Well, there were a lot more riding horses than horse-drawn wagons so, if you equate a motorcycle to a horse and a car to a wagon, you'd have to accept that it could have been feasible.
Motorcycles are not practical compared to a car. So that would have to be addressed somehow.
Taxing cars more heavily, taxing fuel and other inducements would shift attention to motorcycles as the primary form of transport.
Then there is the image thing. Most motorcyclists seem to be either gangbanger (wannabees), road racer hooligan (wannabees) or sad people in search of their lost youth...

. Not anyone you'd want to be associated with in other words.
If riding was both socially acceptable or even considered common and yet had a touch of glamour, it would sell like hotcakes.
In my country, the government has recently created tax benefits for hybrid cars while fuel is very expensive...Suddenly, hybrid cars are the best selling cars in the country. And because the cities are hopelessly congested, scooters have become extremely popular as personal transport.
So all you need would be a supportive government, suitable weather and some favourable conditions and you'd have your motorcycle heaven.