to a devout Presbyterian and staunchly
Democratic household. He describes his conversion experience as being 1934 during a revival led by the controversial
Mordecai Ham. Shortly thereafter, he felt called to the ministry, and engaged in several small-scale revivals. At the same time, he developed a keen interest in politics, and was greatly inspired by then Senator
Huey Long, who was gearing up to run for President again in 1940. Graham attended
Louisiana State University in part to get closer to Long and the head of the
Share Our Wealth Society, the Rev.
Gerald L. K. Smith. Soon, Graham returned to North Carolina to spearhead the growth of the Share Our Wealth Society in the Tar heel State as well as campaign for the Kingfish's presidential bid. Graham's natural speaking ability dazzled audiences, and helped mobilize voters not only in North Carolina but even in potential swing states such as Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.
Throughout the presidencies of Long and
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., Long continued to work within the Share Our Wealth Society, even securing the position of North Carolina State Chair. It was at this time a growing rift emerged between Graham and Smith, moreover on the issue of race. When the Share Our Wealth Society was founded in 1934, they boasted a number of black chapters, and the Long administration's policies disproportionately benefited blacks. While Long did much to emphasize the latter half of "separate but equal," he did not have the political will to challenge Jim Crow. Towards the end of the Long administration, Smith, now Director of the
Bureau for Wealth and Public Equity, still sought to preference whites when it came to certain welfare programs such as housing and electrification. Graham called for the equitable treatment of blacks, and even called for the expansion of the franchise to them. Such a move was risky in North Carolina, where he had his power base. Friction soon rose between the two, and Smith sought to expel Graham from SOW. Before he could do so, he was assassinated in June of 1953 by one deranged ex-member who had accused Smith of being a sellout to Jewish bankers. Graham soon seized on the opportunity. Aided by allies in the Midwest and Northeast, Graham was elected head of the Share Our Wealth Society later that year.
It was not long after that Graham began to test his political mettle. Despite having run on a fairly liberal platform on the issue of race, Graham handily won a seat in the United States Senate. While in the Senate, Graham, along with ally
Claude Pepper, often served as the "conscience" of the Senate, and challenged the more moderate Kennedy from the Left. On economics, Graham was unsurprisingly a strict Longist, being the head of the SOW. On social issues, Graham argued for greater improvement for the conditions of poor blacks and funding for the establishment of new black housing settlements and towns, stopping short of full integration. Nevertheless, he proved to be a sharp critic to Kennedy, who later grew to despise him, saying, "I'd rather have that hillbilly outside the tent than in it."
By the end of the 1950's, however, President Kennedy's popularity had faded as the public following a sluggish economy and a yearning for change.
Harold Stassen of the
Constitutional Alliance, an opposition party formed from the remnants of the deceased
Republican Party and anti-Long Democrats, succeeded in beating the Democratic nominee
Estes Kefauver, becoming the first non-Democratic president in twenty years. However, Stassen soon found governing difficult, as Constitutionalist congressmen quickly squandered the party's brief majority due to a lack of a coherent vision outside of opposition to Longism. Stassen himself had been a more liberal member of the new party, but most of the congressional base was to his right. In 1962, the Democrats handily retook both chambers of Congress, thwarting any more of Stassen's attempts to get any legislation passed. Seeing the opportunity, Graham announced his bid for the presidency in 1963. Many thought that Long's son
Russell Long would make a bid, but a bad car accident put his future aspirations on hold. With minimal opposition, Graham sailed to the nomination in 1964, and handily defeated Stassen later that year.
As president, Graham sought to expand the welfare system, including the giving of maternity packages to expectant families that became known as
Billy Boxes. He also saw the construction of new and improved black settlements. His attempts to expand the franchise to blacks met stiff resistance, however, and would not be achieved for another decade. On foreign policy, Graham was far more traveled than past presidents, touring Europe and South America. Much like his hero Huey, he touted American successes in wealth redistribution as being the direct result of adopting the policies of the Bible, which, arguably, he took more seriously than Huey. Historians have since argued that the steps towards interacting with the outside world was let led to the United States taking a far more active policy during the presidency of his successors.
Graham was succeeded in office by
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., who later went on to lose in a landslide to Governor
Jimmy Stewart of California in the following cycle. After his presidency, he returned to preaching, and generally kept out of politics. He would die quietly in bed while visiting a friend in December of 1999. Graham's fairly uneventful presidency has ranked him in the middle of most presidential historians' lists of presidents, usually receiving high marks for his efforts in expanding the welfare state and greater black equality.