This is certainly not ASB, but it's very difficult to achieve if we avoid mass relocation by force (in which case it's actually still pretty hard)
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) was an idea that was basically dead-on-arrival, for a few reasons. The main reason is that there was already a place for Jews to make a national homeland in 1934: Palestine. Even though getting there was nontrivial due to the need to bypass British authorities, Palestine was where nationality-minded Russian Jews tended to go, and they'd been focused there for about 50 years by the time the General Executive Committee decided to start establishing "ethnic republics". A lot of the Jews in Russia in 1930, especially the politically active ones, were anti-nationalist on the grounds that Communism was a universal and universalist movement and that nationalism was reactionary and bourgeois.
Now, this might have been overcome if the region chosen for the JAO had been somewhere nice: southern Ukraine was discussed seriously, and in particular Crimea. If the land offered had been nice, temperate, fertile land, and the move not such a hardship, it's very possible that legions of less ideologically pure Jews in the Soviet Union would have moved there. But the land chosen in the end was in the ass-end of nowhere, with no access to the sea and not even on the Transsiberian railroad (there was sea access by way of the Amur River, but that froze over in the winter). The land was okay, fertility-wise, though not the rich black soil of the Crimea, but it was also very, very cold - it's -24 C in Birobidzhan right now, which is about par for this time of year (compare 6 degrees C in Simferopol).
And, of course, we have that the Committee halted its policy of ethnic and national republics in the late 30s, and in fact started in some cases intentionally moving populations to counter the work it had already done. So, even if there was some serious movement towards a Jewish republic somewhere in the USSR (even if it was by forced population transfer), it would only have a few years to develop before it would likely see its development halted. I guess you could change that policy, too, and have the policy of ethnic republics continue, but...I have no idea how it would happen, and it would have frankly enormous implications on the USSR, both ideologically and practically.
The only moderately feasible method would be to declare a Jewish republic somewhere that was already mostly Jewish (say, in a district somewhere in what is today mostly Belarus, or Moldova). But in Birobidzhan? It seems very implausible to me without major, major divergences.