It is somewhat possible in the event of a huge civil war, not a war between the states but between two idealogical groups with broad based support. Such a war would be tremendously destructive and tear apart the fabric of US society.
However I have no idea how it would start and as others have said the US is in such a good zone climatically etc it would soon bounce back.
I actually came up some time ago with a scenario similar to what you described:
In 1930s the Business Plot gets off the ground and F.D.R. is deposited in a fascist takeover. However, not all states accept the new government as legitimate and a civil war (possibly with more than 2 sides) erupts. The U.S. army at the time is small and unable to deal with the insurrection before it gets out of hand and the war drags on for years leading to degradation of much of U.S. industry thanks to sabotage, direct military attacks, mismanagement and general chaos. The fascist federal government sells raw resources to their allies, Nazi Germany, who provide war equipment, military advisors and maybe even volunteer troops like in OTL Spanish Civil War. The other belligerents in the war receive help from nations most sympathetic to their cause. Sooner or later, one side would emerge victorious and inherit a broken down, tiered and war-torn U.S. of A.
If U.S. is lucky then, it can rebuild and look something like China today by the end of the century (a lot of raw resources and potential but still playing catch-up with the rest of the world in a lot of areas). If U.S. is not lucky it will be ruled by a series of kleptocrats and tin-pot dictators and by 21st century is a genuine 3rd world country.