I am enjoying this TL. I would like more infomation about the various parts of the Empire.
Albion, where the Sun never set
- Thread starter Peppe
- Start date
I second that. Would be interesting how more active Royals have shaped various countries. Important or just plain interesting events and organisations are also good.
The Parliamentary Garb Act of 1909
While it is believed that the act was proposed by the 1st Duchess of Halifax (then MP for Paddington North) as an elaborate joke (as she believed that the proposal to forcibly create a fashion code for the Lords and Commons would be dismissed rapidly) the timing of the proposal, mere weeks into the first session of Parliament since the death of Empress Victoria, when most of the Empire was still in mourning, resulted on an almost unanimous vote of 698 to 32 passing it to the Lords, who in turn voted in an equally fast pace to send it for Royal Assent.
Still in action to this day, the act stipulates that no person within either the Lords or Commons may wear any clothing of a style that was not worn during the Victorian Era, in a remembrance of the Empress' reign.
Although many MPs have proposed to repeal the act over the years (the most recent being Nigel Corbyn, Labour MP for Saint Philip between 2003 and 2015, in a move that preceded the end of his political career), it has remained in place for over a century and influenced in other aspects of political events, from it being traditional for people to wear victorian clothes on the day of the Opening of Parliament to candidates dressing similarly during elections, appearing as they would in Parliament during speeches, debates and on polling day.
As per the Windsor Agreement of 1978, the act is also in action on the governments of all members of the Commonwealth.
Princess Victoria, Duchess of Halifax (1862-1942), then Victoria Windsor, Independent MP for Paddington North and Princess Louis of Battenberg, having a carriage ride with her daughter, Princess Caroline (later 2nd Duchess of Halifax), in the gardens of Kensington Palace. Dated to 1912
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A head's up on what I'm currently planning for the TL (may change if I have any new idea or reach a block):
1 - The 1930 El Salvadorian Coup (or, "Mr. President, you really shouldn't have chosen the cheapest catering company for your marriage anniversary") - DONE
2 - Canada, its government, its people, and its grudge-holding - DONE
3 - WWII (or, "The War of the Eight Coalition") - DONE
4 - Richard, the Duke of Yeovil (or, "That time the laws of succession were changed so this guy couldn't inherit") - DONE
5 - Hindu-Anglicanism, in broad strokes - DONE
6 - Conservationism, the tradition of the elites - DONE
7 - The United Fruit Company, (or, "How a Swabian Duke and an Albish Prince control 60% of Costa Rica's economy")
8 - The American Exiles
9 - The Moon, Mars and the Asteroid Belt (or, "Why the Sun really will never set on the Albish Empire")
10 - The Mexican Cartel War (or, "They really shouldn't have messed up with the Hapsburgs")
11?- The Heirs to Albion, their joys and sorrows
12?- Oregon, its people, its rulers and its "quirks"
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These four sound the most interesting to me so I cannot wait until you get to them
So, dressed more like the members of the Japanese parliament, I suppose.
1930 Salvadorian Coup
Controlled by the Meléndez-Quinonez "Dynasty" since 1914, who ruled the country as ruthless oligarchical dictators, El Salvador faced widespread political tension and public unrest in the late 1920s, as most of the country lived in poverty under the whims of the coffee barons who backed the presidency while the military had also become divided between General Hernández and then Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas.
Although plans of coups had been disjointedly whispered among members of the military and political class since 1928, it was only in 1930 that an united front appeared when Colonel Aguirre, helped by Brazilian agents, entered in contact with then Minister of Interior, Pio Romero Bosque, a known liberal, and with Fernando Tokugawa[1], a Japanese nobleman turned landowner who held an unofficial position of authority among El Salvador's large Japanese minority[2]; establishing with them a species of "triumvirate" in leading what became the Force of National Change.
Planned through the first half of 1930, during which the leaders of the FNC, using Tokugawa and Romero Bosque's influence, expanded their forces, flooding the army with Japanese soldiers and officers. One of the main points of the strategy was the using of a bankrupt catering company, Carrera & Sons, as a basis for the entire coup, as they basically propped the failed business and then used Romero Bosque's position on government to manipulate the president into choosing it to cater for his wedding anniversary in July 20th, seeing as the price tag was "so cheap it was almost like a gift".
Dressing their men as workers of the company and filling a specially prepared 10 feet tall cake shell with weapons for them to use, the plotters managed to take over the presidential palace in a matter of minutes that way, and, following the Battle of Quinta Natalia, during which Tokugawa lost an eye from a gunshot and where General Hernández was killed by a grenade, they took over as a temporary government, forcing President Meléndez to abdicate and flee in exile to Honduras[3].
Influenced (and possibly pressured) by the Brazilian ideas of social-monarchism (by then the mainstream political ideology of the empire), it wasn't long before the Transition Government (as they came to be called, being at the time known as the "Cabinet for National Change"), whose original ideas didn't greatly differ from those of Lenin, started to ponder on the idea of making the nation a monarchy in lines similar to those on Brazil. Following the 1932 Peruan Revolution, which placed the House of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary[4] as monarchs of Peru, the Transitional Government finally came to a decision, and, following a referenda on the matter[5], enthroned President Tokugawa as King Fernando of El Salvador, whit Romero Bosque (then Vice-President) becoming the "Minister of the Right" and Anquirre y Salinas (then Minister of Defence) "Minister of the Left" in a strange nod to ancient Japanese ceremonial government positions[6].
[1] Born Joichiro Tokugawa, a son of Tokugawa Akitake (Head of the Mito-Tokugawa Branch), in 1884, he moved to El Salvador in the late 1910s, converted to Catholicism and used his inheritance to become a landowner (marrying twice to wealthy heiresses also helped on that)
[2] Following the Brazilian Civil War, coffee prices skyrocketed as the country's coffee production plummeted due to the conflict, because of that, the other producers of the bean in Latin America saw a rise in demand and, at least in El Salvador's case, a need for more workers as their coffee production's had to be expanded. Because of that, and the impoverished state of rural Japan following the Meiji Restoration, a large number of poor Japanese ended up immigrating to El Salvador, between the end of the 19th century and the 1930s. By 1932, around 15% of the country's total population comprehended either immigrants of first generation descendants, and in modern times over half of the population has some Japanese ancestry
[3] Where he would (with the help of his brother-in-law/predecessor) try and fail to stir up trouble and ask for Honduran support in overthrowing his overthrowers. For his trouble, he was found dead from a "hear attack" in 1933 on his rooms, a strangely bloody heart attack in fact
[4] Now known as the "Saxe-Coburg of Peru", they are possibly the closest royal dynasty to the Tokugawas (maybe with the exception of the Montivals), and various marriages between them and mainly the El Salvador branch have resulted in them representing an unnaturally large percentage of the nobility and political class for a group that only started moving in after '37
[5] Officially 92% of the population voted "yes", unofficially, there was a quite large bit of voter fraud
[6] They remain to this day in El Salvador, with the Minister of the Right being officially the position of the highest civilian member of the government while the Minister of the Left is his military counterpart
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Social Monarchism and the Baron Lenin
(I know this is already going out of the planned schedule, the reason why I'm posting this now is because I posted a version of this on the "Alternate Ideologies" thread over two months ago and didn't do the same here yet)
Social Monarchism (also called Leninism) is a philosophical, social, political and economic ideology developed by Russian professor, journalist and government official Vladimir Ulyanov that proposes the establishment of the "monarchy for the proletariat", led by an all-powerful monarch, as a prelude to the establishment of communism. Based upon the historical example of so-called "proto-communism" present in the Incan Empire's economy, the Russian idea of the monarch as a father-like figure, the Roman ideas of nobility and Ulyanov's own experiences in the Imperial Court, the Leninist monarchy has the function of providing stability and safety in communism by "bearing the burden of rulership", and beforehand to serve as (together with a politically conscious "vanguard party") a rallying point for the working class to enact a "revolution from within"
Originally focused on the Russian Empire's struggles, Leninism has, since its establishment in 1899 with Ulyanov's publishing of "The Monarch and the People", greatly expanded from that, being affected greatly by Hegelian dialectics, which see the ideology as a synthesis of monarchism (or capitalism) and Marx's revolutionary ideals, as well as being influenced by other socialist or political ideologies, in special the Latin American ideas of religious communism, an ironic turn in light of Ulyanov's own ambiguous opinion of religion.
Serving as the basis of governments across the globe and influencing many others, critics of the ideology frequently draw upon its basis on an absolute monarch to say that Leninism is nothing more than a branch of neo-absolutism or a pretext for monarchical dictatorship, and the followers of most other branches of communism or socialism consider Leninism a corrupted twisting of Marx's ideas
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 - 30 September 1932), better known by his title of Baron Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, professor, political theorist and government oficial. He worked as a professor at the Saint Petersburg Imperial University from 1896 to 1918, serving as its Rector from 1918 to 1925, and served as Private Secretary to the Empress Dowager Eudoxia Antonova of Russia from 1902 to 1925.
Born to a prosperous middle-class family in Simbirsk, being the son of a civil servant, Lenin was introduced to revolutionary socialist politics by his brother, Aleksandr. Offered an imperial scholarship, he moved to Saint Petersburg in 1889 to study at the Imperial University. Introduced to court and imperial family in the early 1890s by a friend, Anton Tchaikovsky, whose own family held a high esteem among the Romanovs, he came under the influence of Empress consort Eudoxia, whom he called "as much of a mother as the one in Simbirsk" and would remain loyal to for the rest of her life. Graduating at the Faculty of History and Philology in 1895, he was hired as a professor there the following year, becoming known for his lectures on Russian and political history. In 1899 he published his most famous work, The Monarch and the People, under a pseudonym. In 1902 he became one of the two Private Secretaries of the dowager empress, whom he saw as a second mother, and in 1905 became second-in-command for the Matrony together with Nadezhda Krupskaya. The previous year he married Natalya Tchaikovskaya, daughter and only child of the famous composer, whom he had met in a party in 1901.
As one of the leaders of the Matrony, Lenin became infamous as one of the empress' most capable enforcers, using his position and that of his siblings to infiltrate and hunt down dozens of revolutionary cells, being sometimes identified as the one responsible for the death of his own older brother, Aleksandr, when the Matrony extinguished the Narodnaya Volya. A charismatic demagogue and professor, Lenin initially spread his ideology among the ranks of the faculty and students of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University, from where he would recruit many agents for the Matrony, and would influence the creation of the Tsar's Party following the 1906 Revolution. In 1918 he was elected the university's rector, a position he would hold until 1925, when, following the death of Empress Eudoxia, he retired, being granted the title of "Baron Lenin" by Ivan VII in 1926.
A periodical presence at the Russian court following his retirement, giving annual speeches at the graduations of the Imperial University until 1931, when, following a debilitating stroke, he received a hereditary lease from Ivan VII to live in Vladimir Palace, on the suburbs of Saint Petersburg, where he died in 1932 of a stroke in his sleep, at the age of 62.
Originally buried in Pavlovsk Cemetery, Saint Petersburg, his remains are currently buried at the Imperial Mausoleum in Moscow, being one of the first bodies to be buried there following its construction in 1948.
The United States goes communist during the 1930s and ends up in a cold war with a federated British Empire.
Well, what a koinkidink huh. Wished I had known this beforehand, my only inspiration on this case was "Back in the USSA" (which has a similar premise but with the Russians being the other side of the cold war as a bastion of democracy) although the US's history only devolved into Soviet Union style on the 60s on this TL (instead of the book where Al Capone becomes Americas' answer to Stalin)
Yep
Lets go with it, after all, it couldn’t possibly because I don’t have English as my first language and mixed things up
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I’ll use this moment to say to the people that are following this TL:
The reason why I haven’t updated since November was that I started this new possible TL in my head and spent December on that and when I decided to return to this I started rereading the TL to get acclimated and saw various things that made my skin crawl because I had learned new things, though it had been sloppily made/rushed or had had some inspirations that made me want to change or add things in.
Because of that I spent the past month or so redoing the maps, much of the infoboxes and have started rewriting some of the earlier posts of the TL. The changes won’t be massive per-se because they are either on areas I haven’t yet entered/only commented, aren’t major on the large scheme of things or are added/changed details.
I’m currently on the middle of the rewrite but I hope to have it complete by mid or late February
EDIT: Correction, I managed to do it by the 7th
The reason why I haven’t updated since November was that I started this new possible TL in my head and spent December on that and when I decided to return to this I started rereading the TL to get acclimated and saw various things that made my skin crawl because I had learned new things, though it had been sloppily made/rushed or had had some inspirations that made me want to change or add things in.
Because of that I spent the past month or so redoing the maps, much of the infoboxes and have started rewriting some of the earlier posts of the TL. The changes won’t be massive per-se because they are either on areas I haven’t yet entered/only commented, aren’t major on the large scheme of things or are added/changed details.
I’m currently on the middle of the rewrite but I hope to have it complete by mid or late February
EDIT: Correction, I managed to do it by the 7th
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Canada
Canada (officially the Federal Kingdom of Canada) is a Dominion of Albion located in the northern part of North America. With its 18 provinces and 10 territories extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Western Continental Divide and northward into the Arctic, covering an area of millions of square kilometers, Canada is the largest state in North America as well as the largest singular component of Albion or the in both total and contiguous area. It borders a total of four countries, the USS and Yellowstone to the South and Oregon and Alyaska to the West, as well as two other parts of Albion, Labrador and Quebec. The dominion’s capital is Winnipeg, with its three largest population centers being Toronto, Detroit and Halifax.
Various indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the St. Lawrence Basin and the Maritimes, and clashed against one-another in armed conflicts over the following centuries over territory in the region, culminating with France losing nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1765 following the Seven Years’ War. Remaining a part of the British Empire following the First American Revolution, Canada was finally formed as a dominion in 1867 with the union of 3 provinces of British North America, beginning a process of both increased autonomy-from and integration-with the Home Islands. In 1878, with the Statute of Westminster, Canada was reestablished as a federal kingdom and a dominion within Albion.
Canada is in modern times a parliamentary democracy under an executive monarchy of the Westminster Tradition, with her monarch, normally represented by an Imperial Viceroy, ruling the country together with a Chancellor, who shares the position of Head of Government; it is also a federation, with its subdivisions possessing a degree of autonomy and self-government. As a dominion of Albion, Canada has English as its sole official language, with French holding an eccentric status in relation to that, and also possesses 48 other official languages in the provincial level. Ranking among the highest in international measurements of quality of life and education, Canada is one of the most ethnically diverse and multicultural states in the world, much of it the product of large-scale migration to it from both within and outside the greater Albion, while its long and complex relationship with the USSA has had a significant impact on Canadian economy and culture.
With the House of Commons currently controlled by the Liberal Conscient Party, while the Senate has remained under control of the Non-Aligned Coalition for its twelfth consecutive election, Katherine V. Ryan, MP for Sarnia since 2010, serves as the current Chancellor of Canada, assuming her position in the Cabinet in early 2020 as the Prince of Wales, Viceroy since 2016,’s second chancellor. A defender of the loosening of freedom of speech laws but also of the continuation of the Military Provinces, Ryan has recently taken a more belligerent stance in the fallout of the Marengo Disaster, and has come under the fire of the Pacifist Coalition following her moves in favor of expanding the funding of the Secretary of Popular Affairs, the Canadian Secret Police.
[1] The status of the Canadian Anthem is a rather complicated matter, as originally “Maple Leaf Forever” held the status of being de facto so from the late 1870s onwards while not being made official, while “O Canada”, first sung in 1880, came to be just as popular due to being written original in French, and as such being more commonly sung among Francophone populations due to MLF’s translation issues, resulting in a strange rivalry between the two songs. The issue was only continued in 1927, when the “Canadian Anthems Act” (together with making official “God Save the King/Queen’s” status as the separate Royal Anthem) declared both songs as being the dominion’s official anthem, resulting on the modern system of using them in a situational basis, with a common parlance being that “Canada is for peace, and the Maple for war”
[2] Although English is de jure the only language of the entirety of Canada, French (while ironically not as prominent as a first tongue as it was due to the demographic change caused by Quebec’s separation) is de facto that as well, only not being so officially due to matters of wording (instead of being a “official language of Canada” it is a “official language of all provinces and territories of Canada”). Of the other 48 officially recognized languages, 24 have that status in two or more provinces, 5 are of European ancestry, and 8 are sign languages (3 of them being included among those official in multiple provinces) – while not official, 53 other languages are also recognized by the Canadian government
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The Government of Canada
While not as needlessly complicated as some like to joke, the government and administration of Canada are still a bit of a complex system, marked by an array of positions sharing power and levels of authority.
In a quick summary:
The executive branch of government is led by the Crown-Appointed Viceroy (or a chosen stand-in in case of emergencies) as the head-of-government, but they share that role with the Chancellor, who is also their subordinate and second-in-command as a member of the Cabinet of Government (also called the “Viceroyal Cabinet”).
The office of Chancellor is not elected but instead is customarily given to the leader of the party or coalition to hold the most seats in the House of Commons; the House, in turn, can depose a Chancellor through a vote of no confidence with a three-fourths majority (although unsuccessful votes reaching simple majority generally lead to the Chancellor stepping down anyways) – although that is the normal, the Chancellorship can also be directly given to an official appointed by the Viceroy or the Crown, being a mechanism used for when there is a perceived lack of stability in the legislature (normally a flip-flopping of majorities), in which case they can either be dismissed by the Crown or be impeached by a vote of the Premiers and Governors.
The legislature is a bicameral system with basis on Westminster, divided between the lower house – the House of Commons – who customarily holds the power to create new legislation and for originating bills related to taxation and the appropriation of public funds, and normally is where the Chancellor is picked from, made by a total of 435 mostly popularly elected representatives; and the upper house – the Senate – who also can propose laws but customarily serves as a reviewing body for any acts passed by the lower house, being capable, but rarely doing so, of vetoing or returning any legislation sent to them before it is brought to the Cabinet, made by a complex mix of 158 elected, appointed, and hereditary members who serve in a mix of lifetime and until-retirement positions*.
Canada is a federation, and each of its provinces is administered by a locally-elect Premier who has a Cabinet-appointed Deputy, while the territories are ruled by appointed Governors together with the elected Chief Magistrate (in a system similar to that of the Viceroy and Chancellor); in Military Provinces, there is also the office of the Provincial Marshall, who de facto replaces the appointed Deputy, while in Military Territories the Chief Magistrate is shouldered by a Lord Commander (while the appointed Governor also comes with a Military Deputy), and in Territorial Principalities the office of Governor is replaced by the position of Prince, who rules together with the elected Chief Magistrate and a appointed Lord Deputy.
The relationship between the dominion’s government and that of the greater Albion also comes in the legislature, with those sent to the Imperial Parliament being a mix of representatives elected by popular vote and taken from the houses (with those from the Commons normally already being runner-ups for the Imperial Parliament with replacements already at hand and those from the Senate normally alternating between their seats in Winnipeg and London)
The Government of Canada
While not as needlessly complicated as some like to joke, the government and administration of Canada are still a bit of a complex system, marked by an array of positions sharing power and levels of authority.
In a quick summary:
The executive branch of government is led by the Crown-Appointed Viceroy (or a chosen stand-in in case of emergencies) as the head-of-government, but they share that role with the Chancellor, who is also their subordinate and second-in-command as a member of the Cabinet of Government (also called the “Viceroyal Cabinet”).
The office of Chancellor is not elected but instead is customarily given to the leader of the party or coalition to hold the most seats in the House of Commons; the House, in turn, can depose a Chancellor through a vote of no confidence with a three-fourths majority (although unsuccessful votes reaching simple majority generally lead to the Chancellor stepping down anyways) – although that is the normal, the Chancellorship can also be directly given to an official appointed by the Viceroy or the Crown, being a mechanism used for when there is a perceived lack of stability in the legislature (normally a flip-flopping of majorities), in which case they can either be dismissed by the Crown or be impeached by a vote of the Premiers and Governors.
The legislature is a bicameral system with basis on Westminster, divided between the lower house – the House of Commons – who customarily holds the power to create new legislation and for originating bills related to taxation and the appropriation of public funds, and normally is where the Chancellor is picked from, made by a total of 435 mostly popularly elected representatives; and the upper house – the Senate – who also can propose laws but customarily serves as a reviewing body for any acts passed by the lower house, being capable, but rarely doing so, of vetoing or returning any legislation sent to them before it is brought to the Cabinet, made by a complex mix of 158 elected, appointed, and hereditary members who serve in a mix of lifetime and until-retirement positions*.
Canada is a federation, and each of its provinces is administered by a locally-elect Premier who has a Cabinet-appointed Deputy, while the territories are ruled by appointed Governors together with the elected Chief Magistrate (in a system similar to that of the Viceroy and Chancellor); in Military Provinces, there is also the office of the Provincial Marshall, who de facto replaces the appointed Deputy, while in Military Territories the Chief Magistrate is shouldered by a Lord Commander (while the appointed Governor also comes with a Military Deputy), and in Territorial Principalities the office of Governor is replaced by the position of Prince, who rules together with the elected Chief Magistrate and a appointed Lord Deputy.
The relationship between the dominion’s government and that of the greater Albion also comes in the legislature, with those sent to the Imperial Parliament being a mix of representatives elected by popular vote and taken from the houses (with those from the Commons normally already being runner-ups for the Imperial Parliament with replacements already at hand and those from the Senate normally alternating between their seats in Winnipeg and London)
* Of the 158 members of the Canadian Senate, 42 are elected by the populace every 5 years, 30 are First Nation chiefs or appointees, 8 are hereditary peers or their stand-ins, 4 are religious officials, 2 are the Territorial Princes, and the remainder are appointed by the Viceroy or the Crown, customarily with most of them being from a list of suggestions given by the Commons (the current roster includes 5 past Chancellors and 14 ex members of the Cabinet), with 10 seats being reserved for military appointees.
The pre-requisites to be a member of the Senate are relatively simple, with appointed and elected members needing to be over 30 years of age, have not been convicted of any crimes, and not be in debt (in the past it was necessary for them to own property worth at least 4,000 pounds above their debts and other monetary liabilities, but this has loosened due to senators below that mark being given a monthly stipend) with only hereditary members lacking that necessity. Although originally holding the position for life, appointed senators have a mandatory age of retirement of 75 unless they are granted an “extraordinary permission” to continue in their seat, while hereditary ones are mandated to undergo yearly evaluations as to if they can remain in the Senate and required to either select a representative or have one selected for them.
In relation to what can disqualify a sitting senator, the main ones are:- failing to attend two consecutive sessions of the Senate
- move permanently from Canada (although it depends on the case if they can choose their successor or not)
- declare bankruptcy
- or be suspect of treason or an indictable offence
In relation to hereditary senators, the possible responses to these disqualifications are three:- attainder of the hereditary seat (in the case of treason and certain indictable offenses) to be either granted to another peer or made into a regular appointed seat
- passing of the seat to their heir
- appointing of the seat to a new senator, to hold it until retirement or the reaching of age for the previous holder’s heir
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The Territorial History of Canada, from 1763 Onwards
- internal changes not included -
The Territorial History of Canada, from 1763 Onwards
- internal changes not included -
10 February 1763 – The Treaty of Paris cedes French Canada (or New France east of the Mississippi River) to British North America, which becomes the Colonial Province of Quebec
1778 – Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which remained French, are conquered by the British in the American Revolutionary War
3 September 1783 – The Treaty of Paris recognizes the independence of the United States of America, establishing most of Canada’s Old Southern Border, and returns Saint Pierre and Miquelon to France
26 December 1791 – The Colonial Province of Quebec is divided into Lower and Upper Canada
May 1793 – Saint Pierre and Miquelon are captured by Captain William Affleck of Halifax during the War of the First Coalition
1 January 1801 – The Kingdom of Great Britain becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Acts of Union 1800
1802 – The Amiens Treaty specifies that Saint Pierre and Miquelon would be again returned to France
September 1803 – The Overland and Sea expeditions of the North West Company lay claim to most of the remaining unclaimed parts of North America, mostly finishing the claiming of the territories that would become modern Canada
1816 – Saint Pierre and Miquelon are returned to France as per the Amiens Treaty of 14 years prior
20 October 1818 – The Treaty of 1818 establishes the 49th Parallel North west of the Lake of the Woods as the border between the Old US and British North America, mostly finishing the establishment of Canada’s Old Southern Border, and establishes Oregon County as a shared territory between the Old US and the United Kingdom
July 1821 – The North West Company of Montreal and the Hudson’s Bay Company merge, combining their territorial claims, which would colloquially be called “North Western Territories” and “Rupert’s Land” Respectively
28 February 1825 – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (or the Anglo-Russian Convention) of 1825 defines the boundaries between Russian America and British North America at the 54 Degrees 40 Minutes North latitude, and establishes the so-called Yukon Territory as a condominium between the two
10 February 1841 – Lower and Upper Canada are combined into the Province (or “United Province”) of Canada
10 November 1842 – The Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles all remaining territorial disputes between the United Kingdom and United States east of the Rocky Mountains, finishing the establishment of the Old Southern Border, which would last until the First World War
May 1844 – The Irish Settlement and the British victory in the Second British-American War mark the United Kingdom’s de facto victory in the Northwestern Dispute over Oregon County
18 June 1846 – The Oregon Treaty officially recognizes the near entirety of the Oregon County as being part of British North America
11 February 1859 – The Colony of Columbia is established out of the Oregon County of the North Western Territories and the Blakeney Triangle of Rupert’s Land; it would be later renamed to “Oregon & Columbia” in 1878
4 December 1864 – The Sverdrup Islands officially become a British Protectorate, having seceded from Sweden-Norway a few months earlier as a self-declared principality with Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the newlywed Princess of Wales, as its monarch
1 JULY 1867
THE DOMINION OF CANADA IS FORMED, BY THE CONFEDERATION OF THE PROVINCES OF CANADA, NEW BRUNSWICK, AND NOVA SCOTIA
15 July 1870 – The British Empire transfers to Canada the North Western Territories and Rupert’s Land; note that the transfer was de jure made the year prior, but was only consummated in 1870 with the payment of £300,000 to the Hudson’s Bay Company
1 July 1873 – The colony of Prince Edward Island joins Canada as a province
1 May 1878 – The Statute of Westminster reestablishes Canada as the “Federal Kingdom of Canada”, a dominion within the newborn Albion
1 September 1880 – The Albish Arctic Islands are officially added to Canada as a part of the North-West Territories
31 October 1893 – The Protectorate of the Belcher and Ottawa Islands officially joins Canada as the dominion’s first princely state
13 June 1898 – The Oregon-Canada border is remarked as following the Western Continental Divide, establishing the Territory of Columbia out of the Blakeney Triangle and the Oregonian lands east of that line
23 May 1901 – The Yukon Condominium is finally divided between Russian America and Canada as a part of the Alyaska Boundary Dispute, generally in favor of the Russian claim
March 1911 – Saint Pierre and Miquelon are captured from France for the final time
21 May 1920 – The Treaty of Cleveland finally ends the era of the Old Southern Border, awarding to Canada the US state of Maine, the lands north of the Rodmond-Norris Line in the Great Plains, and Michigan west of Victoria’s Dyke (at the time called “Michigan Canal”), and recognizing Canadian/Albish sovereignty over all of the Great Lakes with the exception of Lake Michigan
24 May 1920 – The US state of Maine is officially introduced to Canada as a province
29 January 1925 – The Great Plains’ border is readjusted to count for de facto territorial control
30 August 1926 – Canada officially annexes the US states of Vermont and New Hampshire in their entirety, as well as the US state of New York above the Eire Line, with the Roosevelt Oath
17 March 1933 – The Labrador Boundary Dispute is resolved, in favor of the Newfoundland claim
30 December 1944 – The Sverdrup Islands are accepted into Canada as the dominion’s second princely/autonomous state
2 May 1982 – The Province of Quebec is officially separated from Canada and becomes a Crown Colony for the next 4 days before being reformed into the Imperial Kingdom of Quebec within Albion
3 October 1999 – The maritime border between Canada and Greenland is defined, leaving Hans Island as a condominium of the two
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The Peoples of Canada
Although with a history started by the decimation of First Nation populations from Old World Diseases, and by the large-scale colonization and settlement of their land by the French and British, Canada’s population is a highly varied one, made of a multitude of languages, cultures, ethnicities and creeds, in many ways due to the great waves of immigrants that came to it over the past two centuries as well as the various changes in Canadian society over them.
Of the dominion’s *250* million inhabitants, a majority at around 61% identify as being of mainly European descent, with notable subgroups within those numbers including those of “Old Stock” (also called “Pure Laine”)[1], Irish[2], German[3], Nordic[4], Scottish[5], Slavic[6], and Iberian[7] ancestry; as well as Acadians[8], Roma[9], Jews[10] and Exiles[11].
After them, the largest ethnocultural group, at 17.8%, is of those of South, Southeast and East Asian ancestry, with around two thirds of those numbers being made of those of Bharati[12] descent, while the largest subgroups after that being those of Arabic[13], Chinese[14] and Vietnamese[15] descent.
The third largest group, at 14.1%, is made by those of Indigenous/Aboriginal descent, including both those descended purely from Canada’s indigenous peoples*, who by themselves make about 6% of the population, and those of mixed Indigenous and European and/or African ancestry[16]; of them, major subgroups are the Inuit[17] and Métis[18] peoples, while notable First Peoples include the Cree[19], Ojibwe[20], Mi’kmaq[21], Beothuk[22], and Iroquois[23]
The fourth and last comprehensively-large group, at 5.3%, is that of Black Canadians or “Noirs”, who are normally divided between African Canadians[24], who themselves have a few subgroups, Caribbean Canadians[25], Afro-Americans[26] and Contemporary Immigrants[27].
The remaining percentage of the population is made by a mix of various minor ethnic groups not included in the categories above, including those of Pacific Islander/Oceanian ancestry[28] (who make 0.4% of the population), and those who didn’t specify their ethnicity (about 0.2% of the 2016 census).
In the matter of religion, a majority of the population identifies as being Christian of some kind, with around three fifths claiming to be of Protestant denominations, with the largest religious minorities are Hindus, Muslims – mostly Nizari, Quranist[29] and Non-denominational –, and followers of various First Nation religions and belief systems. Outside of that, other visible religious minorities include Sikhism, Buddhism[30], Judaism and Zoroastrianism[31], while self-identified irreligious individuals make about 5% of the population.
An interesting aspect of religion in Canadian society is the relatively common presence of multiple religious belonging and religious syncretism, with research on the matter indicating that between a fourth and over half of the dominion’s population have two or more religions or follow a syncretic religion of some kind.
* ”Indigenous Peoples” is not to be confused with “First Nations”, which is a specific legal definition used to refer to indigenous communities (being in fact created originally to specifically to serve as a term for when referring to indigenous groups not within the at-the-time classifications of the Indian Act) with similar terms instead being “Native”, “Autochthone”, and “First Peoples”
The Peoples of Canada
Although with a history started by the decimation of First Nation populations from Old World Diseases, and by the large-scale colonization and settlement of their land by the French and British, Canada’s population is a highly varied one, made of a multitude of languages, cultures, ethnicities and creeds, in many ways due to the great waves of immigrants that came to it over the past two centuries as well as the various changes in Canadian society over them.
Of the dominion’s *250* million inhabitants, a majority at around 61% identify as being of mainly European descent, with notable subgroups within those numbers including those of “Old Stock” (also called “Pure Laine”)[1], Irish[2], German[3], Nordic[4], Scottish[5], Slavic[6], and Iberian[7] ancestry; as well as Acadians[8], Roma[9], Jews[10] and Exiles[11].
After them, the largest ethnocultural group, at 17.8%, is of those of South, Southeast and East Asian ancestry, with around two thirds of those numbers being made of those of Bharati[12] descent, while the largest subgroups after that being those of Arabic[13], Chinese[14] and Vietnamese[15] descent.
The third largest group, at 14.1%, is made by those of Indigenous/Aboriginal descent, including both those descended purely from Canada’s indigenous peoples*, who by themselves make about 6% of the population, and those of mixed Indigenous and European and/or African ancestry[16]; of them, major subgroups are the Inuit[17] and Métis[18] peoples, while notable First Peoples include the Cree[19], Ojibwe[20], Mi’kmaq[21], Beothuk[22], and Iroquois[23]
The fourth and last comprehensively-large group, at 5.3%, is that of Black Canadians or “Noirs”, who are normally divided between African Canadians[24], who themselves have a few subgroups, Caribbean Canadians[25], Afro-Americans[26] and Contemporary Immigrants[27].
The remaining percentage of the population is made by a mix of various minor ethnic groups not included in the categories above, including those of Pacific Islander/Oceanian ancestry[28] (who make 0.4% of the population), and those who didn’t specify their ethnicity (about 0.2% of the 2016 census).
In the matter of religion, a majority of the population identifies as being Christian of some kind, with around three fifths claiming to be of Protestant denominations, with the largest religious minorities are Hindus, Muslims – mostly Nizari, Quranist[29] and Non-denominational –, and followers of various First Nation religions and belief systems. Outside of that, other visible religious minorities include Sikhism, Buddhism[30], Judaism and Zoroastrianism[31], while self-identified irreligious individuals make about 5% of the population.
An interesting aspect of religion in Canadian society is the relatively common presence of multiple religious belonging and religious syncretism, with research on the matter indicating that between a fourth and over half of the dominion’s population have two or more religions or follow a syncretic religion of some kind.
* ”Indigenous Peoples” is not to be confused with “First Nations”, which is a specific legal definition used to refer to indigenous communities (being in fact created originally to specifically to serve as a term for when referring to indigenous groups not within the at-the-time classifications of the Indian Act) with similar terms instead being “Native”, “Autochthone”, and “First Peoples”
[1] Old Stock or Pure Laine (French for “pure wool” or “genuine” in French, generally translated to “old stock” or “dyed-in-the-wool”) is an term originally used semi-colloquially to refer to whose family history in the dominion dates back to colonials; although sometimes still used for that (although “Colonial”, “Preconfederate” or “Previctorian” are more common), in modern times it has mainly become a catch-all term for Anglophone and Quebecois Francophone Canadians in general
[2] Although not entirely, with many descending from the Irishmen who made a good chunk of the numbers of First Great Migration or from Irish-Americans from New England, the great majority of the Irish-Canadian population descends mainly from the hundreds of thousands who came in the 1840s and 50s with the Great Famine and the Irish Evacuation, something that has had permanent effects in Canadian society, most commonly felt with the dominion possessing the second-largest population of first-language Irish speakers in the world after Oregon due to a majority of the evacuees being primarily Irish speakers
[3] While large-scale immigration to Canada by Germans occurred in some form since the 18th century (like the Hessians of the United Imperial Loyalists, Pennsylvanian Germans from the US, German/Germanic Mennonites from the US and Russia, and Swiss Catholics), a majority of the German-Canadian population actually only came to the dominion with the territories annexed in the First World War, descending in great part from 19th century political refugees who settled in and around the Great Lakes Regions, and in Canada are most present in the province of Minnesota
[4] Also called “Scandinavian Canadians” (which is not use much due to being a mouthful for many), Norse Canadians, although mostly connected in the popular mind with the Arctic Archipelago and the Sverdrup Islands, are actually most connected to the Great Plains and Lakes, being in their majority made by the descendants of Swedish and Norwegian immigrants to the Old US who settled in what is now Minnesota and Dakota during the 19th century and came to the dominion with them in the First World War
[5] Most notable in East in special with the Maritimes, who were one of the main destination for Scottish emigration and where Scots alone formed a third major ethnic group with English and French even by the early 19th century, and in great part descending from those who came due to the Highland Clearances and from the Famine Immigrants of the Victorian Era. Much like with Irish-Canadians, Scottish Canadians possess a large population of Gaelic speakers due to descending in great part from Highlanders who had it as their primary language, although in modern times a majority of those who know the language have both English and Gaelic as their mother tongue, with the distinction between “Gaelic” and “Canadian Gaelic” being often used to differentiate between the various Scottish Gaelic dialects present in Canada and a modern creole language
[6] Although classified as a single group above, Slavic Canadians in actuality are made by at least five different subgroups whose ethnic backgrounds on themselves aren’t the same, those subgroups being:
[8] Although referred as one group, Acadians in Canada (not to be confused with the Cajun Acadians of the USSR) are in considered in modern times to be made of five subgroups seen as descended from the original Acadians:
[10] A large part of whom descends from the large Jewish migrations from Eastern Europe of the 19th century, with about as many Jews coming to Canada from Russian Poland as did ethnic Poles during the century
[11] Who although Anglophones are much like the Acadians are considered a specific group, although the meaning of the term has had something of a history of being confusing, as they are mostly considered as being the descendants of refugees and expatriates from the Old US and most don’t include the populations that were in territories annexed in the First World War when thinking of them (or of first-generation immigrants to the US who fled North) even if historians include their ancestors of the time
[12] Descending mostly from immigrants coming from the Maharashtra, Bengal and the Northern Provinces, and from the Mizo People of Lushai and North Arakan, Bharati Canadians, although many dating their origins to the immigration of the latter half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, mostly are or descend from emigrants of the years following the Second World War, who left the subcontinent in literal millions
[13] Most Arab Canadians can generally be divided between two subgroups, the descendants of 19th and early 20th century immigrants from Ottoman Greater Syria, who were in their majority Arab Christians and male, resulting on their modern descendants being in large parts of mixed ancestries, and who mostly settled around the Eastern Great Lakes – with much of the subgroup being descended from people who became Canadian when Michigan was annexed –; and the contemporary immigrants who came in the last decades, a majority of whom are Muslim and original of the areas of the Arabian Gulf, and who most cases have migrated in entire family units or even communities
[14] Sino-Canadians are colloquially divided in two subgroups, the larger (about two thirds) one made by the descendants of the mostly non-Han Railroad Immigrants – mostly South Chinese laborers who came to work in the Transcontinental Railway and then continued with the North-to-South (or the Superior Boreal) Railway, the Hudson Way, and the Prairie Rails – and the communities they established across Western and Northern Canada, and the smaller one (most of the remaining third) made by the contemporary (mostly Han) immigrants from Henan, and their first/second-generation descendants in Canada, who mostly formed communities in Ontario and the Maritimes
[15] Only making a rather small percentage of the larger 20th-century Diaspora, most Vietnamese Canadians are or descend from Viet and Taiviet (or Tây Việt) immigrants from Kynam/Cochinchina who left the country in the years of and before the Second World War at about the same numbers, although the secession of Quebec resulted on most of the Taiviet community now being found there
[16] Not to be confused with the Métis, who are at times not even included in the category, Canada’s mixed Indigenous-European population, although containing some of the descendants of those who were assimilated into White Society in the past centuries, is mainly made by those who although of mixed ancestry are culturally and (often) legally part of the First Peoples, and even include some tribes, bands, and nations who are majority or entirely multiracial – The how behind Canada’s mixed indigenous population isn’t a simple answer and is instead entangled deeply with the history of interracial relations between Europeans and Indigenous Americans, although much of it in relation to Canada’s pre-1920s territories dates to the Canadian Government’s Marital Connections and Blood-Adding projects of the latter 19th and early 20th centuries
[17] In actuality a group of culturally-similar peoples original to the Canadian Far North, the Inuit are one of the largest of the Canadian First Peoples, making by themselves over 3% of the dominion’s population, this however comes in great part due to the early 20th century’s Borealis Wave and Legs to Stand Act, which resulted on large-scale intermingling and intermarrying between Europeans and Métis with the Inuit, with around three fourths of the modern Inuit having relatively-recent European ancestors
[18] The single largest Canadian indigenous group to not be considered a part of the First Peoples, comprising about 1,5% of the dominion’s total population, the Métis are a group of indigenous peoples mainly present in the Prairie Provinces of Canada, marked for originally being the descendants of primarily French and British (mainly Scottish) fur traders and First Peoples (mainly Cree, Inuit and Ojibwe) women, whose children were often brought up Catholic but within First Peoples societies, who by the mid-18th century developed into a distinct ethnic group of their own
[19] Known for their complicated history with Canada, most often noticed with those of the Plains, who were part of those responsible for causing the dominion to have a list of types of indigenous lands and territorial rights, the Cree are also the largest of the First Peoples by overall population at approximately 656,000 people (according to the 2016 census)
[20] Who are the second largest of the Canadian First Peoples, possessing a population of approximately 400,000 people
[21] One of the larger First Peoples, the Mi’kmaq have had a long history of alternating antagonistic and allied relationships with Canada and the British before that, having been influenced by the French during colonial times (with the majority of the modern Mi’kmaq population practicing both Roman Catholicism and traditional Mi’kmaw faith), and are known for being one of the First Peoples whose nations were specifically recognized by the original Indian Act when defining indigenous governance
[22] Numbering at around 50,000 people, the Beothuk are mostly known for the fact that they nearly died during colonial times, reaching a population of only a few dozen by the time of the 1820s after a long drawn-out decline in their population and territory, and only survived after the Bland Affair of 1819 – when due to a series of events heavy in luck, incompetence, and pettiness the remaining Beothuk population was forcibly relocated to Bonavista, Newfoundland, under the orders of the town’s judge, John Bland, who thought, in his own words “because if I don’t do it the asses at St Johns will probably kill them all by accident by the time I’m dead” (he was probably in his 50s at the time) – started a series of events that would, over the course of the 19th century, engorge the Beothuk population about twentyfold from less than 35 to over 700, even if through that it would permanently change their genetic makeup, with the modern people, while almost feverous in its holding onto their culture, being often over 90% European in their ancestry (a reality born out of the fact that their numbers in 1819 were simply too small to survive without marrying outsiders)
[23] More colloquially called by their autonym of Haudenosaunee, the Iroquois are known for, outside of their interesting military relationship with the Crown and Canada, being rather concentrated geographically, with a good 70% chunk of their population of nearly 200 people living within or around the 2500 square kilometers of the Six Nations Reserve of Ontario, the province’s largest First Peoples reserve made of a territory across the shores of the Grand River
[24] Although sometimes confused with those of contemporary African ancestry, the term “African Canadian” is, in modern times, used in specific to refer to those who descend either from enslaved peoples brought by the British and French during colonial times, from the Black Loyalists who were resettled in Canada in the aftermath of the American Revolutionary War, and the thousands of fugitive slaves that escaped from the US to Canada during the years before the First American Civil War (as well as often any black emigrants from the US who came to Canada during the years between the Civil Wars)
[25] Not to be confused with “Antillean Canadians”, Caribbean Canadians are in specific the descendants of black immigrants who came to Canada from the Caribbean mainly over the 19th and 20th centuries, who due to their differing circumstances and history in the Americas often see themselves and are considered as being a unique group separate from African Canadians in culture and identity
[26] Often included in the greater group of American Exiles, they are much like their white counterparts the descendants of exiles and refugees who fled to Canada with the collapse of the Old US in the years following the First World War, but also include the various local black populations existing in the territories annexed by Canada in the aftermath of the war
[27] Mostly first and second-generation immigrants from West Africa, being in a majority original of Nigeria and the Mali
[28] Mostly originating from Hawaii and Fiji, an interesting group within this population are the Rapa Nui, who are about twice more numerous in Canada as they are in their native island
[29] Most of the dominion’s Quranist population is of Bharati origins, with the subcontinent being one of the places with largest numbers of followers of it, while about all of the remainder are original to Western Africa, having mostly come in recent times to escape religious violence
[30] Although originally present within Canada’s East and Southeast Asian populations, Buddhism has managed to spread outside of them, with probably the most surprising instance of it being within Manitoba’s Icelandic Canadian population
[31] Although the first Zoroastrian temple in Canada was founded in 1899, nearly the entirety of Canada’s Zoroastrian population is of very recent times, being made by refugees from the warfare in Iran
[2] Although not entirely, with many descending from the Irishmen who made a good chunk of the numbers of First Great Migration or from Irish-Americans from New England, the great majority of the Irish-Canadian population descends mainly from the hundreds of thousands who came in the 1840s and 50s with the Great Famine and the Irish Evacuation, something that has had permanent effects in Canadian society, most commonly felt with the dominion possessing the second-largest population of first-language Irish speakers in the world after Oregon due to a majority of the evacuees being primarily Irish speakers
[3] While large-scale immigration to Canada by Germans occurred in some form since the 18th century (like the Hessians of the United Imperial Loyalists, Pennsylvanian Germans from the US, German/Germanic Mennonites from the US and Russia, and Swiss Catholics), a majority of the German-Canadian population actually only came to the dominion with the territories annexed in the First World War, descending in great part from 19th century political refugees who settled in and around the Great Lakes Regions, and in Canada are most present in the province of Minnesota
[4] Also called “Scandinavian Canadians” (which is not use much due to being a mouthful for many), Norse Canadians, although mostly connected in the popular mind with the Arctic Archipelago and the Sverdrup Islands, are actually most connected to the Great Plains and Lakes, being in their majority made by the descendants of Swedish and Norwegian immigrants to the Old US who settled in what is now Minnesota and Dakota during the 19th century and came to the dominion with them in the First World War
[5] Most notable in East in special with the Maritimes, who were one of the main destination for Scottish emigration and where Scots alone formed a third major ethnic group with English and French even by the early 19th century, and in great part descending from those who came due to the Highland Clearances and from the Famine Immigrants of the Victorian Era. Much like with Irish-Canadians, Scottish Canadians possess a large population of Gaelic speakers due to descending in great part from Highlanders who had it as their primary language, although in modern times a majority of those who know the language have both English and Gaelic as their mother tongue, with the distinction between “Gaelic” and “Canadian Gaelic” being often used to differentiate between the various Scottish Gaelic dialects present in Canada and a modern creole language
[6] Although classified as a single group above, Slavic Canadians in actuality are made by at least five different subgroups whose ethnic backgrounds on themselves aren’t the same, those subgroups being:
- The half of the Polish Canadians descending from mid-19th century émigrés from Russian Poland, who came fleeing political persecution and settled mainly in urban centers, with most of those who didn’t instead settling across Provincial Ontario largely in small groups (with most of the Polish-majority towns in the province being located in Huron County, making the so-called “Polish Coast”)
- The other half of Polish Canadians descending from immigrants from all of the Polish Parts who came mostly between 1870 and the First World War, looking for gaining a better living and wages in the industries of the Great Lakes Region of the Old US, entering Canada mostly together with the territories annexed after the conflict
- The Ukrainian Canadians, who mainly descend from late-19th century agricultural immigrants from Austrian Galicia, who often came with the direct backing and financing of the Hapsburg government, who did so in hopes of dealing with the Galician Overpopulation, and settled mainly in the original Prairie Provinces of Canada
- The Bosniak Canadians, who mainly descend from the large numbers of Muslim Bosniak immigrants who came over the later 19th and the 20th century, and are in modern times the largest Muslim Bosniak population in the world by sheer numbers
- And the ethnic Russian immigrants of contemporary times, who have mostly come from Russia proper and make one of the larger modern immigrant groups of Canada
[7] Descended mainly from mid-to-late-19th century Portuguese immigrants who settled in New England and Ontario and both mid-century Spanish immigrants fleeing the Civil Wars and early-to-mid-20th century immigrants fleeing political persecution[8] Although referred as one group, Acadians in Canada (not to be confused with the Cajun Acadians of the USSR) are in considered in modern times to be made of five subgroups seen as descended from the original Acadians:
- The (Main) Acadians, who mainly descend from those who returned to what became Canada after the Great Expulsion or escaped it and now are present mostly along the eastern coast and the north of New Brunswick – with only a small population coming back to Continental Acadia, existing mostly in coastal towns on the far west of Nova Scotia –, still speaking French Acadian
- Íle Breton Acadians, who descend from the members of the Acadian Exodus who by sheer luck escaped deportation after the fall of Fort Louisbourg in 1758 and were later swamped with Scottish settlement, resulting on the development of a mixed Acadian-Scots culture and a small local dialect of Acadian French heavily influenced by Gaelic
- Brayons, also called Madawaskayens, who are in general terms the descendants of the Acadians who settled/survived in what is now the farthest west of New Brunswick and the north of Maine, possessing a culture and identity that is at times a mix between Acadian and Quebecois
- Mainerots or Maineacs, the descendants of the Acadians first shipped to Massachusetts and then were deported by its governor to Maine, now mostly found on seaside settlements near and around Penobscot Bay, who due to quite a deal of cultural suppression and forced assimilation are the only Acadian-descended group to be predominantly protestant
- and the Oath Acadians, descendants of the small percentage of the Acadian population, made basically by the populations of Grand Pré and the Southern Shore, who had agreed to an unconditional oath to the British monarch in the years before the Great Expulsion (and whose memory would forever be marked by their surprising actual sparing during it and their presence in the British side on the battlefields of the Seven Years’ War), and who although not being completely anglicized would be heavily affected by the swamping of the region by the New England Planters, being known for speaking a dialect of Acadian French so heavy in English influences and additions some consider it a creole language
[9] Although marked by dramatic inflation during the first half of the 20th century, much of the Romani population in Canada actually traces its origins to the immigrations of the 19th century, being mainly descended from the various groups of the Albish Home Islands (with the Welsh Kale being more present in it than in Wales), the Ludar/Boyash from the Northern Balkans, the Romungre from Old Hungary (some who also came with the lands of Michigan), and the Polska Roma from Russian Poland[10] A large part of whom descends from the large Jewish migrations from Eastern Europe of the 19th century, with about as many Jews coming to Canada from Russian Poland as did ethnic Poles during the century
[11] Who although Anglophones are much like the Acadians are considered a specific group, although the meaning of the term has had something of a history of being confusing, as they are mostly considered as being the descendants of refugees and expatriates from the Old US and most don’t include the populations that were in territories annexed in the First World War when thinking of them (or of first-generation immigrants to the US who fled North) even if historians include their ancestors of the time
[12] Descending mostly from immigrants coming from the Maharashtra, Bengal and the Northern Provinces, and from the Mizo People of Lushai and North Arakan, Bharati Canadians, although many dating their origins to the immigration of the latter half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, mostly are or descend from emigrants of the years following the Second World War, who left the subcontinent in literal millions
[13] Most Arab Canadians can generally be divided between two subgroups, the descendants of 19th and early 20th century immigrants from Ottoman Greater Syria, who were in their majority Arab Christians and male, resulting on their modern descendants being in large parts of mixed ancestries, and who mostly settled around the Eastern Great Lakes – with much of the subgroup being descended from people who became Canadian when Michigan was annexed –; and the contemporary immigrants who came in the last decades, a majority of whom are Muslim and original of the areas of the Arabian Gulf, and who most cases have migrated in entire family units or even communities
[14] Sino-Canadians are colloquially divided in two subgroups, the larger (about two thirds) one made by the descendants of the mostly non-Han Railroad Immigrants – mostly South Chinese laborers who came to work in the Transcontinental Railway and then continued with the North-to-South (or the Superior Boreal) Railway, the Hudson Way, and the Prairie Rails – and the communities they established across Western and Northern Canada, and the smaller one (most of the remaining third) made by the contemporary (mostly Han) immigrants from Henan, and their first/second-generation descendants in Canada, who mostly formed communities in Ontario and the Maritimes
[15] Only making a rather small percentage of the larger 20th-century Diaspora, most Vietnamese Canadians are or descend from Viet and Taiviet (or Tây Việt) immigrants from Kynam/Cochinchina who left the country in the years of and before the Second World War at about the same numbers, although the secession of Quebec resulted on most of the Taiviet community now being found there
[16] Not to be confused with the Métis, who are at times not even included in the category, Canada’s mixed Indigenous-European population, although containing some of the descendants of those who were assimilated into White Society in the past centuries, is mainly made by those who although of mixed ancestry are culturally and (often) legally part of the First Peoples, and even include some tribes, bands, and nations who are majority or entirely multiracial – The how behind Canada’s mixed indigenous population isn’t a simple answer and is instead entangled deeply with the history of interracial relations between Europeans and Indigenous Americans, although much of it in relation to Canada’s pre-1920s territories dates to the Canadian Government’s Marital Connections and Blood-Adding projects of the latter 19th and early 20th centuries
[17] In actuality a group of culturally-similar peoples original to the Canadian Far North, the Inuit are one of the largest of the Canadian First Peoples, making by themselves over 3% of the dominion’s population, this however comes in great part due to the early 20th century’s Borealis Wave and Legs to Stand Act, which resulted on large-scale intermingling and intermarrying between Europeans and Métis with the Inuit, with around three fourths of the modern Inuit having relatively-recent European ancestors
[18] The single largest Canadian indigenous group to not be considered a part of the First Peoples, comprising about 1,5% of the dominion’s total population, the Métis are a group of indigenous peoples mainly present in the Prairie Provinces of Canada, marked for originally being the descendants of primarily French and British (mainly Scottish) fur traders and First Peoples (mainly Cree, Inuit and Ojibwe) women, whose children were often brought up Catholic but within First Peoples societies, who by the mid-18th century developed into a distinct ethnic group of their own
[19] Known for their complicated history with Canada, most often noticed with those of the Plains, who were part of those responsible for causing the dominion to have a list of types of indigenous lands and territorial rights, the Cree are also the largest of the First Peoples by overall population at approximately 656,000 people (according to the 2016 census)
[20] Who are the second largest of the Canadian First Peoples, possessing a population of approximately 400,000 people
[21] One of the larger First Peoples, the Mi’kmaq have had a long history of alternating antagonistic and allied relationships with Canada and the British before that, having been influenced by the French during colonial times (with the majority of the modern Mi’kmaq population practicing both Roman Catholicism and traditional Mi’kmaw faith), and are known for being one of the First Peoples whose nations were specifically recognized by the original Indian Act when defining indigenous governance
[22] Numbering at around 50,000 people, the Beothuk are mostly known for the fact that they nearly died during colonial times, reaching a population of only a few dozen by the time of the 1820s after a long drawn-out decline in their population and territory, and only survived after the Bland Affair of 1819 – when due to a series of events heavy in luck, incompetence, and pettiness the remaining Beothuk population was forcibly relocated to Bonavista, Newfoundland, under the orders of the town’s judge, John Bland, who thought, in his own words “because if I don’t do it the asses at St Johns will probably kill them all by accident by the time I’m dead” (he was probably in his 50s at the time) – started a series of events that would, over the course of the 19th century, engorge the Beothuk population about twentyfold from less than 35 to over 700, even if through that it would permanently change their genetic makeup, with the modern people, while almost feverous in its holding onto their culture, being often over 90% European in their ancestry (a reality born out of the fact that their numbers in 1819 were simply too small to survive without marrying outsiders)
[23] More colloquially called by their autonym of Haudenosaunee, the Iroquois are known for, outside of their interesting military relationship with the Crown and Canada, being rather concentrated geographically, with a good 70% chunk of their population of nearly 200 people living within or around the 2500 square kilometers of the Six Nations Reserve of Ontario, the province’s largest First Peoples reserve made of a territory across the shores of the Grand River
[24] Although sometimes confused with those of contemporary African ancestry, the term “African Canadian” is, in modern times, used in specific to refer to those who descend either from enslaved peoples brought by the British and French during colonial times, from the Black Loyalists who were resettled in Canada in the aftermath of the American Revolutionary War, and the thousands of fugitive slaves that escaped from the US to Canada during the years before the First American Civil War (as well as often any black emigrants from the US who came to Canada during the years between the Civil Wars)
[25] Not to be confused with “Antillean Canadians”, Caribbean Canadians are in specific the descendants of black immigrants who came to Canada from the Caribbean mainly over the 19th and 20th centuries, who due to their differing circumstances and history in the Americas often see themselves and are considered as being a unique group separate from African Canadians in culture and identity
[26] Often included in the greater group of American Exiles, they are much like their white counterparts the descendants of exiles and refugees who fled to Canada with the collapse of the Old US in the years following the First World War, but also include the various local black populations existing in the territories annexed by Canada in the aftermath of the war
[27] Mostly first and second-generation immigrants from West Africa, being in a majority original of Nigeria and the Mali
[28] Mostly originating from Hawaii and Fiji, an interesting group within this population are the Rapa Nui, who are about twice more numerous in Canada as they are in their native island
[29] Most of the dominion’s Quranist population is of Bharati origins, with the subcontinent being one of the places with largest numbers of followers of it, while about all of the remainder are original to Western Africa, having mostly come in recent times to escape religious violence
[30] Although originally present within Canada’s East and Southeast Asian populations, Buddhism has managed to spread outside of them, with probably the most surprising instance of it being within Manitoba’s Icelandic Canadian population
[31] Although the first Zoroastrian temple in Canada was founded in 1899, nearly the entirety of Canada’s Zoroastrian population is of very recent times, being made by refugees from the warfare in Iran
---------------------------------------------------
Of Friends and Enemies
Of Friends and Enemies
Often said to be described by the words “friendliness” and “war”, Canadians can trace much of that their well-known, as complicated, relationship with their neighbor to the south, the United Socialist States of America, whom Canada pretty much sees as both her oldest sibling and her great nemesis.
Although born from the same entity, the colonies of British North America, the fates of the two first separated and became forever changed in 1776, when the USSA broke off from Britain in their first revolution, and for the centuries that have followed they have spent times of friendliness, peace, enmity, and war with eachother, and today exist in an era of enmity and mutual dislike.
Deeply marked by the events of the First World War, which molded the Canadian psyche into its modern prickly and paranoid self even more than the War of 1812 a century prior, even in times of peaceful or even friendly relations Canadians remained wary of their neighbor to the South, which for them has only been seen as having been proven a correct decision following the US’ famous turns under the Grand Union Party, with their ambitions (poorly veiled at best, acted upon at worst) only justifying any moves towards paranoia by the Canadians, who have been seemingly in a constant state of fear and anger towards the “Americans” ever since the October Crisis of 1982.
Nowadays, while known in the international theatres for their openness to immigrants, interests in international cooperation, and friendly stance to most countries, Canada remains the home of a deeply paranoid and overly-prepared people always metaphorically looking over their shoulders, with it being an often said (and somewhat truthful) joke that the main reasons for said openness to immigration was the desire to have as large a population as possible in case of a southern invasion, with the military remaining a force to be contended even in politics and all Canadians being by law required to serve in it, with all able-bodied immigrants of age being obligated to enlist and be a part of the reserve as the main pre-requisite for their citizenship.
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Conservationism
Conservationism, often mixed or confounded with Ambientalism (from which it originates), is a political, environmental and social movement that seeks, at its core, to protect and maintain the world’s natural resources, including (and, almost always, specifically) animal and plants species, as well as their habitats, for the future. It has traditionally been correlated with the high and ruling classes of society, who do it as a true and honest action for the betterment of the planet as much as they use it as a manner to flaunt their wealth, in what has been called the “menageries of the modern era”.
The history of conservationism starts in the late 18th century, during which it became something of a fad before dying out in the 1820s, but it was only in the mid-19th century that it truly begun on its modern form, almost accidentally started and influenced by Victoria, Duchess of Kent, who became the first person to move away from the era’s ways of animal collecting after she visited Iceland in 1835[1] and, almost by accident, ended up gaining the ownership of the world’s entire population of the great-auk bird[2], whom she became extremely protective of, shutting down any ideas of selling or killing them[3].
But although it was the Duchess who began the movement, even taking amateur ornithology in her later years[4], it would be Victoria’s youngest daughter, as well as her granddaughters, who would expand and popularize it, with it being during her daughter’s reign that the first major enacted conservationist and ambientalist laws were passed[5], almost at the same time that her children popularized it to outside of Albion[6] and North America saw the movement independently appear, with the establishing of the first natural reserves in the world in the form of the National Parks and the Yellowstone National Resort[7].
Affecting society due to its age and people involved, animal conservationism has become known for its effects on fashion[8], while floral conservationists made major moves in architecture and urban planning[9], the only areas where they are generally not criticized, as Conservationism in general has been often criticized by the somewhat extreme measures that have been taken by those on the movement[10], as well as being condemned as a show of classism by more socialist groups in society, as the rich have come to use it as a way to flaunt wealth in a socially respectable manner[11].
Something of a group-effort in some ways, Conservationism has seen various methods used during its history in the name of the cause, with the most known of them being:
“Author’s Note”: another manner in which conservationism has shaped society has also been its effects on the public’s opinion on the selective breeding of animals (in specific the breeding of dogs) and the techniques used for them, as “pragmatic breeding”[12] has become the leading breeding method among domesticated animals ever since the research of the Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg[13]
[1] No-one really knows just why Victoria traveled to Reykjavik, although the most probable answer to that is that her daughter, Princess Feodora (who was living there while her husband, Ernst I of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, made a scientific expedition across the Arctic Circle) asked for her mother to visit her, seeing as how she was pregnant and incapable of returning to the continent before her husband returned
[2] Stranded by a sudden storm just miles from Reykjavik, Victoria’s ship had to spend the night “docked” behind the sheer cliffs of Eldey Island, which was the last known habitat of the great auk. The following morning, the duchess woke up with her quarters on the ship filled with a total of 50 great auk birds sleeping, which Victoria found so strangely charming that she adopted them all as her pets.
[4] When she died Victoria was possibly one of the most reviled people among ornithologists, as not only she was a woman and an “amateur”, but she also had the habit of collecting live specimens before her peers could catch and “preserve” them
[5] Started with the Bill of Natural Protection of 1861, which established that you couldn’t bring an animal not previously seen on a region without having express governmental approval (which was so time consuming that most people gave up by the middle, forcing, for example, Australia’s elites to have feral cats and hogs as the animals for their hunting instead of rabbits, which were expressly forbidden from Australia before the advent of modern tracking devices), the Preservation Laws are a series of acts of parliament passed between 1861 and 1993 which stipulate a variety of regulations, rules and punishments in relation to human interactions with nature. Known for their more extreme measures, like for example the flogging of a poacher or the scrapping of a ship proven to have been involved in unlawful whaling, the laws have more than once come under fire due to them
[6] It would be Victoria’s daughters to spread it to Continental Europe, Russia and Brazil, while her sons helped spread it to India
[7] The first recorded case of official environmental tourism, which has remained Yellowstone’s main source of income and fame (in fact, even with its status as a center of tourism in North America over 90% of Yellowstone is still covered by original vegetation)
[8] It was the growth of conservationism that made the use of animals in female clothing (outside of the odd feather, specifically bred beetles and fur) fall out of use
[9] With the Brazilians the leaders of, establishing things like “green in grey” (a major style of green urban planning) in the 1930s and “built forestry” (green architecture) in the 1980s
[10] Although the extreme moves that the Japanese have taken to protect their ōkami being the most often commented (with the general rule of thumb being that the more endangered a species is the bigger the chances the government will act extremely badly to it being threatened), not even the Albish are off the hook on this, with the 2007 Caribbean Monk Seal Killings being one of its most recent examples (the Duchess of Norwich even came under fire by various human rights groups due to her open support over the punishments given and her short speech where she said that any legislation passed in response to it on the Commons would be sumarily vetoed and scrapped by the Lords)
[11] While some still like to flaunt just how wealthy they are, in modern times, in special in countries where there is less of a class divide, the rich showing just how much money they have is considered of bad taste on most social occasions, resulting on the investment of good causes becoming a major way among the high classes to one-up each-other without looking like a snob
[12] Following the Animal Cruelty Act, 1910, which prohibited the mating of animals beyond a certain degree of kinship, most dog breeders in Albion have turned for the most pragmatic solution: the periodical (it depends on the place, but in general every 3 to 6 generations) adding of new blood (from either mutts or other breeds with similar features) to rapidly expand the gene pool and diminish the chances of an inbreeding depression spiral. In modern times stud books not only are used to see the ancestry of an animal, but also to guarantee that it and its breeding partner aren’t closely related
[13] The Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Lady Darwin, Countess of Sedbergh (1839-1915), granddaughter of the Duchess of Kent and half-niece to Empress Victoria, she was responsible for spending a good part of her youth and life creating the first proven theories against the close breeding of animals and the reasons why it was detrimental in the long-term. Her most famous publication, which gained the front page on The Times, became infamous for comparing the selective breeding of dogs to someone trying to play god, as well as shaming those who did in excessive levels for not learning from the mistakes of the Old Hapsburgs (it included a self-made sketch of a dog with Carlos II’s face on it)
The Duchess of Kent in 1857 (painted by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1st Baron Winterhalter of Buckingham, Court Painter of Albion from 1852 to 1865), by that time she had already become known for her preference for thick and relatively-plain clothes due to her birds frequently tearing and dirtying her fabrics (she also almost always wore a shawl or cap over her closely tied hair, both so it wouldn’t be pecked or pulled by bird and due to her fondness for horse-riding)
Is this, realistically, basically impossible? Of course yes, but this is my story and I wanted this to make myself feel better, and even if someone comes to criticize it, I won’t say I regret doing it, in fact, I will say I loved doing it and would do it again in a heartbeat
The history of conservationism starts in the late 18th century, during which it became something of a fad before dying out in the 1820s, but it was only in the mid-19th century that it truly begun on its modern form, almost accidentally started and influenced by Victoria, Duchess of Kent, who became the first person to move away from the era’s ways of animal collecting after she visited Iceland in 1835[1] and, almost by accident, ended up gaining the ownership of the world’s entire population of the great-auk bird[2], whom she became extremely protective of, shutting down any ideas of selling or killing them[3].
But although it was the Duchess who began the movement, even taking amateur ornithology in her later years[4], it would be Victoria’s youngest daughter, as well as her granddaughters, who would expand and popularize it, with it being during her daughter’s reign that the first major enacted conservationist and ambientalist laws were passed[5], almost at the same time that her children popularized it to outside of Albion[6] and North America saw the movement independently appear, with the establishing of the first natural reserves in the world in the form of the National Parks and the Yellowstone National Resort[7].
Affecting society due to its age and people involved, animal conservationism has become known for its effects on fashion[8], while floral conservationists made major moves in architecture and urban planning[9], the only areas where they are generally not criticized, as Conservationism in general has been often criticized by the somewhat extreme measures that have been taken by those on the movement[10], as well as being condemned as a show of classism by more socialist groups in society, as the rich have come to use it as a way to flaunt wealth in a socially respectable manner[11].
Something of a group-effort in some ways, Conservationism has seen various methods used during its history in the name of the cause, with the most known of them being:
* Menagerism (also known as Zoologism and Captivation) is probably the oldest method used in animal conservation, named after the noble menageries of old, as it started with the movement in the mid-19th century, being based around the idea of the creation of a personally or publicly funded zoo (the “menagerie”) to house endangered or threatened animal species. Probably the most practiced in the past, more than once the practice has resulted on entire species surviving only in captivity (like, for example, the great auk in the beginning, and the Falkland Islands wolf) – The practice also has a floral variation in the from of Botanism, who, as the name implies, is basically the same but with plants and botanical gardens instead
* Domestication, which is the one most commonly correlated to the daughters of Empress Victoria, it is, in some ways, a branch of the above, as domestication, at its core, is the taking of and endangered or threatened animal and “domesticating” them into what has historically been comprised of pets. It is not the easiest method to do, and most of the time the species involved are still only partially-domesticated, but it has resulted on some animals, in special some endemic to Australia and New Zealand (like the Kiwi, Koala and the Tasmanian Devil), to have larger populations of them as pets outside of their habitats than as wild within them
* Environmentalism, the method that has become the most commonly practiced on modern times, it is based around focusing on the entirety of the ecosystem involved instead of simply focusing on a single aspect of it. In general it revolves around the creation of natural preservations and parks to preemptively preserve the original habitats, although recently (in special with the developments in the Moon) some bolder types have gone a step father and mixed it with Menagerism/Botanism, creating an copy of the original habitats (it has, admittedly, mostly been used when the situation in original habitats has become too dire for reservations, who become more of a gamble than reality), which has seen entire species become at the same time wild and captive in their “zoos”
“Author’s Note”: another manner in which conservationism has shaped society has also been its effects on the public’s opinion on the selective breeding of animals (in specific the breeding of dogs) and the techniques used for them, as “pragmatic breeding”[12] has become the leading breeding method among domesticated animals ever since the research of the Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg[13]
[1] No-one really knows just why Victoria traveled to Reykjavik, although the most probable answer to that is that her daughter, Princess Feodora (who was living there while her husband, Ernst I of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, made a scientific expedition across the Arctic Circle) asked for her mother to visit her, seeing as how she was pregnant and incapable of returning to the continent before her husband returned
[2] Stranded by a sudden storm just miles from Reykjavik, Victoria’s ship had to spend the night “docked” behind the sheer cliffs of Eldey Island, which was the last known habitat of the great auk. The following morning, the duchess woke up with her quarters on the ship filled with a total of 50 great auk birds sleeping, which Victoria found so strangely charming that she adopted them all as her pets.
- It is almost universally agreed that those 50 birds were the entirety of their population, seeing as how following Victoria’s return to Britain no great auk was seen in Eldey or Iceland until the 1970s, when the Icelandic government made Eldey a reservation owned by the Albish Crown
[3] During her time at Iceland Victoria absolutely fell in love with her birds, whom she even called her “little children”, and became absurdly protective of them, going to excesses to show her disdain every time some collector offered money for a specimen (the only time she gave one willingly was when one Charles Darwin asked for one as a pet to his children, since besides him collectors almost always wanted them as stuffed animals in their collections), going as far as once inviting a collector to one of her bird’s funeral (and telling him to his face she wouldn’t even sell him their droppings) and periodically selling non-fecundated eggs as something of a prank[4] When she died Victoria was possibly one of the most reviled people among ornithologists, as not only she was a woman and an “amateur”, but she also had the habit of collecting live specimens before her peers could catch and “preserve” them
[5] Started with the Bill of Natural Protection of 1861, which established that you couldn’t bring an animal not previously seen on a region without having express governmental approval (which was so time consuming that most people gave up by the middle, forcing, for example, Australia’s elites to have feral cats and hogs as the animals for their hunting instead of rabbits, which were expressly forbidden from Australia before the advent of modern tracking devices), the Preservation Laws are a series of acts of parliament passed between 1861 and 1993 which stipulate a variety of regulations, rules and punishments in relation to human interactions with nature. Known for their more extreme measures, like for example the flogging of a poacher or the scrapping of a ship proven to have been involved in unlawful whaling, the laws have more than once come under fire due to them
[6] It would be Victoria’s daughters to spread it to Continental Europe, Russia and Brazil, while her sons helped spread it to India
[7] The first recorded case of official environmental tourism, which has remained Yellowstone’s main source of income and fame (in fact, even with its status as a center of tourism in North America over 90% of Yellowstone is still covered by original vegetation)
[8] It was the growth of conservationism that made the use of animals in female clothing (outside of the odd feather, specifically bred beetles and fur) fall out of use
[9] With the Brazilians the leaders of, establishing things like “green in grey” (a major style of green urban planning) in the 1930s and “built forestry” (green architecture) in the 1980s
[10] Although the extreme moves that the Japanese have taken to protect their ōkami being the most often commented (with the general rule of thumb being that the more endangered a species is the bigger the chances the government will act extremely badly to it being threatened), not even the Albish are off the hook on this, with the 2007 Caribbean Monk Seal Killings being one of its most recent examples (the Duchess of Norwich even came under fire by various human rights groups due to her open support over the punishments given and her short speech where she said that any legislation passed in response to it on the Commons would be sumarily vetoed and scrapped by the Lords)
[11] While some still like to flaunt just how wealthy they are, in modern times, in special in countries where there is less of a class divide, the rich showing just how much money they have is considered of bad taste on most social occasions, resulting on the investment of good causes becoming a major way among the high classes to one-up each-other without looking like a snob
[12] Following the Animal Cruelty Act, 1910, which prohibited the mating of animals beyond a certain degree of kinship, most dog breeders in Albion have turned for the most pragmatic solution: the periodical (it depends on the place, but in general every 3 to 6 generations) adding of new blood (from either mutts or other breeds with similar features) to rapidly expand the gene pool and diminish the chances of an inbreeding depression spiral. In modern times stud books not only are used to see the ancestry of an animal, but also to guarantee that it and its breeding partner aren’t closely related
[13] The Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Lady Darwin, Countess of Sedbergh (1839-1915), granddaughter of the Duchess of Kent and half-niece to Empress Victoria, she was responsible for spending a good part of her youth and life creating the first proven theories against the close breeding of animals and the reasons why it was detrimental in the long-term. Her most famous publication, which gained the front page on The Times, became infamous for comparing the selective breeding of dogs to someone trying to play god, as well as shaming those who did in excessive levels for not learning from the mistakes of the Old Hapsburgs (it included a self-made sketch of a dog with Carlos II’s face on it)
The Duchess of Kent in 1857 (painted by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1st Baron Winterhalter of Buckingham, Court Painter of Albion from 1852 to 1865), by that time she had already become known for her preference for thick and relatively-plain clothes due to her birds frequently tearing and dirtying her fabrics (she also almost always wore a shawl or cap over her closely tied hair, both so it wouldn’t be pecked or pulled by bird and due to her fondness for horse-riding)
So, this is probably my most “personal” post on this TL in a way. It all started due to me entering a rabbit hole of the animal species that were made extinct by humans since the 18th century and becoming depressed due to the sheer amount of unique and diverse beings that we managed to kill-off just in the past few centuries; so, when I finally begun to plan this entire thing, I decided that, since I’m the one writing, then I would do some self-indulgent wish-fulfilment and made that in my TL animal conservation and environmentalism in almost sacrosanct to much of society)
Because of that, ITTL the number of species or subspecies going extinct (either totally or in the wild) every decade hovers between 0 and 2 and a variety of animals that are extinct OTL are still alive in the wild or in zoos across the world. Some of them are:
Because of that, ITTL the number of species or subspecies going extinct (either totally or in the wild) every decade hovers between 0 and 2 and a variety of animals that are extinct OTL are still alive in the wild or in zoos across the world. Some of them are:
- The Javanese, Caspian and Balinese Tigers, while the South China Tiger still has a considerable population living in the wild, isn’t nearing extinction and is considered one of the Chinese national animals.
- The Caucasian Elk and Bison
- The Barbary and Cape Lions
- The Thylacine (which is one of Australia’s national animals)
- The Japanese and Hokkaido wolves, with the former being Japan’s national animal together with some others
- Steller’s Sea Cow (this one is so fucking tragic I forced myself to make them somehow survive hidden in the Bering Strait from the 1760s all the way to the 20th century
- Many of the smaller animal species in Australia and New Zealand (due to feral animals having smaller populations due to being the focus of hunting and no rabbits being permitted to set foot on the land without being neutered)
- The great auk (pretty obvious)
- The Indian Rhinoceros
- The Milu Deer/Père Davic, who while still extinct in the wild like OTL it has a larger population in captivity than OTL due to the deers owned by the Qing Emperors not being killed and eaten by British troops during the Second Opium War (similar to how in OTL the Indian Lion population only survived on a local prince’s hunting grounds)
- Some old dog breeds, with the three that I will comment being:
- The Old English Bulldog, who survived due to an entrepreneurial member of the London Police being inspired by the Duchess of Kent to adopt a large number of them after breaking a dog-fighting rig, making them the “canine companions” of the London Police (whose weapons now are batons and dogs) and in modern times the most common companions of the imperial policeman – their looks did change a little over time as before their population grew the original group bred with what is believed to have been some border collies and boxers, so there are some who look more brownish and others who have a longer fur;
- The Alpine Mastiff, who, due to reasons, was bred by the Dukes of Devonshire to serve as nanny-dogs for their children (being slightly more ferocious than most other mastiffs as they also are sort-of personal guards for the children) and as guide-dogs for some of their members (ITTL the Seventh Duke became blind as a young man and the eight, tenth, eleventh and the current dukes were born congenitally blind, either completely or partially);
- and the Turnspit Dog, since, due to a freak accident, Dash ended up breeding with a female turnspit who worked on the kitchens of Kensington Palace, resulting on the royal family developing a liking for them and popularizing the breed among the high classes as pets (although they also are still used for their original task in more traditional kitchens and have become sort of a small attraction in restaurants and street food vendors)
- And many others, but I think you can get what my point is.
Is this, realistically, basically impossible? Of course yes, but this is my story and I wanted this to make myself feel better, and even if someone comes to criticize it, I won’t say I regret doing it, in fact, I will say I loved doing it and would do it again in a heartbeat
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World War II
The Second World War, also known as World War II (WWII or WW2), was a global war that lasted from 1951 to 1958. It involved the vast majority of the world’s countries – including all the great powers – forming two opposing military alliances: the Axis and the Allies. In a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. The Second World War was the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting from 160 to the upwards of 500 million fatalities, with more civilians than military personnel killed. Tens of millions of people died due to the genocides (including the Nettoyage and the Holocaust), premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, including in the strategic bombing of population centers, the development of nuclear weapons, and the only uses of such in war.
The Second World War is generally considered to have begun on the 4th of July, 1951, with the coordinated invasions of Belgium and California by France and Aztlan and the subsequent declarations of war on them by the United Kingdom and Germany on the 6th. From middle 1951 to late 1953, in a series of campaigns and treaties, France[1] came to control much of continental Europe, while Mexico[2] and the Free State of Cuba[3] expanded the conflict with invasions of the Caribbean and Central America, and forme the Grand Alliance together with Spain[4] and China[5]. Following the fall of Germany[6] in mid-1952 and of California[7] early that same year, the war’s three major frontline became mostly between the Allies and single members of the Axis, with the Albish Empire in Europe, Japan in Asia, and Oregon in the Americas. On October 30th, 1954, France led the European allied powers in an invasion of Russia and the Balkans, signing the Pétain-Kemal Pact in November, where it officially divided the Balkans with the Turkish Nations, and opening the Eastern Front, the largest land theatre in history, trapping the allies, crucially the French Grand Armée, in a war of attrition.
China, which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific, had been at war with the East Asian Coprosperity Sphere since 1945 and had by early-1953 placed the Japanese Home Islands under a literal siege[8] while expanding through continental and insular South Asia. In December 1954, three days after the death of Leonard of Albion on the Blitz[9], China, together with Aztlan and Cuba, attacked with near-simultaneous offensives the territories of Albion and Brazil on Southeast Asia, the Central Pacific and South America, including and naval siege onto Singapore[10] and an attack on the Braganza fleet at Fernando de Noronha. Following the Brazilian declaration of war against them, which followed an official one from Albion onto China, the European allied powers declared war on Brazil in solidarity with their ally. China soon invaded India[11] and captured much of the Western Pacific, while Aztlan and Cuba advanced on northern South America, being finally halted in 1955 after losing the critical battles of Jakarta and Aves Island; later, France and Spain were defeated in North Africa and at key points in Eastern Europe[12]. Key setbacks in 1957 – including a series of French defeats on the Eastern Front[13], the German Rebellion[14], the Axis invasions of the Low Countries and Gibraltar[15], and Axis offensives in the Pacific and Asia[16] – cost the Allies its initiative and forced its members into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1957, the Western Allies invaded Iberia and French-occupied Scandinavia, while the Russians and the Hapsburgs regained their territorial losses and turned towards France and its Allies. During 1957 and 1958, China suffered reversals across Asia, while the Axis crippled their navy and Russia entered the war against them through Axis-friendly Mongolia; Aztlan and Cuba also saw reversals on their fronts as the USSA retook their lost territory while Brazil started taking the Caribbean Islands and advancing across Panama.
The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of French-occupied territories, and the invasion of France by the Axis and the combined efforts of Russia and Germany, culminating in the fall of Paris to Axis troops, the suicide of Louis Morél and the French unconditional surrender on January 10th, 1958. Turkey gave up on the war on February 1st when its military deposed the government, establishing the Turkish Junta[17]. Following the Birmingham Declaration by the Axis on February 27th and the refusal of the remaining Allied powers to surrender on its terms, the Albish dropped the first atomic bomb on the Chinese city of Nanjing, on May 23rd, decapitating the Kuomintang’s high command and setting the stage for the Second Chinese Civil War[18]; Brazil did similarly with the bombing of Cancun, on May 26th, of Veracruz, on May 27th, and of Guantanamo, on June 1st. Faced with imminent full-scale invasions by both the Brazilians and Russians, the destruction of its fleet at Cancun and the possibility of additional atomic bombings, Aztlan announced its intention to surrender on June 15th, cementing de facto total victory of the Axis in the Americas. Cuba, already a de facto Mexican satellite, held out, resulting on the invasion of its main island on June 21st by the Axis and the division of the state among them[19]. In the wake of the war, France, Spain, Mexico and parts of China were occupied[20], and war crimes tribunals were conducted against many of their leaders. Despite their well-documented war crimes, mainly perpetrated in the Balkans and the Middle East, Turkish leaders and generals were often pardoned, thanks to diplomatic activities[21].
The Second World War changed the political alignment and social structure of the globe. The League of Nations (League) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts, and the victorious great powers – Japan, Germany, Russia, the United States, Brazil, and Albion – became permanent members of its Directorate. Brazil and Albion emerged as rival superpowers, setting the state for the Cold War, while the USSA entered a period of political repression[22] while rising in international influence, which would last until the 1980s. In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering a second wave of decolonization on Africa and Asia[23]. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion, while political integration, especially in Europe, began as an effort to forestall future hostilities, end pre-war enmities and forge a sense of common identity.
Considered by many as a moment that established much of the modern world, and as being responsible for some of history’s greatest technological and social advances[24], only a single state on earth continues to identify the war as not having ended[25].
[1] Which had been since the late 1930s under the rule of Louis Morél, a WWI veteran who had in the interwar period risen as a politician, becoming France's de facto dictator in 1939 in what was a silent coup against the Fourth Republic (whose weak government and political divisions he used to propel himself in the political scene); Morél is remembered for not only establishing Militantism but also for being one of the greatest monsters in history, who used minorities as scapegoats to cement his power and, during the war, enacted a genocide against (the Nettoyage, or "Cleaning" in French), being responsible for the deaths of millions in a industrialized killing of ethnic Romani, Jewish, Black, Middle Eastern and German peoples (rather ironic, seeing as how his mother was born Hilda van der Horn in the Alsace) as well as homossexual, disabled and politicially or religiously "disloyal" individuals
[2] Which had been under the rule of four major generals, the Tetrarchs, ever since 1945, when they ended the decade-long string of coups and counter-coups that had marked Mexico ever since Augustín II was deposed by the military in 1933 (as with the fleeing of the monarchy to Venezuela their main function as a neutral core to the country's divided political groups was left vacant until military strongmen took over and forcefully imposed peace by getting rid of all political parties)
[3] Descending from the United States’ South, the Free State of Cuba could be known as a “diet-Confederacy”, seeing as it was a white supremacist state established by exiles from the pre-1920 US’ south who took over their old country’s de facto colony and puppet and established something that was akin to the CSA but with no slaves, during the war the state became known for its atrocities, only possibly overshadowed by the Chinese, including the use of bioweapons against insurgents and enemy armies
[4] Which had nominally been under the rule of Carlos V ever since the 1939 Regicide, which killed his parents and grandparents when the king himself was only a child, but seeing as he was mentally disabled (Carlos had been struck with a rock on the head at his baptism by an anarchist protester in 1934 and had a stunted mental development, he was in seventeen in 1951 but had the mind of a 5-year-old) it was de facto ruled by his cabinet, a shadowy cabal of politicians and generals, who used him as a useful figurehead
[5] Which was under the rule of Chiang Kai-Shek’s Kuomitang ever since the end of the First Chinese Civil War in 1942, with the country being nominally a multhiethnic democracy but de facto being a Han-supremacist ultranationalist dictatorship which used the military and secret polices to crack down both on dissidents and on ethnic minorities
[6] Which would see the death of Kaiser Wolfgang II and the imprisonment of most of his family and the constituent monarchs (that hadn’t managed to escape to either friendly countries or Switzerland), which would later on see kangaroo courts and executions among them, including Wolfgang’s son, Friedrich III
[7] Although the Californian state (under the leadership of President Nixon) managed to remain standing in the Sierra Nevada under Oregon’s protection, the absolute majority of the country as well as its populational centers fell under Aztlan’s control, where it would soon enact the policies of the Holocaust in only a slightly more contained manner than those living on its pre-war territories
[8] Following the defeat and conquest of Manchuria (1948) and most of Korea (1952), Japan was the last one standing among their alliance, and, following the Chinese conquest of Formosa, had to stand basically alone on her home islands while the Chinese navy and air force took their turns bombing the crap out of them. Through it all, while his homeland was being devastated and against all advise, Emperor Hirohito stayed on, at the most moving from the Imperial Palace in Tokyo to smaller or underground complexes when bombing was at its highest. Japanese determination during the Siege, which ended when Brazil and the Royal Navy came to the rescue of their ally in 1955, is often remembered by the sheer impressiveness of it, as, even while their factories and buildings were being burned and the Chinese used of bioweapons and gas attacks, they still remained chugging forward as if not bothered, going as far as to not even blink when the governemnt started the military training of the masses when fears of an amphibian invasion started
[9] Which is considered by many as being a turning point for the Empire, the last straw, perhaps, to the Albish, who took a furious dedication following it that would not rest until the Allies were defeated
[10] Which would see the deaths of a fifth of the island’s population and the imprisonment of King Albert and his wife, Queen Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, while their two daughters continued serving on the navy from Australia (where they had been at the time of the siege’s beginning)
[11] Establishing the Indian Republic, a collaborator state under the rule of Subhas Chandra Bose, who had beforehand been an independence leader and would later on be executed for not only treason against the Empire but for his involvement in the war crimes committed by the Indian National Army, including the mass killing of muslims and buddhists in Bengal and Burma
[12] Two major ones being the crossing of the Dnieper at the Battle of Kiev, who stopped the advance into Russia, and the Battles of Belgrave and Debrecen, who stopped the advance into the Balkans, weakening the French stride as the Russians and Hapsburgs started regrouping behind their defensive lines
[13] A major one being the Battle of Minsk, which lasted nearly a year as both sides fought building by building
[14] Led by Adolf Hiedler (or Schicklgruber-Hiedler, as he was known in his youth), an Austrian-born immigrant who had been naturalized German following his entrance to the Kaiser's Army at the age fo 16 in the First World War. Married to Helene Derzbacher (the daughter of a Jewish moneylender) during the interwar period, he was a minor conservative politician and the owner of a beerhall in Munich at the time of the Second World War, and, following the Fall of Germany in 1952, became the onwer of the unspoken center for the german resistance in Bavaria, with him finally becoming directly involved on it in 1954 when he started using his old connections and friendships from the war, as well as his wealth, to support the resistance, even housing Kaiser Friederike following her escape from Dachau. Made the semi-nominal leader of the German Rebellion, Adolf died of a shaking disease in the early 1960s, being granted the titles of Fürst and "Hero of the Fatherland" for his service during the war and being one of the first to be buried on Valhalla in Berlin
[15] Which saw heavy damages to Rotterdam and Amsterdam as well as the near razing of Gibraltar, as the latter's amphibian invasion (Gibraltar having been conquered by the Spanish in 1952) made the battle for the rock weeks-long and saw widespread destruction
[16] Which saw the freeing of German Oceania and the comebacks of the Albish and the Dutch on South Asia
[17] A military dictatorship that has remained in power over Turkey for the past 60 years, part of the reason why the Axis even accepted their semi-conditional surrender (the Junta leaders basically said that while they could take the deposed Turkish leaders they would not permit an occupation of their pre-war territory) was the agreement that the Turkish would retreat from all their invaded territory, including the states on Anatolia that they had already annexed, or they would be forced to
[18] Which is technically still up and running, seeing as how the Kuomitang still remains denying that it has officially ended (reason why they have identified all wars that have come since as being just a “resume of the civil war” even though the rest of the world rightly identifies them as new conflicts)
[19] The Albish took control of the Guantanamo Bay Area, Brazil established the Kingdom of Cuba on the southeast while the USSA established the State of Cuba on the northwest as a part of their Southern Commonwealth; following the 1982 Crisis the state was annexed into the Kingdom of Cuba after the island had been mostly divided for 2 decades. Guantanamo, in modern times a port metropolis, remains under control of Albion, being a county-status-city within the Home Island’s integrated territories
[20] All of which would have effects to the nations that came after:
- France was divided into four zones of control – Russia (where the modern kingdom of Champagne is), Albion (Northern France and modern Provence), Brazil (Aquitaine) and Germany (Burgundy) – who have directly resulted on the modern divisions of the region, as the Russian zone became the separate state of Champagne under the Russian Emperor’s Orléanist nephew, the German and Brazilian ones became their respective hereditary republics under political favorites, and the Albish became the kingdom of Provence under Empress Jessamine’s aunt’s husband, the modern Fifth Republic and the Republic of Brittany (which like Aquitaine and Burgundy is de facto hereditarily ruled by the family of a political favorite who became its first president)
- The Kingdom of Spain was divided between seven zones of administration – Albion (most of the modern Spanish State, Southern Spanish Sahara, Andorra and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla), Portugal (Galicia), Brazil (Navarre and the Canary Islands, although it held sway over the entire peninsula), the Hapsburgs (Aragon), Morocco (Spanish North Africa), Germany (Spanish Equatorial Africa) and Mauritania (Oran) –, who have mostly corresponded to the modern states of the region (although not to their allegiances)
- Although originally planning for a large-scale occupation of China, in the end the Axis (specifically Japan, Russia, Albion and Germany, Brazil being fine with staying on the sidelines), already having to administrate over large zones of control and seeing the insanity that the Second Civil War was going toward, decided that it was on their best interest to just look to the other side and focus only on the areas they were truly interested:
[22] The war saw the USSA turn to a jingoistically nationalist era as the military and often nationalistic political groups gained more power, with Secretary Randolph’s death in 1963 the nation’s future moves were almost guaranteed, since without him was no-one to stop the tides, and by 1975 the USSA had already come into being something akin to OTL Stalinist Russia
[23] Which would see the Dutch and German empires mostly separate into independent states under relatives with smaller bits that remained attached to the metropolis, while the Albish finished their process of federalization as most of the empire’s remaining colonies either became independent states within the Commonwealth or Dominions and Kingdoms within Albion
[24] The tales of the atrocities committed by the Allies caused the members of the Axis, more often than not, to take turn for going more liberal in areas their societies considered completely acceptable beforehand after seeing the rational maximum they could go; in the war's relation to scientific advancements one of the most known is rocket technology and space travel, as withouth the advancements on the way of fuel, nuclear energy and propulsion during the war's race for better missiles, aerieal vehicles and bombs, man's first steps on the moon probably wouldn't have happened in 1965.
[25] The Eternal State of Agartha
[2] Which had been under the rule of four major generals, the Tetrarchs, ever since 1945, when they ended the decade-long string of coups and counter-coups that had marked Mexico ever since Augustín II was deposed by the military in 1933 (as with the fleeing of the monarchy to Venezuela their main function as a neutral core to the country's divided political groups was left vacant until military strongmen took over and forcefully imposed peace by getting rid of all political parties)
[3] Descending from the United States’ South, the Free State of Cuba could be known as a “diet-Confederacy”, seeing as it was a white supremacist state established by exiles from the pre-1920 US’ south who took over their old country’s de facto colony and puppet and established something that was akin to the CSA but with no slaves, during the war the state became known for its atrocities, only possibly overshadowed by the Chinese, including the use of bioweapons against insurgents and enemy armies
[4] Which had nominally been under the rule of Carlos V ever since the 1939 Regicide, which killed his parents and grandparents when the king himself was only a child, but seeing as he was mentally disabled (Carlos had been struck with a rock on the head at his baptism by an anarchist protester in 1934 and had a stunted mental development, he was in seventeen in 1951 but had the mind of a 5-year-old) it was de facto ruled by his cabinet, a shadowy cabal of politicians and generals, who used him as a useful figurehead
[5] Which was under the rule of Chiang Kai-Shek’s Kuomitang ever since the end of the First Chinese Civil War in 1942, with the country being nominally a multhiethnic democracy but de facto being a Han-supremacist ultranationalist dictatorship which used the military and secret polices to crack down both on dissidents and on ethnic minorities
[6] Which would see the death of Kaiser Wolfgang II and the imprisonment of most of his family and the constituent monarchs (that hadn’t managed to escape to either friendly countries or Switzerland), which would later on see kangaroo courts and executions among them, including Wolfgang’s son, Friedrich III
[7] Although the Californian state (under the leadership of President Nixon) managed to remain standing in the Sierra Nevada under Oregon’s protection, the absolute majority of the country as well as its populational centers fell under Aztlan’s control, where it would soon enact the policies of the Holocaust in only a slightly more contained manner than those living on its pre-war territories
[8] Following the defeat and conquest of Manchuria (1948) and most of Korea (1952), Japan was the last one standing among their alliance, and, following the Chinese conquest of Formosa, had to stand basically alone on her home islands while the Chinese navy and air force took their turns bombing the crap out of them. Through it all, while his homeland was being devastated and against all advise, Emperor Hirohito stayed on, at the most moving from the Imperial Palace in Tokyo to smaller or underground complexes when bombing was at its highest. Japanese determination during the Siege, which ended when Brazil and the Royal Navy came to the rescue of their ally in 1955, is often remembered by the sheer impressiveness of it, as, even while their factories and buildings were being burned and the Chinese used of bioweapons and gas attacks, they still remained chugging forward as if not bothered, going as far as to not even blink when the governemnt started the military training of the masses when fears of an amphibian invasion started
[9] Which is considered by many as being a turning point for the Empire, the last straw, perhaps, to the Albish, who took a furious dedication following it that would not rest until the Allies were defeated
[10] Which would see the deaths of a fifth of the island’s population and the imprisonment of King Albert and his wife, Queen Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, while their two daughters continued serving on the navy from Australia (where they had been at the time of the siege’s beginning)
[11] Establishing the Indian Republic, a collaborator state under the rule of Subhas Chandra Bose, who had beforehand been an independence leader and would later on be executed for not only treason against the Empire but for his involvement in the war crimes committed by the Indian National Army, including the mass killing of muslims and buddhists in Bengal and Burma
[12] Two major ones being the crossing of the Dnieper at the Battle of Kiev, who stopped the advance into Russia, and the Battles of Belgrave and Debrecen, who stopped the advance into the Balkans, weakening the French stride as the Russians and Hapsburgs started regrouping behind their defensive lines
[13] A major one being the Battle of Minsk, which lasted nearly a year as both sides fought building by building
[14] Led by Adolf Hiedler (or Schicklgruber-Hiedler, as he was known in his youth), an Austrian-born immigrant who had been naturalized German following his entrance to the Kaiser's Army at the age fo 16 in the First World War. Married to Helene Derzbacher (the daughter of a Jewish moneylender) during the interwar period, he was a minor conservative politician and the owner of a beerhall in Munich at the time of the Second World War, and, following the Fall of Germany in 1952, became the onwer of the unspoken center for the german resistance in Bavaria, with him finally becoming directly involved on it in 1954 when he started using his old connections and friendships from the war, as well as his wealth, to support the resistance, even housing Kaiser Friederike following her escape from Dachau. Made the semi-nominal leader of the German Rebellion, Adolf died of a shaking disease in the early 1960s, being granted the titles of Fürst and "Hero of the Fatherland" for his service during the war and being one of the first to be buried on Valhalla in Berlin
[15] Which saw heavy damages to Rotterdam and Amsterdam as well as the near razing of Gibraltar, as the latter's amphibian invasion (Gibraltar having been conquered by the Spanish in 1952) made the battle for the rock weeks-long and saw widespread destruction
[16] Which saw the freeing of German Oceania and the comebacks of the Albish and the Dutch on South Asia
[17] A military dictatorship that has remained in power over Turkey for the past 60 years, part of the reason why the Axis even accepted their semi-conditional surrender (the Junta leaders basically said that while they could take the deposed Turkish leaders they would not permit an occupation of their pre-war territory) was the agreement that the Turkish would retreat from all their invaded territory, including the states on Anatolia that they had already annexed, or they would be forced to
[18] Which is technically still up and running, seeing as how the Kuomitang still remains denying that it has officially ended (reason why they have identified all wars that have come since as being just a “resume of the civil war” even though the rest of the world rightly identifies them as new conflicts)
[19] The Albish took control of the Guantanamo Bay Area, Brazil established the Kingdom of Cuba on the southeast while the USSA established the State of Cuba on the northwest as a part of their Southern Commonwealth; following the 1982 Crisis the state was annexed into the Kingdom of Cuba after the island had been mostly divided for 2 decades. Guantanamo, in modern times a port metropolis, remains under control of Albion, being a county-status-city within the Home Island’s integrated territories
[20] All of which would have effects to the nations that came after:
- France was divided into four zones of control – Russia (where the modern kingdom of Champagne is), Albion (Northern France and modern Provence), Brazil (Aquitaine) and Germany (Burgundy) – who have directly resulted on the modern divisions of the region, as the Russian zone became the separate state of Champagne under the Russian Emperor’s Orléanist nephew, the German and Brazilian ones became their respective hereditary republics under political favorites, and the Albish became the kingdom of Provence under Empress Jessamine’s aunt’s husband, the modern Fifth Republic and the Republic of Brittany (which like Aquitaine and Burgundy is de facto hereditarily ruled by the family of a political favorite who became its first president)
- The Kingdom of Spain was divided between seven zones of administration – Albion (most of the modern Spanish State, Southern Spanish Sahara, Andorra and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla), Portugal (Galicia), Brazil (Navarre and the Canary Islands, although it held sway over the entire peninsula), the Hapsburgs (Aragon), Morocco (Spanish North Africa), Germany (Spanish Equatorial Africa) and Mauritania (Oran) –, who have mostly corresponded to the modern states of the region (although not to their allegiances)
- From Albion’s zone was born the modern Spanish Federation, with her various subnational monarchies; the two city-states of the Rift (Ceuta, a directorial republic, and Melilla, who is a principality under a branch of the Orléans); the modern Principality of Andorra, who for the first time on centuries has its hereditary prince live locally (after the Boubon-Grimaldis divided their inheritance between it and Provence); and the Kingdom of Adrar, born from the Spanish Saharan Protectorate' major emirate
- From Portugal’s zone was born the modern kingdom of Galicia under the Miguelist branch (originally it would go to the Bourbon-Braganzas, but the Prince of Couto Misto declined due to his subject’s desires to remain independent and so his sister, whose husband was the Miguelist heir, was given Galicia)
- From Brazil’s zone were born the modern kingdoms of Navarre and the Canaries, both ruled by branches of the Bourbons
- From the Hapsburg zone was born the modern Kingdom of Aragon, given to one of their Archdukes whose mother and wife were Spanish Bourbons
- The Moroccan zone was, in turn, annexed on its entirety by Morocco shortly after it was established
- The German zone over Spanish Equatorial Africa became the modern Kingdom of Biafra, ruled by the only modern protestant branch of the House of Bourbon
- The Mauritanian zone, finishing things, became the modern Kingdom of Wahran, under the rule of, of all people, one of the branches of the House of Savoy
- Mexico was divided between the largest zone held by Brazil with three peripheral zones held by California, Albion and the USSA; while the USSA would annex their zone (which comprehended mostly Texas), Brazil, California and Albion reunited theirs into the modern Mexican Empire under the rule of Augustín III (who was a close relative of Empress Victoria of Brazil and had been partly raised in Rio), with the Californian and Albish zone becaming the modern autonomous kingdoms of Mexico- Although originally planning for a large-scale occupation of China, in the end the Axis (specifically Japan, Russia, Albion and Germany, Brazil being fine with staying on the sidelines), already having to administrate over large zones of control and seeing the insanity that the Second Civil War was going toward, decided that it was on their best interest to just look to the other side and focus only on the areas they were truly interested:
- The Albish, besides retaking their old territories, established an authority over the ports of Southern China, which would only be returned to Southern China in 1972 following the historical Canton Accords (which made them autonomous international ports), and made a sort-of-protectorate out of Tibet, which lasted for some decades
- The Germans did similarly, although instead of taking over they established a client kingdom in Hainan under the House of Zhao (direct descendants of the Song Emperors) while only retaining direct control over their old territory of Guangzhouwan
- The Japanese, on other hand, mostly focused on establishing a sphere of influence and allies, only reannexing their lost territories and reestablishing Manchuria
- The Russian’s, finishing things up, just focused on their newly retaken lands in Outer Manchuria, which would later become the modern autonomous Tsardom
[21] In the end only the officials that had been deposed when the Junta took over ended up punished, while most middle members of the army and officials who supported the coup, while maybe placed under show trials, ended up unscathed and often lived long lives as figures on the Turkish government afterwards.[22] The war saw the USSA turn to a jingoistically nationalist era as the military and often nationalistic political groups gained more power, with Secretary Randolph’s death in 1963 the nation’s future moves were almost guaranteed, since without him was no-one to stop the tides, and by 1975 the USSA had already come into being something akin to OTL Stalinist Russia
[23] Which would see the Dutch and German empires mostly separate into independent states under relatives with smaller bits that remained attached to the metropolis, while the Albish finished their process of federalization as most of the empire’s remaining colonies either became independent states within the Commonwealth or Dominions and Kingdoms within Albion
[24] The tales of the atrocities committed by the Allies caused the members of the Axis, more often than not, to take turn for going more liberal in areas their societies considered completely acceptable beforehand after seeing the rational maximum they could go; in the war's relation to scientific advancements one of the most known is rocket technology and space travel, as withouth the advancements on the way of fuel, nuclear energy and propulsion during the war's race for better missiles, aerieal vehicles and bombs, man's first steps on the moon probably wouldn't have happened in 1965.
[25] The Eternal State of Agartha
(Any questions?)
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