Alternate conquered/conqueror cultural assimilations

When the Germanic kings replaced the Roman emperors as rulers of Italy, when barbarians from the steppes - be they Manchu or Mongol - put one of their own on the throne of the ancient empire to their south, they largely adopted the customs and languages of the peoples they conquered, to varying degrees. On the other hand, the peoples of Anatolia and Pannonia adopted the culture of their Hungarian and Turkish conquerors, and the Middle East and North Africa were thoroughly Arabized over the course of just a few centuries.

What are the deciding factors in whether a minority of conquerors will adopt the culture of the peoples they conquered, or impose their own culture on their new lands, and what such processes could've gone differently? Would it be possible for those Alemannians and Bavarians that found themselves on the opposide side of the Alps to their own to adopt the language of the peoples of Raetia and Noricum, for example?
 
Institutions may play a large role in which language survives, aswell as its role as a tool. If a language is established as a lingua franca then it will have an edge over other languages in its position over challangers.
 
Re: Germanic tribes: Not only did they conquer a population that was overwhelmingly Roman but they themselves were composed of leaders who were willing participants in the Roman imperial system and wanted to take their slice of the empire; often using Romans to help them administrate their new kingdoms. Not to mention many of these Germanic tribes were quite mixed in their ethnic composition. For instance, regardless of your ethnic identity, as long as you held allegiance to say the Frankish King, you are seen as a Frank. Also you had the power of institutions such as the Church maintaining continuity from the days of the Empire.
 
When the Germanic kings replaced the Roman emperors as rulers of Italy, when barbarians from the steppes - be they Manchu or Mongol - put one of their own on the throne of the ancient empire to their south, they largely adopted the customs and languages of the peoples they conquered, to varying degrees. On the other hand, the peoples of Anatolia and Pannonia adopted the culture of their Hungarian and Turkish conquerors, and the Middle East and North Africa were thoroughly Arabized over the course of just a few centuries.

What are the deciding factors in whether a minority of conquerors will adopt the culture of the peoples they conquered, or impose their own culture on their new lands, and what such processes could've gone differently? Would it be possible for those Alemannians and Bavarians that found themselves on the opposide side of the Alps to their own to adopt the language of the peoples of Raetia and Noricum, for example?

Just a Cavet Anatolian people don´t adopted the Turkish culture, and Anatolia wasn´t even majority Turkish until well inside the 20 century, when as result of the Armenian Genocide, the Greek Genocide, The assyrian Genocide and the Expulsion of the Anatolian Greek . yeah sure, the "muslim" population was a plurality,and this is disputed as the Ottoman empire census wasn´t really Trusted, but not a Majority in the Anatolia, and wasn´t even a cultural hegemony.
Plus you have to remember that the Ottoman system of millet put a disproportional taxes and military duties to the no-muslim population inside their domains(Devshirme) until 1790 aprox, that facilitate the population replacement
 
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