What do you mean by "widespread"? You could argue that you're describing OTL if you are content with it affecting a few tens of millions of people. As regards another form of bonded labour, surely the USSR and the PRC would qualify. Not even talking of colonial Africa.
Early industrialisation coexisted with formal slavery for a long time, and with informal bonded labour to this day. There is nothing inherent in it that makes that impossible, but its OTL origins from a dynamic and liberal culture makes it unlikely. If you are not going to posit a very different world (such as, e.g., Song industrialisation), then I think your best bet is going with indentures as a common tool on the labour market. In theory, an indenture is a mutual contract freely entered into. In practice, these things tended to be so close to slavery that people on the receiving end often enough did not distinguish. Have them become more prevalent (in the context of a racial ideology for maximum nastiness) and you have a system where labour comes in three tiers: professional, protected by labour laws, public or private insurances, and ablke to negotiate for pay and benefits individually, industrial, enjoying more marginal protections, subject to competition from below, and tied to collective bargains, and indentured, bonded for long periods of time on saleable contracts. Sure, these things were originally meant for colonial contexts, but mobility does increase, and employers know a good idea when they see one.