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This has been brought up a fair bit before, but has often been far more ambitious in its challenge. Previous posters have discussed and unpicked the problems surrounding the spread of Protestantism throughout the entirety of Italy and how viable (or otherwise) a fully Protestant peninsula would have been. We know how near-impossible it would have been.

But, what about those regions north of Lazio that found themselves outside of Papal control? Those regions, where the Italian Protestant movement could find its most capable scholars and theologians, had some capacity to nurture a Reformation. But, they were never able to do so for a myriad of reasons.

What could have changed after 1517 (or, more helpfully, in the years leading up to 1517 in Italy that wouldn't butterfly Luther's Theses) to perhaps give Tuscany or Ferrara a Protestant ruler and a larger-than-OTL Protestant population?
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