Abyssinia avoids the Abyss

[Hunam]

Very interested in watching this timeline unfold.

Good TL. Very interesting.

Thanks .

=====================

H'okay, so here's what's I gots:

Revised population numbers:
I went over the numbers I generated and tried to extrapolate the data better, assuming a roughly linear growth rate between 1945 and 1970. The percentage difference is roughly the divergence between what I projected was OTL and what it is ITTL. Somehow this doesn't seem to be an impossible divergence, at least to me. Better agriculture and a lack of a late 50's famine should have a major impact by 1960.

1945 - 20.92 million
1950 - 23.12 million (+4.33%)
1955 - 25.55 million (+5.34%)
1960 - 28.24 million (+6.54%) (about a 2.4 million total difference)

================
Military TO&E

Since the divergence for the Ethiopian Military is becoming increasingly important, I started working on a rough sketch of what state the Ethiopian Military would be in at the turn of the 1960s. I'm very open to general criticism as I won't claim any special expertise.

So far I've finished the most polished branch (the Kebur Zabagna) which stands heads and shoulders above the Ethiopian Army and Navy (the Air Force is a completely different animal). Having a disproportionate share of the aid coming from the US, (and to a lesser extent the UK and France), the KZ is a well organized, highly motivated, (mostly) volunteer force with men from across the country in its ranks (although it is disproportionately Amhara, and the Amhara & immigrants dominate the officer corps). (Almost) entirely mobilized, the M3 Half-Track and the Israeli modified derivatives are the key vehicles of the KZ, with the upgunned (Israeli-modified) M4 forming the other key vehicle. Tens of M48, AMX-13, and M41 Walker Bulldogs are also in service. 40 000 or so strong including support troops and about 1500 vehicles.

By contrast, the highly provincial army is much larger, worse equipped, and is lacking in esprit de corps, in part as a conscious choice by the Emperor due to the role the provincial soldiers played in the '52 coup. Still, it serves as the bulk of the Ethiopian ground forces with about 100 000 men and a few hundred vehicles.

Anywho, here's the actual TO&E and a nice graphic I drew up. Kudos to Hapsburg for letting me borrow the graphics he used in his timeline. I'm working out the others but I'd like any input people'd have.

-----------------------

Kebur Zabagna​

Total: ~42 000 men, ~1500 vehicles​

200 M4 Sherman​

100 M48 Patton​

50 AMX-13​

50 M41 Bulldog​

800 M3 Half-Track​

200 Ferret Armored Cars​

100 M59 APC​

10 M3+M116​

10 M3+Bofors​

20 M101 howitzers
===========

​

1st Regiment (Kagnew) ~5500 men​

HQ Company​

1 Armored Battalion (“Shock”)​

100 M48 Patton​

1 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

2 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

1 Antitank Company​

1 Reconnaissance Battalion​

1 Company: Motorized (Ferret armored car)​

2 Company: Organic​

1 Reg. Logistics Battalion


​

2nd Regiment ~5500 men​

HQ Company​

2 Armored Battalion​

100 M4 Sherman​

3 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

4 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

2 Antitank Company​

2 Reconnaissance Battalion​

1 Company: Motorized (Ferret armored car)​

2 Company: Organic​

2 Reg. Logistics Battalion


​

3rd Regiment ~5500 men​

HQ Company​

3 Armored Battalion​

100 M4 Sherman​

5 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

6 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

3 Antitank Company​

3 Reconnaissance Battalion​

1 Company: Motorized (Ferret armored car)​

2 Company: Organic​

3 Reg. Logistics Battalion


​

4th Regiment (“Light Foot”) ~5500 men​

HQ Company​

4 Armored ​

50 M41 Walker Bulldog​

50 AMX-13​

7 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

8 Mobile Battalion​

100 M3 Half-Track​

4 Antitank Company​

4 Reconnaissance Battalion​

1 Company: Motorized (Ferret armored car)​

2 Company: Organic​

4 Reg. Logistics Battalion


​

5th Regiment (Special Forces) ~4000 men​

HQ Company​

Amphibious Battalion (Mechanized)​

100 M59 APC​

Airborne Battalion​

5 Reconnaissance Battalion​

1 Company: Organic​

2 Company: Organic​

3 Company: Organic​

Special Forces Logistics Battalion


​

Artillery Regiment ~ 5000 men​

HQ Company​

1 Artillery Battalion (Motorized), M116 mounted in modified M3 chassis​

2 Artillery Battalion, M101 towed​

3 Artillery Battalion, M101 towed​

4 Artillery Battalion (Motorozied AA), Bofors 40mm in modified M3 chassis ​

Artillery Logistics Battalion


​

Support Arm ~10 000 men​

Command and Control Battalion​

Combat Engineering Regiment​

Logistics Regiment​

Field Hospital Regiment​

 

[FDW]

Very interesting updates Hunam.

 

[naraht]

Read through the TL...

The Balkan pact is *wierd*. TTL Turkey seems to be collecting alliances opposed to the Soviet Union even more than in OTL. (which is saying something). Has any of Kosovo been given to Albania within Yugoslavia?

Also, doesn't this give
Taiwan is allied to the USA is allied to Turkey is allied to Yugoslavia(+) is allied to the PRC?

Is the North Sudan/South Sudan border near the new National Border in OTL?

 

[Kuamong]

This could create an interesting Six Days War...

 

[Hunam]

So to quote another board member: ";My timelines don't die; they just go on long naps." For various reasons, I've returned to this timeline and been doing some minor fixes along the way. I also have part one of the 1961-1970 period written and will probably have part 2 up sometime this week. Huzzah for those few fans I have!
==========

The Balkan pact is *wierd*. TTL Turkey seems to be collecting alliances opposed to the Soviet Union even more than in OTL. (which is saying something). Has any of Kosovo been given to Albania within Yugoslavia?

Also, doesn't this give
Taiwan is allied to the USA is allied to Turkey is allied to Yugoslavia(+) is allied to the PRC?

Is the North Sudan/South Sudan border near the new National Border in OTL?

So far, the internal borders of Yugoslavia haven't changed... yet. With Dewey in the White House, there's been more emphasis on building Collective Security Alliances in the 1950s, although that won't last much longer. The North/South Sudan border is very fluid, but it is roughly farther to the south in various parts (most of the oil fields are under South Sudanese control [without actual oil exploration, however, most don't realize this fact yet], but the North has pushed further down into the rivers); roughly a line from Benitu to Malalkal is under Northern control. As for the complicated network of alliances, not all alliances are made equal; the Sino-Yugoslavian "alliance" is more of convenience and has little value in terms of actual defense agreements.

This could create an interesting Six Days War...

If there is a Six-Day War . Time will tell.

=============
I've also changed some text coloring; Blue are new additions/revisions to the timeline and Green are events that are (mostly) focused on Ethiopia.

 

[Hunam]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Second World War, 1941-1945[/FONT]

1941
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May 5 to July 31:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After the liberation of Addis Ababa, Emperor Haile Selassie has become convinced that his empire must modernize and liberalize in order to avoid becoming a further target for colonization and dismissal [1]. He his appalled by the destruction wrought by the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Africa Orientale Italiana[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and is imbued with a desire to strike back at Italy and Fascism in general.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Atlantic Charter is promulgated by the United States and United Kingdom. The document makes its way to British forces serving in East Africa during 1942 and reaches the Emperor. After some deliberation, Emperor Haile Selassie sends representatives to Washington to request a meeting with the other Allied powers [2]. This creates enormous tension between the Ethiopians and the British, who are [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]de facto[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] administering the territory, although the British are far more concerned with the course of the North African campaign and the minor Italian guerilla war still being raged against the British forces in East Africa, and let the diplomatic mission go [3].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Emperor Haile Selassie begins talks with Coptic Orthodox Pope Joseph II of Alexandria on the promotion of the Ethiopian Church to an autocephalous Patriarchate.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Using the large caches of weapons the Italian forces left, Emperor Haile Selassie reestablishes the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] ("Imperial Guard") and places his cousin [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ras[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Haile Darge in command. By the end of 1942, the Imperial Guard numbers some five battalions of about 1000 men each, although they are poorly equipped and still very disorganized.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]On December 8, the United States enters the Second World War against Japan. Germany and Italy declare war several days later.[/FONT]

1943
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January 14-25:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Casablanca Conference. Emperor Haile Selassie is invited to join the conference by President Roosevelt (who received the Emperor's representatives), and arrives on January 15, after weather held up his sizable group group which includes soldiers of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. While the Casablanca Conference focuses on the Italy campaign, the Emperor offers the reconstituted [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] ("Imperial Guard") to participate in Allied operations "wherever they are needed." Furthermore, during Roosevelt's conversations on the status of Jewish immigrants in North Africa after the war, the Emperor offers to take "any and all Jews willing to immigrate to Ethiopia," explaining their historical role in the Solomonic dynasty [4]. The Emperor's offer appeals to Winston Churchill as a possible post-war resolution to the problems in Palestine, if an unlikely solution.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Roosevelt forms a friendship with the Emperor and agrees that the five battalions of the reformed [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] should participate in the war [5][6]. Furthermore, President Roosevelt promises to meet with the Emperor "once more" to discuss post-war Africa. After some discussion, it is decided that the soldiers will be sent to England to "properly train for the eventual invasion of Italy."[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]On January 25, Emperor Haile Selasie announces on radio and by royal proclaimation that Ethiopia is joining the war against Germany. Ethiopia also becomes eligible for lend-lease at this point, although most of the lend-lease is in the form of tractors, oil, and fertilizers instead of tanks and guns.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The under-trained [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] arrive in England. They are attached to the 8th Infantry Division and are given American equipment, replacing the decrepit second-hand Italian equipment they had been using up to that point. Under [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Shaleqa[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Haile Darge [7], the troops train intensely but they are severely untrained for the type of war that is being fought in North Africa and Europe and it will be months before they will be a help instead of a hinderance to any real operation.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Sicily is invaded in a joint Anglo-American operation on July 10, and by July 27 the island falls to Allied forces. Taking time to regroup, preparations are made for the invasion of Italy proper.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Italy proper is invaded by the Allied forces. In the face of growing domestic unrest, Mussolini is removed from office by Victor Emmanuel III and Pietro Badoglio is appointed Prime Minister. Mussolini flees to Ravenna and establishes the Italian Social Republic under the auspices of the Wehrmacht. The Kingdom of Italy remains bogged in a civil war as the Allies steadily advance up the coast.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 23-28:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] First Cairo Conference. Emperor Haile Selassie joins Churchill, Roosevelt, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Cairo to discuss post-war Asia and Africa. Here, Roosevelt and Haile Selassie begin to strike up sharp disagreements about the threat of communism to the world, with the Emperor going so far as to contemplate "launching a war against them [the Communists] at the earliest opportunity." However, Chiang finds the sentiment admirable and expresses hope for formal Sino-Ethiopian relations "when the Tojo and Mao are both buried." Despite a growing rift over confronting communism, both Haile Selassie and Roosevelt agree that decolonization should be the ultimate post-war goal (pointing to the Atlantic Charter) for Africa and Asia, to Churchill's chagrin. All parties in attendance agree to continue deploying military force against Japan until it surrenders unconditionally and liberates Manchuria, Formosa, and Korea. [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]As part of the Ethiopian lend-lease, the United States provides advisors and technical information to further develop Ethiopia, which is already receiving over ten million dollars worth of goods [8]. In return, the United States receives extensive basing rights in Ethiopian territory. This “Deal for Prosperity” is designed to serve as a political model for post war relations between liberated colonies and the United States as part of Roosevelt's dream for a post-war order.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Emperor Haile Selassie makes another announcement that brings Ethiopia to war against Japan. The United Kingdom formally relinquishes control over Ethiopia, at Roosevelt's insistence.[/FONT]

1944
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June 5:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] With clear skies and calm seas, the Allies launch Operation Overlord, the invasion of France.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 4:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The "Kagnew Regiment" attached to the US 8th Infantry Division lands in Europe. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the situation in Italy stabilizing, it is decided that it will be more efficacious to leave the Ethiopian forces attached with the 8th Infantry, with whom they already have a working relationship, despite the linguistic issues.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August-September: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Kagnew Regiment is relegated to a rear guard role during the Battle for Brest, although they assisted fighting in the outskirts of Brest.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September-November:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The 8th Infantry Division makes its way over to the Ruhr, reaching the Western Front in time for Operation Queen.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 23-December 16:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The 8th Infantry Division joins the Battle for Hurtgen Forest. The Kagnew Battalion participates more fully during the Hurtgen Forest Operation than in previous engagements. The stiff German resistance costs the 8th dearly and advancement is slow. The Kagnew Regiment is mostly ignored by German forces, being composed of "untermensch," and the Kagnew Regiment manages to outflank German forces during the battle, ultimately cutting them off. The Kagnew Regiment will receive the US Meritorious Unit Commendation for its actions during the Hurtgen Forest. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]During the action in the Hurtgen Forest, Yohannes Iyasu, the son of Iyasu V and a [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Shaleqa[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (roughly, a Major) is killed in action. His death further weakens the Iyasuist threat to the throne [9].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December 16:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Ardenne Offensive. The Kagnew Regiment doesn't participate in the famous "Battle of the Bulge," instead positioned near Aachen.[/FONT]

1945
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Statistics, 1945 [10]:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Population: 20.92 million people[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP: US$ 6.75 billion[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP PC: US$ 322[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February 11-15:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Kagnew Regiment breaks through to the Ruhr River, spearheading the 8th Infantry's to the river. Three days later, the Kagnew Regiment is part of the Allied Offensive over the river. The Kagnew Regiment takes heavy losses but pushes through into Duren, Germany. The unit will be awarded the US Presidential Unit Commendation for its actions during the "Ruhr breakout."[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March 1:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The 8th Infantry Division reaches the Rhine. Preparations are made to clear the Ruhr Pocket.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March 17-April 3:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Battle of the Ruhr Pocket. The Kagnew Regiment is held up in Duren keeping the peace.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April 1:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies. Vice President Truman becomes President.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April 20:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The 8th Infantry encounters the Wilhemshaven concentration camp (part of the Neuengamme concentration camp), with its 800 prisoners starving to death [11]. The sight of the emaciated prisoners has a great effect on the Kagnew Regiment, who remain in Wiliamshaven for several weeks.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April 21:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] German forces in Italy and Western Europe surrender to the Democracies. V-E day declared in many nations. Forces in the East will continue fighting against the Soviets for another week before collapsing.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April 25 to June 26: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]United Nations Conference on International Organization is held. The Emperor sends representatives to the proceedings.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May 31:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Kagnew Regiment is withdrawn from Wilhemshaven and sent back to Ethiopia to acquire additional replacements and recruits. They will remain in Ethiopia during July and then ship out to the Pacific Theater "when transport becomes available," according to the Allied commanders. The Regiment, almost down to a man, volunteers to reenlist in the hopes of confronting fascism in the Pacific.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 5:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] A General Election in the United Kingdom; the National Government is swept out of office and Clementt Attlee's Labour party is swept into power.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 16:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Trinity Nuclear Test is successful; the nuclear age begins.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 17:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Potsdam Declaration: Japan is given the option of surrender or "complete destruction."[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 6-9:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Hiroshima is destroyed by an atomic bomb. The Allies repeat their demands, threatening to use "these terrible new weapons until Japan submits." To underscore their demands, Kitakyushu is hit with the second bomb while the Japanese government deliberates.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 7:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] "Operation August Storm" begins in Manchuria as Soviet forces begin striking Japanese forces in Manchuria [12].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 11:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Despite a coup attempt, Emperor Hirohito agrees to unconditionally surrender to the Allied forces following the destruction of Hiroshima and Kitakyushu. V-J Day. World War II has formally ended.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September 24 to October 31:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Emperor Haile Selassie, along with some of the soldiers of the Kagnew Regiment, journeys to San Fransisco to sign the United Nations Charter as well as carry out a good will trip and offer open immigration to all Americans who wish to immigrate to Ethiopia. He'll find a spokesman for the movement in Paul Robeson, a famous singer, actor, and Pan-Africanist who agrees to immigrate to Ethiopia "in the near future."[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Emperor Haile Selassie proves to be a minor celebrity in the United States among the African American community, as well as America at large.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October 24:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Ethiopia signs the charter of the United Nations, becoming one of its founding members.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October 29:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Food and Agriculture Organization is formed, with the goal of ending world hunger.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October 30:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] India joins the United Nations.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December 1:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is declared.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December 2:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is declared.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December 5:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The International Monetary Fund begins operating.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Undated[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Jewish survivors of the holocaust begin immigrating to Palestine and America, although a small percentage will immigrate to Ethiopia, settling in and around Addis Ababa. They are welcomed warmly by Emperor Haile Selassie and less so by the nobles.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]===============[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][1]- Basically, Haile Selassie takes on a more reformist mantle post-war instead of focusing increasingly centralizing the power of the state (and thus his own power). This would, of course, weaken his own power base noticeably, but if successful will pretty much neuter the nobility; at least, weaken the uppity [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (hereditary nobles) to the benefit of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (appointed nobles) over whom the Emperor has more sway. So it's not inconceivable.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][2]- Leul Ras is an aristocratic title. Leul refers to those of imperial blood, and Ras is a rank.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][3]- Really, the Brits were pretty restricted in what they could do to an uppity Ethiopia; there was still a minor guerrilla war being waged that opposed the Brits and they needed Haile Selassie on their side to help keep those vital lines of communications open to India.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][4]- We can debate the actual role of Solomon in establishing the Solomonic dynasty (i.e., the modern dynasty probably has no relation to Solomon), but it's a useful propaganda piece.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][5]- I might be reaching a little bit, but it's certainly not impossible; both men had a strong attraction to the idea of collective security and the formation of a workable successor to the League of Nations.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][6]- Roosevelt would later write that the decision to have the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] participate in the war was a "political" move that could be used for propaganda purposes both in America and around the world. It helps to show that the Nazis are fighting against everyone: Slavs, Anglos, French, Belgians, Americans, and even black Africans. [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][7]- Literally, "Commander of a Thousand."[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][8]- This $50 million (by war's end) is to be compared to the nearly $51 billion (in 1940s dollars) that the US would send the Allies (about 0.1% of the total for those who don't do math). Ethiopia' s aid is mostly in the form of trucks, fuel, fertilizers, and logistical equipment (which is in very high demand in the undeveloped country). Still, a fair number of weapons (mostly infantry weapons) end up in the Horn of Africa.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][9]- With more international attention, the coup attempt by the Iyasuists is delayed, waiting for a more opportune time. Now that Yohannes Iyasu is wounded, any plot involving him is inevitably delayed.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][10]- Statistics for Ethiopia prior to 1980 are hard to come by and tend to conflict a lot, so I've done some extrapolation to estimate Ethiopia's population and GDP in 1940. It is most certainly wrong, but precise numbers aren't too much of an issue. These numbers are also a few hundred thousand more than what I can back project, which ITTL is assuming that the US lend-lease encouraged a slightly elevated birthrate post-liberation.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][11]- ITTL, it was kept running until the last second.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][12]- That is the actual name of the operation ITTL, a slightly arrogant title.[/FONT]

 

[Hunam]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Early Cold War, 1946-1949[/FONT]

1946
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Central Intelligence Group (later CIA) founded.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Albania falls to the Communists in a coup.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] France declares the "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina," covering the southern third of Vietnam. Relations with North Vietnam cool, and the Indochinese Wars begin as France moves in to protect Cochinchina.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Syria is recognized as independent from France.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Kingdom of Transjordan is founded.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Greece reestablishes its monarchy.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]North Vietnam is declared a one-party communist state.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Chinese Civil War intensifies as American aid to Chiang Kai-Schek's government begins to wilt.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is founded (later it will be called the World Bank).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Greek Civil War begins, as the Communists rebels begin fighting against government forces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Emperor announces a reshuffling of his cabinet and the associated ministries in his government. The new, consolidated ministries include: the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of Transportation and Electricity. The posts of Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, and Tsehafi Tezaz (Minister of the Pen) also remained important positions. This consolidation and reshuffling allowed the Emperor to send away more untrustworthy elements of the court while further consolidating his hold on the central government.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Premiership was given [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Leul Ras[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Imru Haile Selassie, the Emperor's cousin and a man with similar pro-reform views. The Deputy Premiership went to Walda-Giyorgis Walda-Yohannes, a [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] who previously served as Minister of the Pen from 1941-1945. The Tsehafi Tezaz went to the relatively unknown Abebe Aregai, a former resistance fighter and officer in the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. This new cabinet was tilted much more strongly in favor of reform and modernization than the Emperor's War Cabinet from 1941-1945.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The Warner Robins Lynching. A middle class white family is brutally murdered in Warner Robins, Georgia. The case is poorly handled and a local African-American vagabond is arrested in the immediate aftermath of the crime, but is later released as other evidence points the father's mentally unstable brother (i.e., both fairly unique bloody murder weapons are found in the brother's apartment). Following the release of the vagabond, local racist groups round up a total of seven African American men and hang them from a tree. The crime, occurring so close to a federal facility (Warner Robins Air Force Base) and the shoddy police work when handling the case makes the issue one with national attention. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In the aftermath of the Warner Robins Lynching, Paul Robeson and Emperor Haile Selassie will reiterate Ethiopia's offer to take in American immigrants. About 15,000 people, mostly African American, will immigrate to Ethiopia in 1946, with another 35,000 immigrating by the end of the decade [1]. Almost all settle in and around Addis Ababa, the most developed city in Ethiopia.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Tensions between Arabs and Jews in Palestine begin to rise as attacks and retribution begin.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After Prime Minister Attlee promises independence to India "following the ratification of a constitution; tensions between Muslims and Hindus rise. Fighting between the two groups begins.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The First Indochinese War begins as France sends forces to support Cochinchina. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Communists seize power in Romania and Bulgaria.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Paul Robeson's passport is revoked based on alleged communist links and several off-the-cuff remarks made by Robeson that basically admire Stalin. Robeson will continue speaking out in favor of African-American immigration to Ethiopia "until such time as the government recognizes that 'separate but equal,' is neither separate nor equal!" Robeson's pro-Ethiopia rhetoric will cool down over the next a few years as Ethiopia becomes unabashedly anti-communist.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Siam joins the United Nations.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopian Air Lines begins operation as the rainy season concludes, with flights to a half-dozen cities in Africa, including Cairo, Nairobi, and Durban. The Airline uses a half-dozen ex-military C-47s, with some converted for passenger flight.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Emperor Haile Selassie offers to send the Kangew Regiment to China to support the Kuomintang in their fight against the Communists. President Chiang Kai-Shek declines the offer.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is founded.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The International Labor Organization becomes part of the United Nations system.[/FONT]

1947
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Communists take power in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Emperor Haile Selassie makes a state visit to Washington, D.C., in part to discuss the spread of communism in Eastern Europe. He proposes that Ethiopia could help form a "base" for further containing communism, since its spread to Africa is as inevitable as its spread to Asia. President Truman considers the offer. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]While in America, the Emperor will make another short tour advertising immigration to Ethiopia. During his visit, he will meet with several prominent Pan-Africanists. His second visit receives more attention than his previous visits. North American immigration to Ethiopia experiences a second surge.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The International Civil Aviation Organization begins operating.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Truman Doctrine is promulgated. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States sees bipartisan support for providing aid to Turkey and Greece in the hopes of containing communism in Europe.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Emperor Haile Selassie announces that Ethiopia shall only recognize the Greek monarchy as the legitimate government of Greece.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]James L. Farmer, Jr., a notable civil rights figure, has become enraptured by the Pan-African movement over the past few years and immigrates to Ethiopia, taking up residence in Addis Ababa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Voice of America begins broadcasting in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Truman makes US$ 400 million available to Greece and Turkey after signing a bill that begins implementing the Truman Doctrine.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After the British deny a ship carrying 3500 Shoa survivors the right to dock in Jaffa, Emperor Haile Selassie offers land for them to relocate. The ship will dock in Masawa, Eritrea and the Jews will settle near Addis Ababa. As word spreads among displaced Jews about their royal welcome in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa begins to become a minor magnet for Jewish immigration.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]India and Pakistan split into two separate countries. Pakistan becomes a UN member state.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After a falling out with President Truman, General Douglas MacArthur elects to resign rather than be "reassigned" by Truman. He later becomes heavily involved with the New York Republican Party. General Matthew Ridgeway becomes the Military Governor of Japan.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]An initial post-war aid package of US$ 7 million is granted to Ethiopia; US$ 2.5 million is to be used for military purposes and US$ 5 million are earmarked for the development of civilian infrastructure. Emperor Haile Selassie announces plans that the money shall go to damming up many of Ethiopia's rivers "to reduce the risk of famine and drought," and to improving Ethiopia's meager rail network. Among Ethiopia's first purchases with its military aid are discounted North American P-51D Mustangs, Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, M4 Shermans, M3 Half-Tracks, and other equipment necessary for a modern military [2].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Ogaden territory is formally recognized as part of Ethiopia proper by the United Nations.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] now stands at 10 battalions, with half of that from the Kagnew Regiment. American advisors and trainers are brought to train the newly formed Royal (Ethiopian) Air Force and begin assisting the development of a fully modern Ethiopian Army. Emperor Haile Selassie, relying heavily on American aid and discounted equipment, announces a conscription plan to bring this number to 15 battalions. The [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] will also be reorganized into 3 regiments of 5 battalions of 1000 men each.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United Nations votes to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. The plan is rejected unanimously by Arab states.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The International Telecommunications Union and International Postal Union become organs of the United Nations.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The small number of Jewish immigrants to Ethiopia begin create several Kibbutzim in Ethiopia after receiving a modest amount of land from the Emperor.[/FONT]

1948
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The civil war in the Palestinian Mandate becomes increasingly violent as fighting between Jewish and Arab forces intensifies.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Netherlands announces its intent to withdraw from the East Indies "in the near future." Talks begin between the Dutch and Sukutro's forces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Treaty of Brussels is signed between the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France for a collective security arrangement. This treaty lays the foundation for future defense and economic agreements.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The 1948 Winter Olympic Games are held in St. Moritz, Switzerland, the first Olympic games since the outbreak of the Second World War. Ethiopia does not participate in the games.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Truman signs the Marshall Plan, authorizing US$ 5 billion in funds for the war ravaged countries in Europe in 1948. A smaller bill authorizes US$ 25 million in funds to be disbursed to Ethiopia, which in turn is used to begin damming up the Blue Nile and other major rivers in Ethiopia.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The World Health Organization is formed as a body of the United Nations.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Organization of American States is founded in Washington, D.C.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The First Indo-Pakistani War breaks out as Indian troops move on Pakistani positions in response to a massacre of Hindus in Pakistan.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Organization for European Economic Cooperation (later the OECD) is established in Brussels, Belgium.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The independent nation of Israel is declared on May 14, and the Israeli War of Independence begins on the 15th.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia is the second nation in the world to recognize the independence of Israel on May 16, the first being the United States (May 14), after Emperor Haile Selassie promulgates a declaration. This declaration wins the admiration of Ethiopia's small Jewish community (both immigrants and members of the Bete Israel community) and isolates the areas Muslim populations (who are concentrated in the Eritrea, Wello, Tigray, Hararghe, and Bale provinces).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In the British Gold Coast, a riot breaks out in Accra. Ex-service members demanded pensions and pay promised for their service in the Second World War, and the otherwise peaceful riot was broken up by police, leaving twelve dead. This sparked further protests, which soon turned into a riot. After the riot, the local governor general promised further reforms, which the English parliament agreed to later that year. The Gold Coast parliament is given significant autonomy and elections are scheduled for 1951.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The National Party of South Africa is swept into power in South Africa, ushering in the policy of Apartheid in South Africa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A communist uprising topples the government in Malaya and the People's Democratic Republic of Malaya is declared; the British lead Australia, New Zealand, and anti-communist Malay troops land later that month in Singapore and begin fighting the loosely organized communist forces. The British will accept Emperor Haile Selassie's offer to send a regiment to support anti-communist fighters, which will be attached to the African soldiers the British send to Malaya [3].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June 21-26: Republican National Convention; the 1948 Republican National Convention will go down in political history as one of the most contentious in history. Two surprise candidacies split the primaries: former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota and retired General Douglas MacArthur of New York entered the ring and split the vote between Taft and Dewey. Gridlock ensued during the first three ballots, although Stassen folded after the third ballot and threw his support behind Dewey. Over the next several ballots, Taft's support dwindled and MacArthur, whose popularity proved immensely powerful, won the nomination by the end of the ninth ballot. MacArthur, after some deliberation, selects conservative Governor John W. Bricker of Ohio as his running mate.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Kagnew Regiment is sent to Malaya to support the anti-communist campaign. Many of the Kagnew Regiments officers were the same ones who served in the Second World War and personally witnessed the dangers of socialism and were highly attached to the cause of containing communism [4]. Equipped with cast-off American equipment, the Kagnew is the best trained and most well equipped force the Ethiopians have.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Summer Olympics are held in London. Ethiopia does not participate.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Soviet soldiers completely withdraw from North Korea.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 12-14: President Harry Truman becomes the Democratic nominee for President, and he selects Senator Alben Barkley as his running mate.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Russians begin blockading Berlin. President Truman organizes an airlift to keep Berlin supplied during the Blockade.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Republic of Korea is established in the American-occupied portion of Korea. Two weeks later, the Democratic Republic of Korea is proclaimed in the Soviet-occupied portion of Korea.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United Nations adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Truman is reelected as President of the United States, defeating Republican Douglas MacArthur and State's Rights Democrat (Dixiecrat) Strom Thurmond [5]. The 1948 Presidential Election goes down in history as a wasted opportunity for the Republicans. General MacArthur brought a wave of vitality to the campaign and hurt Truman's attempt to paint the legislature as a "do-nothing" congress. However, it was ultimately MacArthur's big mouth that got him into trouble; he was strongly in favor of interventionism to a degree most American's weren't willing to accept and his brash demeanor and political inexperience hurt him in late election debates. He ultimately lost previous Republican strongholds in the Northeast, but in the South the Republicans won their first states since the 1920s, with both Virginia and Tennessee voting slimly in favor of MacArthur's strong anti-communist rhetoric.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The 1948 election was also the first election in which the State's Rights Democratic Party (alias Dixiecrats) won electoral votes. Entirely a Solid South Party, the Dixiecrat's main platform was the maintenance of segregation and Jim Crow laws in the South. Ridding on Truman's public support of Ethiopia, the Dixiecrats captured five states: Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina. The Dixiecrats stubbornly refused to fold after the election, fearing Truman's secret "Negro Obsession" with Ethiopia would further undermine the social system in the South.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][MAP][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Harry S. Truman (D-MO) / Senator Alben W. Barkley (D-KY): 287 EV, 27 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]General Douglas MacArthur (R-NY) / Governor Thomas Herbert (R-OH): 197 EV, 16 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Governor Strom Thurmond (SRD-SC) / Governor Fielding Wright (SRD-MS): 47 EV, 5 states[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The First Indo-Pakistani War ends with a the UN brokered a cease-fire.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The anti-communist forces in Malaya capture Malacca from the communists.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Israeli War of Independence ends, with an Israeli victory. Its borders are roughly OTL borders, including a divided Jerusalem and uncontested control of the Negev. Despite UN resolutions, Arab refugees are not allowed to return to Israel.[/FONT]

1949
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The anti-communist forces in Malaysia begin pushing north towards Kuala Lampur. The Kagnew Regiment, in conjunction with the Australian 3rd Division, succeeds in defeating a disorganized communist force numbering at least 20,000 on the outskirts of Malacca.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Israel holds its first parliamentary election. David Ben Gurion forms a government with the Mapai, United Religious Front, and Progressive Party.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is formed in Washington, D.C., USA. Original members include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) is founded in Leningrad. It's original membership includes the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Beijing falls to Communist Chinese forces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Berlin Blockade ends.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Work begins on Ethiopia's first intercontinental airport in Addis Ababa. While Ethiopia has a functional airport at Addis Ababa, the Emperor wants to expand Ethiopian Air Lines service, which requires more extensive facilities than the current airport supports. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In particular, the Makonnen Wolde Mikael Gudessa International Airport (as the facility was rechristened) would focus on commercial and cargo traffic in the Middle East, South Asia, and Southern Africa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Federal Republic of Germany is established.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Greek Communist forces are finally defeated, ending the Greek Civil War.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The last United States forces leave the Republic of Korea.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Battle of Kuala Lampur begins. The Kagnew Regiment is one of the first units to cross into the city, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]and is Mentioned in Dispatches for their “gallant conduct and steadfast determination” when isolated from the other allied forces during a communist counteroffensive.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] The city is captured by anti-communist forces later that month.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Communist Chinese forces take Nanking from Nationalist forces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Israel is admitted to the United Nations, despite Arab protest.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, ending the American monopoly on the weapon.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Emperor Haile Selassie I makes an impassioned plea before the United Nations General Assembly "... to end the production of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons; their indiscriminate nature leaves nothing but mass destruction and death in their wake." His plea will be partially answered by the formation of the IAEA a few months later.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Netherlands recognizes Indonesia as an independent state. Indonesia joins the United Nations two days later.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Responding to pressure from his immigrant subjects, the Emperor allows the capital city to have a democratically elected government. The first democratic election in Ethiopian history is held a few weeks later. James Farmer wins the mayor's seat as do a number of African American immigrants. Mayor [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Basha[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] James Farmer pledges to focus on developing the infrastructure in Addis Ababa and increasing electrification and education in the city [6].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Eritrea is recognized by the United Nations as being Ethiopian territory. Emperor Haile Selassie will make a tour of the region, which has already made great strides in developing an autonomous government. During his talks with the regional leaders, he promises to respect Eritrea's autonomy and promises a new federal constitution in the near future. The visit bolsters the pro-union groups, but there remains a sizable independence faction in the country which is increasingly vocal after the Emperor leaves.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chinese Communist forces take Guangzhou from the Nationalists. The Nationalists have been reduced to a few pockets in south China and Taiwan.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The International Atomic Energy Agency is formed as an organ of the United Nations.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Using funds from the United States, Ethiopia plans to upgrade its existing rail network between Djibouti, Dire Dawa, and Addis Ababa as well as expand the current rail network. The new 850 km of rail will link Addis Ababa with the port of Massawa in Eritrea, cutting through Debre Birhan, Dese, Maychew, Mekele, Asmara, and Massawa [7].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Laborers working on Ethiopia's rail lines go on strike, demanding more pay and better hours. Despite strikes being viewed as a form of insurrections, the Emperor is wary of being viewed as unnecessarily harsh [8]. He agrees to hear the workers’ demands. After talking with the labor leaders, the Emperor agrees to increase their pay by 20% and give them three extra days off a month. However, he will tolerate no further strikes until his first round of "infrastructure improvements," (financed by American aid) are completed in 1955. The labor leaders agree to his offer; it's less than they wanted (30% more pay, five more days off a month, and formal unionization), but no one wants to see a confrontation yet.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The last Nationalist forces in south China fall; the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]de facto[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] end of the Chinese Civil War.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Emperor Haile Selassie announces that Ethiopia will not recognize the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government of China.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Watching the blossoming Kibbutzim movement around Addis Ababa, Emperor Haile Selassie, against the advice of the Crown Council, sees an opportunity to further reform land ownership in Ethiopia and weaken the power of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. He proposes the creation of "Royal Kibbutz" around Ethiopia, with relatively novel legal constructs. The Royal Kibbutzim (hereafter referred to as Kibbutzim) would function as a quasi-corporate body, complete with a royal charter and eligibility for preferential loans from the National Bank of Ethiopia for the purchase of various types of capital, such as tractors or fertilizer. However, the Kibbutzim could not own land; instead, individual peasants would own the land and would "lease" a certain portion of their crops back to the Kibbutzim to cover taxes and equipment leases. Members of the Kibbutzim would be exempt from most traditional taxes, including [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]geber[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (roughly, tribute owed to the nobles), but the Kibbutzim would (in most cases) still owe their tithes to the Ethiopian Church. This move greatly angers the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif], but also proves enormously popular with the northern peasantry (and somewhat less popular with the southern peasantry) [A]. The new, relatively low flat tax rate further popularizes the Kibbutzim among the peasantry, although the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and, to a lesser extent, the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] are grumbling with increased annoyance [9].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]===============[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][1]- Overall, this is slightly less than 0.15% of the African American population at this point, something I don't think is that unreasonable with more publicity for Ethiopia. It's hardly a mad rush, really.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][2]- The discount is as much as 95% off list price. Most consider this Truman's response to Haile Selassie's offer.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][3]- The Attlee government sees using the Kagnew Regiment as a propaganda tool in the colonies, showing independent black Africans fighting against communism. Whether or not it's successful as such is another story.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][4]- The Emperor personally played up the socialism aspect of national socialism, for better or worse. It serves his purposes fairly well, although there are some among Ethiopia's (and else where’s) intelligentsia who are a little peeved by the comparison (and rightfully so, I might add).[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][5]- The Dixiecrats do a little better because Truman's backing of Ethiopia was played up fairly strongly in the "strong South," and it cost him a few electoral votes.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][6]- The bestowing of the title [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Basha[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] is a political ploy to show the Emperor's openness to the immigrant community which is increasingly a part of Addis Ababa.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][7]- Despite the large amount of aid coming in, Ethiopia lacks much in the way of a logistical infrastructure; while the new rail lines are meant to alleviate these problems, it swill be a while before Ethiopia can really having anything resembling modern national infrastructure. Plus, the Djibouti-Addis Ababa railway was not the best-maintained infrastructure in the world, and it's better to link Asmara to Ethiopia then be dependent on the French for shipping supplies.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][8]- Part of the problem is the fact that the Kagnew Regiment, his best and most loyal soldiers, are busy fighting in Malaya, so he's worried about being needlessly harsh and enraging the population. That, and there numerous immigrants working on building the rail; the Empire is very much dependent on their knowledge, which makes the Emperor much more lenient than he'd otherwise be.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][9]- Taxation is lower than OTL at this point because of greater US aid which forms a significant part of the imperial budget.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][A]- Little bit of background: Emperor Menelik II's conquests to the south and east basically set up the conditions for extensive tenanting/sharecropping in the south, as rich northerners could slowly but steadily take up the land once owned by Oromo and other ethnic groups that did not readily submit to Menelik's rule. By the 1940s/1950s, a substantial portion of the privately "held" land in southern Ethiopia was owned by nobles and the land was worked by tenants (land ownership in Africa is a wonderfully fascinating topic, at least to me). The actual dynamics behind Ethiopia's traditional land ownership system is somewhat complicated, but, at its core is a feudal, clan-based system. Since I doubt most want a multi-page exposition on land ownership that'll draw heavily from a few books I'm rereading, I'll direct people to the books that'll help explain things in much better detail than I can:[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Africa and Africans[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] by Paul Bohannan and Phillip Curtain - gives a pretty nice, broad overview of traditional family-based land ownership/tenanting relations for Africa, among many other things.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A History of Ethiopia, 1855-1991[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] by Bahru Zewde - gives a more specific, Ethiopia-centric view of land ownership, kinship, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]geber[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif], and the rest.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]- The Kibbutzim are not actual Kibbutzim, but more like joint-stock companies, really. But it's a step forward from the traditional methods of thinking about land and agriculture.[/FONT]

 

[Hunam]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Korean War, 1950-1954[/FONT]

1950
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Statistics, 1950:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Population: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]23.12 million[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Immigrants: 85,000 (0.367%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]50,000 African Americans[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]25,000 Jewish (non-Bete Israel)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]10,000 Others[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Urban Population: 1.78 million (7.7%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Rural Population: 21.34 million (92.3%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP: US$ 8.04 billion[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Annualized Economic Growth Rate: 3.5%[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP PC: US$ 347[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The German Democratic Republic joins Comecon.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Most of Malay is now under anti-communist control. The Kagnew Regiment is sent back to Ethiopia, where the Emperor will hold a victory parade in Addis Ababa and endows the Regiment with "Imperial Unit Citation," clearly modeled after the United States Presidential Unit Citation. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chiang Kai-Shek is reelected as President of China.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Rastafarians begin immigrating to Ethiopia in large numbers, almost universally for religious reasons; their presence goes unnoticed initially as they blend in with the other immigrants in Addis Ababa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the Kagnew Regiment back home, Emperor Haile Selassie reorganizes the Ethiopian Military. The officers of the Kagnew Regiment are reshuffled throughout the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. With substantial American military aid coming in, the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] is changed from being denoted as a straight-leg force to a "mobile force," centered around the 1000 M3 Half-Tracks and 250 M4 Shermans that were either delivered or on order. Emperor Haile Selassie's goal is to fully mobilize the Ethiopian Army by the middle of the next decade so that "we can proudly stand on our own two legs."[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A protest takes place in Addis Ababa, centered around the Jewish, Rastafarian, and African American immigrant communities. All groups are demanding increased representation in the national government; both houses of the current legislature are appointed by the Emperor. The Emperor promises additional reforms and forms a "constitutional committee" with representatives of the nobles, American and Jewish expatriates, and American legal advisors. The Constitutional Committee is the first time many of the immigrants come face-to-face with Ethiopia's feudal leadership, and the meetings are not pleasant. Progress on a constitution is very slow, akin to molasses.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The 1950 World Cup is held in Uruguay. Ethiopia does not participate. Uruguay wins the competition.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Coptic Pope Joseph II of Alexandria promotes Ethiopia to an autocephalous Patriarchate. 5 Ethiopian bishops are consecrated to select a patriarch for the Ethiopian Church.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]North Korea forces march across the 38th parallel on July 7, sparking the Korean War. In the following weeks, President Truman convinces the UN Security Council to pass a resolution recommending that all UN member states join in supporting South Korea. The Soviet Union, boycotting the UN Security Council as the Republic of China held permanent veto power on the UNSC instead of the People's Republic of China.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 7- August 25: The Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. The Ethiopian nobility has a great distaste for Emperor Haile Selassie, especially his land reform policies and being forced to mix with the riffraff on the constitutional committee. Fearing further curtailing of their power and the spread of Kibbutzim, members of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] stage a coup to topple the Emperor. The coup was focused heavily with the nobility of the Shewa, Arsi, Bale, Hararge, and Kafa provinces, although a number in the Gojjam, Begmender, and Welega provinces will join the coup. Lead by Tekle Hawaryat, the nobles contended that the Emperor had become a dictator who megalomania exceed that of even [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Il Duce[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Benito Mussolini and that he plotted with foreign powers to sell off Ethiopia, the immigrants being the first step of this nefarious plot. The coup found support amongst several provincial army units, especially in Shewa and Arsi, and fighting broke out in the Shewa and Arsi provinces [1]. The coup, however, made two fatal mistakes: the first, selecting Malaka-Tsahay Iyasu as their claimant, which kept the Ethiopia Orthodox Tewahedo Church firmly in favor of Haile Selassie's throne [2], the second; they struck while the Emperor was in Alexandria discussing the autocephaly of the Ethiopian Church. This allowed the Emperor to fly back to Addis Ababa with due haste, rather than the longer wait that would take place if he was on another continent. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The coup quickly seized several major cities, including Goba (of Bale) and Debre Berhan (of Shewa). But the tide quickly turns against the coup in Shewa. The immigrant population of over 100 thousand was concentrated in Shewa and on the whole rejected the attempt to depose Haile Selassie [3]. The [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif], under the direction of General Mulugeta Bulli, struck back at the revolt in Debrhe Birhan and Addis Ababa, using the newly equipped American M4s and M3s to surround and crush the under-trained and under-equipped provincial units in and around Shewa. Upon the Emperor's triumphal return to Addis Ababa, he was greeted by throngs of followers and denounced the revolt in the harshest language. Promising "peace, unity, and prosperity for all," during a radio address to the nation on July Ninth, the Emperor vows to bring the "treasonous group opposed to the advancement of Ethiopia to justice [4]." He further calls on loyal citizens of Ethiopia to rise up against the revolting [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and crush them utterly.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Riots break out in several major cities by July Tenth, including Asawa, Goba, Nazaret, and Jimma. Lead by disorganized peasants, the riots are suppressed in most cities. But in Nazaret, the peasant riot gains a stronger footing. The Jewish Kibbutz near Nazaret was burned to the ground by a local noble and his troops, which fueled peasant anger; the Kibbutz had become somewhat popular with local peasants as it offered a literacy program in Hebrew, Amharic, and as of the previous month, Oromiffa for the locals [5]. Striking a popular institution offering skills training and a conceptual reform (the very idea of the Kibbutzim Movement), the riot in Nazaret become incredibly intense. It was put down with extreme violence by the local nobles on the 11th; about 1000 peasants were killed during the suppression of the riot. When word spread of the Massacre of Nazaret, the Emperor ordered General Mulugeta Bulli to drive towards Nazaret and bring the involved nobles to him personally.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Nazaret fell to Imperial armor by July Fourteenth and the nobles involved with the massacre were given a short trial a summarily hung for "crimes against humanity." Over the next few weeks, the Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] began sputtering out; the Massacre of Nazaret was quickly getting peasants up in arms and turning them strongly against the coup. A few southern and Shewa [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] would surrender rather than be crushed militarily and were leniently treated; most who submitted peacefully had their land confiscated and were instead given a smaller plot of government-held land in other provinces. The last holdouts near Abaya Hayk (Lake Abaya) were finally beaten on August 25, marking an end to the Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]By August 25, approximately 15,000 people had died in the Revolt; most of them were provincial soldiers or civilians killed during riots. In the aftermath, the Emperor promised major reforms of the Ethiopian state. At the end of the revolt and the reallocation of land from deposed or dead [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif], the Emperor had approximately [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]750,000[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] hectares of prime agricultural land which he could use as he saw fit [6][7]. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the Korean War now ablaze, the Emperor wants to fight against the attempted communist Anschluss of the peninsula. However, the Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] has left Ethiopia divided and the Emperor sees a need for further modernization of the military. The Emperor also sends out the word, through his ambassadors, for advisors to help assist with the training his military and providing advice for further modernization. He gets a response from a surprising source; General George S. Patton, Jr. (ret.) offers his services on behalf of the United States [8]. Knowing Patton only by reputation, his services are accepted heartily. Patton arrives in Ethiopia by the end of September.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]By September, the Republic of Korea and US forces have been pushed to the Pusan perimeter. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Allied forces land at Inchon and begin counter-attacking against the Korean People's Army Forces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Emperor passes the first round of reforms, focused on the distribution of land. Most of the land is turned over to the tiller peasants as a reward for their "steadfast loyalty" during the Revolt. Other pieces of land are held as rewards for military service or for "other purposes" that the government will delineate later. Approximately 300,000 hectares of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]750,000[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] hectares are granted to the "loyal peasants."[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]UN forces cross the 38th Parallel and work northwards.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Patton, given the honorary rank of [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Asmach[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (literally: Commander of the Rear Guard; nominally, he's a Brigadier General) in the Ethiopian Army, advises numerous changes to the organization of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. While approving of the transformation of the Ethiopian Army into a mobile force, he found that the army did not place enough emphasis on logistics or engineering, instead being prone to buy tanks, planes, and other pretty, ego-boosting weapons and a culture of nepotism. "Dammit! If you want to be a real nation instead of a toy principality in the middle of a God-forsaken desert, you need to be able to get supplies from point A to point B. All the tanks in the world don't mean shit if you can't keep 'em fueled and armed" the Emperor later recalled Patton saying in his memoirs. Both his superior, Brigadier General [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Fitawrari[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (Literally: Commander of the Vanguard) Mengistu Neway and Emperor Haile Selassie eventually come to agree with Patton (and appreciate his blunt nature) and Ethiopia begins focusing more on developing its logistical and engineering skills, and the Emperor creates a set of laws designed to combat nepotist behavior in the military. The laws have some effect at reducing the unhealthy culture in the military, and in particular improving the culture of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The second major reform for the military is the partial dismantling of the provincial forces. The tribal nature of the uprising (at least, among the military) has convinced the Emperor that it is best to leave the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] as the Empire’s premier fighting force and relegate the provincial forces to a secondary, reserve status. However, there remains a strong reactionary element to the military which hampers Haile Selassie’s attempts to completely overhaul the Army’s structure.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]At Patton's recommendation (and pulling a few strings with his friends in Congress & elsewhere), various Ethiopian officers are sent to West Point, after decrying the sorry state of much of the officer corps; most of it had not received overseas training since before the Second World War. Patton's influence also weakens the previous system of diversifying military training; from this point on, Ethiopia comes to rely on the United States more and more for equipment and training.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]UN forces come within 50 kilometers of the Yalu River. On November 12, the People's Liberation Army intervenes in Korea.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution passes, instituting term limits for Presidents.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Emperor announces the next set of reforms, focusing on improving the states weak educational foundation and, more importantly, its appalling illiteracy rate. Funding for education is set to increase, especially for instruction in Amharic. Despite protests by Oromo and other linguistic minorities, the focus of the literacy campaign will be almost exclusively on preserving Amharic as the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]lingua franca[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] of the state.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Also, the constitutional committee is shaken up again; the dismissal of most of the reactionary committee members who had links the Revolt has opened the door for the Emperor to put more hand-picked men in line with his vision to write the constitution. The committee begins making much more progress than the preceding months.[/FONT]

1951
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Addis Ababa University is established with a royal charter. In its first year, it will form relationships with the Ohio State University, Oklahoma State University, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]the Hebrew University of Jerusalem[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif], and New York University. Several lecturers will come to AAU and help build the agricultural and technical programs at AAU, especially from the African American community. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]This focus on agricultural and technical programs proves immensely beneficial; a variety of new techniques are brought into Ethiopia's dominant agricultural sector, including dry farming methods, soil conservation techniques such as strip farming, and importing mosquito predators such as bats, mosquitofish, and dragonflies to help control malaria outbreaks [9][10]. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Gold Coast parliamentary elections are held for the first time under universal suffrage. Kwame Nkrumah's socialist Convention People's Party won a supermajority of seats, and Nkrumah becomes the Prime Minister. He campaigns for increased autonomy for the Gold Coast, along with economic reform.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States starts conducting a series of nuclear tests in Nevada and the Marshall Islands.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Greece and Turkey are accepted into NATO.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After some discussion with the United States, Ethiopian-US relations are upgraded to ambassadorial status. The United States also opens a radio station at an abandoned Italian facility in Eritrea to help maintain communication with forces operating in the Arabian Sea and Red Sea.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Operation Ripper, the UN counteroffensive to retake Seoul begins. UN forces retake Seoul on April 17 and continue pushing north.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the Korean situation stabilizing with a front south of Seoul, the Ethiopian Expeditionary Force (the Kagnew Regiment) depart for Korea. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States detonates the world’s first hydrogen bomb, furthering the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Shockley's team at Beckham Instruments develops the first junction transistor, a major leap forward for electronics technology.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Through diplomatic channels, Emperor Haile Selassie points out how the Gold Coast parliamentary election is most likely a harbinger of things to come and highlights Nkrumah's communist sympathies, hinting at Ethiopia's potential role as a counterbalance to socialist states. President Truman listens respectfully and promises to consider the matter.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The UN launches another offensive aimed at Yonch'on. The Ethiopian Expeditionary Force (EEF) is part of the assault, and successfully break across the Imjin River line. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Asmach[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] George Patton highlights the success of the forces he helped direct, even though the offensive ultimately failed in capturing its objective. Because of Patton’s rambunctious nature, reporters tend to congregate around the General. The General will go on record praising the Ethiopian troops for their valor and devotion to duty, saying that they reminded him of the 761st Tank Battalion (an American force of African American tankers during the Second World War). [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Patton, with his typical brash manner, attracts much media attention in the United States, which he'll use to highlight the valor of the EFF (and, indirectly, get himself into the thick of the fighting).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The EEF 1st Battalion, armed with American M3 half-tracks, participate in Operation Hammerfall: the offensive to capture Kaesong. Hammerfall is ultimately a success, and the 1st Ethiopian Battalion is the first unit to make it to the Yeseong River.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]On December 31, Libya is declared an independent country. It marks the true beginning of decolonization in Africa, although many countries would not become independent for another decade.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Kibbutzim movement in Ethiopia has taken off and now nearly 250 Kibbutzim scatter the highland country, particularly in the underdeveloped south. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United Kingdom detonates its first atomic bomb; the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union now form a “nuclear club” in the increasingly hostile, bipolar world.[/FONT]

1952
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]King George VI of England dies. Queen Elizabeth II ascends the throne of England.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Winter Olympics in Olso. Ethiopia doesn't participate. It is the first Olympics in which the Soviet Union participates.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Fulgencio Batista seizes power in Cuba. His regime will be backed by the United States, but is met with condemnation by human rights groups around the world.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Beginning of the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. Emperor Haile Selassie condemns the British colonial policies, including the creation of and continuation of tenancy for many of the Kikuyu. However, the Emperor also decried increasing violence of the Mau Mau and offered to function as a mediator for both parties. While Dedan Kimathi, the leader of the Mau Mau, was open to the possibility of “real, binding arbitration,” the antipathy of the British towards Ethiopia precluded “... any entrance of foreigners into the internal affairs of British colonies,” as the British Secretary of State stated. The uprising continues to gain steam.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kwame Nkrumah is elected president in the Gold Coast. The Emperor will use this election as a means of leveraging more aid from the United States, under the guise of “creeping socialism” in Africa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Ethiopian Football Federation becomes affiliated with FIFA after the Ethiopian National Team beats the Greek National Team in a friendly match. The EFF, along with the Egyptian and South African federations will petition FIFA for a continental federation for Africa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 7-11: Republican National Convention: The Republican National Convention is another mess, but less so than the last convention. However, the infighting between the conservatives and the liberals remained fairly strong, although MacArthur's failure of a campaign had wounded the conservatives. General Dwight Eisenhower, declining to run for office, left the party without a clear winner against the Democrats. Dewey remained the strongest force in the party but would have probably lost the first ballot if Senator McCarthy had folded his campaign before the convention. Harold Stassen again folded after the first ballot and backed Dewey. The next ballot also saw Senator McCarthy and his fairly small base fold, eventually backing Dewey's commitments to containing Communism [11]. After the fourth ballot, Robert Taft conceded and Dewey became the presidential nominee. Dewey would go on to pick Senator Richard Nixon, a staunch anti-communist and fierce campaigner who helped shore up Dewey's reputation of changing his position on fighting communism as well as shore up support from conservatives. Some argue that Nixon's selection was part of a bargain between Dewey and Taft during the convention, although there is not enough evidence to support the indictment.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 21-26: Democratic National Convention. After a long debate, Truman decides not to run for another term, leaving the Democratic field wide open. Governor Adalai Stevenson of Illinois, considered a shoe-in for the nomination, declined to run which further opened the field. After several ballots, moderate Senator Estes Kefaur beat out other hopefuls like Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, conservative Senator Richard Russell of Georgia, and Vice President Alben Barkley. He selected Senator John Sparkman of Alabama as his running mate in the hopes of appeasing the Dixiecrats. As the party's platform included efforts to fight racial discrimination and build up multilateralism, the isolationist, racist Dixecrats instead ran another counter ticket this year.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 23: On his 60th birthday, Emperor Haile Selassie promulgates the new Ethiopian Constitution. The document is a radical departure from the previous document, as it outlines the first attempt to institute democracy nationwide in Ethiopia [12]. Among the major changes to the earlier constitution was the establishment of elections for the Chamber of Delegates (formerly, the Chamber of Deputies) and for part of the Senate, and the legalization of political parties in Ethiopia. The Chamber of Deputies consisted of 500 members selected from 2-seat districts of roughly equal population using a proportional method for distributing seats, while the Senate consisted of 355 seats; 140 of these were "elected seats" at 10 per province or state, chosen from party lists and to be elected every 5 years (with half of these seats standing for election every 5 years). The other 215 seats were "noble seats," whose members would be chosen by a nonpartisan election of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekawint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] every 5 years. The Emperor publicly hoped that the Senate could function as a meeting place between the peasants and the nobility and soothe anger from the Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif].

Inspired heavily by the United States Constitution, the document formally recognized a number of rights, including speech, press, assembly, voting, and equality under the law. An independent judiciary was established, and citizens had a right against self incrimination & unlawful searches and seizures, as well as a right to a speedy trial. A great change was the creation of "states" within the Ethiopian Empire, entities with semi-autonomous rule, done in part to sooth the fears of unionists in Eritrea and immigrants in Shewa that the Emperor planned to be an autocrat instead of a constitutional monarch. The states could maintain small forces of their own and had the freedom to run their own affairs, but were subordinate to the national government. The only state at the time of the documents promulgation, however, was Eritrea. The remaining subdivisions of Ethiopia were provinces.

Still, the Emperor exercised considerable clout [13]. The Emperor held a seat on the Supreme Court, controlled Ethiopia's foreign affairs, and had almost all executive powers, although he announced that he would leave the day-to-day running of affairs to ministries that'd be under the partial direction of the legislature. He also remained the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and controlled the coining of currency.

Reaction to the new constitution was mixed. The immigrants and Eritrean unionists were bolstered by the new constitution, while the nobility and independence faction of Eritrea wanted nothing to do with the new piece of paper, especially the nobility who was forced to mix in with the riff-raff of the Senate. The peasants, despite being uneducated, reacted positively to the document as political parties began forming in cities around the country. Elections were scheduled for 1955 to constitute the first elected parliament in Ethiopian history.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Ethiopia participates, sending several athletes to the running events, but does not place.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A socialist coup, led by the Free Officers Movement, overthrows King Farouk of Egypt and establishes a nationalist, pan-Arab socialist government under the stewardship of the newly formed "Free Officers Committee." Elections are promised in 1953, renunciation of claims to Sudan in 1954, as well as support full independence for Sudan.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 12-14: The States' Rights Democratic National Convention. The Dixiecrats again split the Democratic ticket this year, with Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina leading the charge and selecting Senator Richard Russell of Georgia bringing up the rear. The duo make headway in the South, splitting an otherwise unified Democratic bloc.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Treaty of San Fransisco formally ends the Second World War between Japan and the Allies. Japan returns to self-government.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States Presidential Election. Following the repeat of the 1948 split between the Solid South and the remainder of the Democratic Party, the Republicans swept the election by their widest margins since the 1928 Election of Herbert Hoover, capturing nearly 75% of the votes in the electoral college. Electoral exhaustion, a weak and divided Democratic Ticket, and a surge for a third party candidate contributed to the Republican sweep. Further helping the Republicans was Dewey's commitment to ending the war in Korea, containing Communism through collective security, and clearing out the cronyism and corruption "which exists thanks to nearly 15 years of Democratic dominance in our government." Despite accusations that the Republicans were fear-mongers playing on the growing Red Scare, Dewey remained a staunch advocate for personal liberty at home.

One of the greater surprises of the 1952 Election was the capture of Alabama; Senator Sparkman and Governor Thurmond both campaigned heavily in the state which split the Democratic vote in the South so thoroughly that Governor Dewey won the state with only 35.1% of the popular vote, one of the lowest margins in history for that state and a clear signal to the Democrats and the Dixiecrats; either work out their problems or risk marginalization [14].[/FONT]


[MAP]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Governor Thomas Dewey (R-NY) / Senator Richard Nixon (R-CA): 397 EV, 40 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senator Estes Kefaur (D-IL) / Senator John Sparkman (D-AL): 100 EV, 6 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Governor Strom Thurmond (SR-SC) / Governor Fielding Wright (SR-MI): 34 EV, 4 states[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]By December 1952 the Korean war ground to a stalemate; the UN forces hold a line along the Yeseong River for several kilometers that then trends roughly straight west. Despite several attempts at the establishment of a ceasefire, the war has continued and become a steady meat grinder, although this affects the Korean People’s Army and the People’s Volunteer Army (of China) more than anyone else.[/FONT]

1953
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The KPA launched its most ambitious offensive yet, planning to capture the city of Kaesong. Instead, the offensive leads to enormous causalities for the KPA as they crossed UN trenches only to be bombed or napalmed. Several breakthroughs occur and at one of these points the Ethiopian Expeditionary Force is cut off from the US 8th Infantry Division (which it had been attached) for several days. Despite being outnumbered 4:1, the EEF holds out Kaesong until the 8th Infantry successfully reestablishes contact. For their service, the EEF will awarded the Korean Presidential Unit Citation.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]James Watson and Francis Crick announce the discovery of the structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mau Mau rebels kill 20 British settlers in Kenya.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact, aimed at providing mutual defense for each of the signatory nations. The pact is not very sturdy as Yugoslavia is being pulled towards Moscow and the socialist ideals of its founding.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After the exhausting assault on Kaesong, the Chinese and North Koreans finally sit across from the United Nations and discuss an armistice. The talks are extremely slow and it takes several months to come to tentative agreements. Despite Stalin’s insistence that the war continue, the Chinese and North Koreans are growing weary of the conflict and feel that they can’t afford much more bloodshed.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Mau Mau rebellion becomes increasingly violent, as the rebels kill several hundred Kikuyu natives cooperating with the British authorities. The British forces retaliate and several rebel strongholds (revealed by survivors of the Mau Mau’s killing of Kikuyu civilians) are hunted out and burned to the ground.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]General George S. Patton dies of a stroke in Seoul, South Korea. His death is mourned worldwide as soldiers commemorate the death of “Old Blood and Guts”. The General was a very influential figure in the Ethiopian military establishment and his impact is only beginning to be felt. Several streets in major Ethiopian cities are named after The Old Man, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]and the Emperor commissions a statue of Patton to be constructed in Addis Ababa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the legalization of political parties, several parties have been forming, although this is mostly among the urban elite. Among the immigrant communities, the Socialist Labour Party has gained ground; the party drew support from Ethiopia’s 25,000 Jewish immigrants and roughly encapsulated a similar ideology to Israel’s Mapai party, emphasizing the development of the nation and the establishment of programs to alleviate the rampant poverty in the country. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The large African American immigrant community also saw a flourishing of political activism; the Democratic Socialist Party, ideologically similar to Europe’s myriad of Democratic Socialist Parties, found a niche, as did the New Democratic Party (inspired by the US New Deal Democratic Party of the 1930s and 1940s) and the smaller paleoconservative Republican Party. For the urban native population which had not become attached to the growing urban immigrant political parties, the Ethiopian Forces of the Left, Pan-African Coalition, and Ethiopian Conservative Party all found members eager to exercise their newfound political voices. Eritrea was a hodgepodge of various political forces; the newly formed Federation of Eritrean Unionists was formed as a broad counterweight to the various Ertirean secessionist parties, including the Ertirean Liberation Front and the “non-secessionist” Eritrean Autonomy Council (which emphasized Eritrea’s need for “additional autonomy” under Ethiopian Law, without specifying what ”additional autonomy” actually meant). However, political organization was mostly limited to the urban population, while many in the rural part of the country were disorganized and easily manipulated by tribal divisions.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]However, not every party was able to get off the ground. The Emperor had passed several laws making “Marxist, Communist, Fascist, and secessionist parties illegal. Such parties are and underlying threat to the state.” However, enforcement of these laws was spotty and mostly aimed at left-wing parties. This kept the Ethiopia Communist Party underground, but other movements would still be able to plant roots throughout the country.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The European Economic Community, Western Europe’s first attempts to form a common market, was founded in Strasbourg. Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands are the founding members.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The National Democratic Party, the ideological successor to the socialist Free Officers Movement, won a majority of the seats in the Egyptian parliament. The National Democratic Party, led by Gamel Abdel Nasser, claimed “Arab Socialism” as its ideology. While clearly influenced by Marxism, Arab Socialism emphasized Pan-Arab unity and was less devoted to outright hostility towards the West than the Soviet Union or People’s Republic of China. However, Nasser provides covert supplies for the Marxist rebels in Northern Sudan.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States and Ethiopia conclude another set of accords which provides Ethiopia with additional M3 Half-Tracks, older American M4s, and other equipment useful for building a modern logistical infrastructure. Some Ethiopian equipment is “lost” but instead is provided to rebels in south Sudan. Sudan is increasingly split between the Christian-Animist South and Muslim-Socialist South as [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]de facto [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]rebellion breaks out as the two groups struggle for power. But the biggest impact of the agreements was providing Ethiopia with the necessary capital to construct a series of dams in Shewa, Arsi, Bale, Gojjam, and Welega for electrification and to provide water for irrigation. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In return, the United States received an extended lease on its radio facility in Asmara as well as the right to construct air bases in Eritrea and Begmender.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Yugoslavia formed diplomatic relationships with the People’s Republic of China; the Soviet Union halted attempts to form formal diplomatic relations with the Balkan country.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The French win a major victory against Indochinese forces at Dien Bien Phu, although the victory is for naught. The French government decides to withdraw from Indochina as the war has become increasingly unpopular. Talks are held between Indochinese and French representatives about the formation of an independent Indochina.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Communists and UN forces come to an armistice agreement, formally ending the Korean War. UN forces will be slowly withdrawn from Korea for the next two years, slowly stepping down until the United States and Republic of Korea are the only nations maintaining forces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 19: In a very public speech, Premier Stalin denounces the armistice as a capitalist attempt to undermine the unity of the Communist bloc countries. Because of the extensive costs of the war, Mao has little interest in reviving the conflict and has come to the conclusion that cooperating with the West has its advantages, at least in the short run. Stalin’s speech highlights the growing rift between the Russians and Chinese which will only grow more acute with time. Historians will later highlight the November 19 speech as the beginning of the Sino-Soviet split.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviets begin arming Communist forces in Austria, increasing tensions in Europe.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]British forces kill over a hundred Kikuyu natives in an attempt to smoke out Mau Mau rebels, further inflaming the populace.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Total American Aid to Ethiopia since the Second World War exceeds [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]$200[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] million this year. Much of this aid has gone to building schools, rail, road, and other important infrastructure, especially the Asmara-Addis Ababa line, which is nearing completion.[/FONT]

1954
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviet Union detonates its first hydrogen bomb, matching the US feat.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]As Soviet criticism of Yugoslavia became more intense, President Tito distanced Yugoslavia from the Soviet Union. Stalin’s ongoing criticism, ever since the Second World War, of Albania’s management and treating Albania as little more than a colony of international communism, has also pushed Hoxha away from Stalinism [15]. In a series of talks between Yugoslavia’s and Albania’s leadership, Albania announced that it would join Yugoslavia. After a “vote” is held, Albania becomes the seventh republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Stalin is outraged by the move and diplomatically isolated the newly swollen Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia instead begins making moves towards Maoist China and Tito proposes that the Balkan Pact begin actively working together.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Following the joining of Albania and Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union cracks down on dissent in the socialist nations of Eastern Europe. In a meeting between the heads of East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria announces the creation of the Warsaw Pact. While on the surface the organization is a mutual defense organization like NATO, the Warsaw Pact goes a step further. The organization plans on an “eventual” full unification of all the member nation’s militaries and intelligence organizations into a single entity, going farther than even NATO’s plans.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The creation of the Warsaw Pact begins the “Austrian Crisis“ when the Warsaw Pact nations recognize the newly announced “People’s Socialist Union of Austria,” more typically called East Austria. The nascent communist state flies in the face of negotiations between the European nations and the Soviet Union. NATO and Warsaw Pact forces began conducting exercises as the democratic forces in Austria prepare to fight to unify Austria.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a landmark case, the US Supreme Court rules that the segregation of public schools is unconstitutional. The issue deeply divides the Dixiecrats and national Democratic Party, further stalling talks between the two groups.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mayor [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Basha [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]James L. Farmer publicly becomes a member of Democratic Socialist Party.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After two months of desperate negotiations, the NATO and the Warsaw Pact come to an agreement over the Austrian Crisis. East and West Austria will exist as separate entities and the Warsaw Pact will not expand any farther West while NATO will not expand any farther East. West Germany and West Austria are brought into NATO while East Austria is brought into the Warsaw Pact. The interim West Austrian government in Salzburg publicly decries the division of Austria but bows “... to the need for peace.” [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Austrian Crisis leads to a cascade of changes for the European security alliances. The Balkan Pact, which formerly was a military alliance in name only, conducts its first joint military exercises along the Greek-Yugoslavian border. The period after the Austrian Crisis precipitated a time of détente between the United States and Yugoslavia. While Yugoslavia was still a socialist country, Yugoslavia would continue to oppose Soviet expansionism and cooperated with NATO in some minor matters.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]France withdraws from Saarland several years earlier than expected, in part in recognition of the growing need for West Germany to act as a counter-weight to a possible Soviet invasion. The city-state is returned to West Germany [16].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Egypt renounces its claims to Sudan and urges Britain to withdraw from the country. Left without a legal reason to occupy the country, the United Kingdom agrees to withdraw from Sudan on January 1, 1955. The fighting between rebel groups becomes increasingly heated as they struggle for control.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June 16-July 4: The 1954 FIFA World Cup is held in Switzerland. Ethiopia defeats Egypt during the qualification, but is defeated by Israel in 86' a painful loss that keeps Ethiopia from advancing [17]. In a surprising upset, the United States defeats Mexico to make the Round of 16, then upsets France to advance to the quarter finals. However, they loose to Brazil in the quarter finals. West Germany defeats Brazil in the finals, a much needed moral boost for the free Germans.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Concerned about further communist expansion, the Philippines, Thailand, the United States, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand form the Southeast Asia Treaty Association. Modeled closely on NATO, SEATO will be a mutual defense pact designed to check communist expansion in Southeast Asia and Oceania. A separate agreement between the Republic of China and the United States is signed.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After months of failed negotiations, China occupies Tibet. The Dali Lama is forced to flee to India.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A coup attempt against Emperor Haile Selassie fell flat; the coup, unlike the 1950 Coup attempt is poorly organized by various Communist groups. The bomb that was the center of the plot went off several hours early and most of the conspirators, members of Ethiopian Worker’s and Student’s League (an underground Marxist group) with the support of a few members [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]and [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif], are round up and executed. The 1953 Coup attempt, thanks to its Marxist background and the fact that some irate members of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] joined it, force Ethiopian society to confront the growing rift between the Emperor and the nobility. Since the nobility had always been a strong anti-communist bloc and several prominent, humiliated members of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] took part in the coup attempt, the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]’s hostility towards the Emperor is blunted [18]. Despite the Emperor’s liberalizing attitude, he still displays a conservative personality and more importantly is unlikely to try and wipe out the nobility, unlike what the literature of the Ethiopian Worker’s and Student League promised. Opposition to the Emperor’s reign by the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] starts to falter and a sizable minority are willing to publicly participate in this “new system,” if only to avoid the Marxists. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senator Joseph McCarthy is condemned by the Senate for his actions.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Uri Avnery, leader of the Socialist Labour Party, makes a public speech arguing for further cooperation between Israel, the United States, and Ethiopia on matters of defense and trade. He decries Nasser’s role in heightening tensions between Israel and Egypt and contributing to the growing civil war in neighboring Sudan. Through his contacts in Israel, he publishes adverts in Israeli newspapers advertising Ethiopia as “a peaceful alternative to war-torn Israel.” While relatively small, Israeli/Jewish immigration to Israel will continue to total several thousand per annum and several Israeli Kibbutzim are established yearly.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Paul Robeson is given back his passport, and he immigrates to Ethiopia later this month.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Brought by African American immigrants, baseball has started to enter the Ethiopian consciousness in Shewa and Asmara. Buoyed by several Negro League players who immigrated to Ethiopia (for any of a number of reasons) as Major League Baseball began integrating, the first minor league consisting of four teams: the Addis Ababa Elephants, the Saint George Baseball Club (associated with the football club), the Nazaret Knights, and Debre Berhan Baseball Club. While the league has a strong financial backing (thanks to the relative wealth of the immigrant community), the sport remains a niche for the urban elite. Major figures working in the Ethiopian Baseball League include Buck O’Neil, Henry Kimbro, and Gene Smith, who provide valuable experience and help keep the league together.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Despite good attendance and many radio broadcasts the first year for baseball, football remains entrenched as the country’s national sport.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]===============[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][1]- Basically, the Amhara are getting really restless over how much power the Tigre, the Oromo, and the Somalis are getting, especially after the land reforms the Emperor proposes. Land’s a really big issue to a society that is based mostly on sustenance agriculture.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][2]- The Church's support for Haile Selassie is, in part, thanks to the fact that the Emperor, a devout Ethiopian Orthodox, changed little of the Church's power yet. Further reinforcing this fact are the rumors of [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Lij[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Iyasu's conversion to Islam, making his line illegitimate in the eyes of the Church.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][3]- Haile Selassie's semi-cult of personality and generally good disposition towards immigrants has won him many friends, even among the far leftists in the immigrant community.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][4]- Most of the nation, of course, doesn't have radios. But the big cities like Debre Birhan, Addis Ababa, Awasa, and Nazaret have a number of radios. A nice portion of large cities are in the south. And, of course, most nobles have radios as well.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][5]- A big problem in the development of Ethiopia (and Africa in general) is a resistance to education which is invariably tied to a cultural preference for substance agriculture; you need the kids to work the land, not sit all day in a building learning useless things like poetry or calculus. On the other hand, basic literacy and mathematics neither takes exorbitant amounts of time to teach (when compared to, let's say, western education), so it is considered tolerable or even beneficial. Couple the Kibbutz's teaching of the lingua franca (Amharic) and just starting to give literacy training in the dominate local language (Oromiffa), and you've got good fuel for peasant anger.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][6]- If anything, I'm underestimating the amount of land available. The government of Ethiopia redistributed around 5 million hectares (50,000 km^2, or a little less than 5 Lebanons) between 1945 and 1974. I'd figure that the southern nobility could hold as much as 2.5 million hectares, but I'll stick with a low-ball estimate of 750,000 hectares, since I can't get precise numbers.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][7]- Of course, the northern [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] are still influential, but their ownership of land is much weaker in the Amharic-speaking provinces, and there's only a smidgen of Kibbutz at this point. So there's less political reason to revolt with the foundation of the joint stock Kibbutzim, although they are still getting riled up against Haile Selassie. [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][8]- Patton didn't die in the car crash as IOTL. However, his big mouth got him in trouble and he was not-so-quietly retired in 1948. He's proven to be a bit of a bug-bear once back in the states; Truman and Patton don't see eye-to-eye on the threat of communism and he has become increasingly vocal since the outbreak of war in Korea, making speeches at Republican rallies & the like. Truman sees shipping him out to Korea as a means of shutting Patton up and giving him what he really wants: another chance to fight, despite his old age. On the flip side, being attached to the Ethiopians means that Patton's chances of getting into trouble are greatly reduced, and it is unlikely that the Ethiopians will play a major role during the war anyway. And he's an old man, so this'll probably be his last hurrah.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][9]- Historically, agriculture received very little attention from the central government, in particular issues relating to soil conservation , yield improvement, and general famine avoidance. ITTL, greater US attention and Haile Selassie focusing domestically in more ways has reoriented the state's focus towards agriculture and economic development as paramount, even if that comes at the price of being in many ways a US satellite in foreign affairs (the US-Ethiopian relationship being heavily defined by the lend-lease of World War II). This reorientation of the state impacts the development of the educational infrastructure and will have some secondary effects when the 1960s rolls around.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][10]- With the Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and the growth of the Kibbutzim movement, Ethiopian agriculture is poised for these types of innovations, especially dry-weather farming. Since a lot of land (at least in the Oromo regions to the south) are being turned over and the concept of land [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]ownership[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] is being introduced to the peasantry, the idea of soil conservation has fertile ground to come into.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][11]- Dewey's positioned has morphed from that of a non-interventionist in 1940 to an internationalist in the mid 1940s to a moderate anti-communist by the 1950s ITTL.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][12]- I'll post a more precise list of what the new constitution legalizes later; here is just the broad strokes.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][13]- IOTL, there were numerous references to the restriction of rights as a matter of law; ITTL, the constitution, under the influence of leading civil rights figures and Jewish immigrants, is much more steadfast in its guarantees of rights, at least on paper.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][14]- They’re not really at any risk of marginalization, but there’s still panic driving the national Democratic Party. The infighting between the Dixiecrats and the other Democrats has finally cost them an election.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][15]- Stalin has lived longer, but his mental faculties have degraded more and he is therefore more paranoid than he would be otherwise, leading to a more strong-handed approach to Eastern Europe and facing down against the United States. He's neither crazy or stupid enough to initiate a nuclear war, but his brinkmanship is running rather fine.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][16]- The Austrian Crisis has prompted France to withdraw its claims to the Saarland. This also leads to the Saarland's National Football Team withdrawing from the World Cup[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][17]- Okay, since Ethiopia, Israel, and Egypt were accepted to this competition and Saarland and Austria are not competing, the groups shake out a little differently. Here’s the nation list and the groups they fall into (Green are qualifiers, red withdrew from the competition):[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Host and Champion[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Switzerland, Uruguay[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Europe (10 seats)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]West Germany, Norway, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Denmark[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]South America (1 seat)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Chile[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]North American Football Confederation (1 seat)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mexico, United States, Haiti, Canada[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]East Asia (1 seat)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]South Korea, Japan, Republic of China[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]West Asia & Africa (1 seat)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Egypt, Israel, Ethiopia[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 1:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]West Germany[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]France[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Norway[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Denmark[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 2:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Netherlands[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Belgium[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Luxembourg[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 3:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]England[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wales[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Northern Ireland[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Scotland[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 4:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Romania[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Poland[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Czechoslovakia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Bulgaria[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 5:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Italy[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Yugoslavia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Greece[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Turkey[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 6:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Spain[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Portugal[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ireland[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 7:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Brazil[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Paraguay[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Peru[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chile[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 8:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]United States[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mexico[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Canada[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Haiti[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 9:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Japan[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]South Korea[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republic of China[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Group 10:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Israel[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Egypt[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][18]- This is very much the “Did they almost hand this country over to the Communists?” reaction.[/FONT]

 

[Hunam]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Decolonization and Democratization, 1955-1960[/FONT]

1955
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Statistics, 1955:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Population: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]25.55 million[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Immigrants: 220 thousand (0.861%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]100,000 African Americans[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]50,000 Rastafarian[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]50,000 Jewish (non-Bete Israel)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]20,000 Others[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Urban Population: 2.75 million (10.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Rural Population: 22.29 million (89.2%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP: US$ 11.77 billion[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Annualized Growth Rate: 5.5%[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP PC: US$ 460[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January 1: Sudan is formally recognized as independent from the United Kingdom. The capital, Khartoum, is under the control of the Marxist forces (United Socialist Front) while the southern portions of the country are under the control of the Christian/animist Sudanese Liberation Army. Both sides are very disorganized, but the Arabic north benefits from greater unity and clearer lines of supply. Following the declaration of independence, the civil war intensifies as the Marxists begin getting more and more equipment from the Soviet Union.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Stalin, seeing a threat in Kruschev, has Kruschev arrested and sent to the Gulags. On the way, Kruschev is executed by agents of NKVD.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia and Israel sign a treaty of friendship and protection (unlike a mutual defense agreement, the protection agreement does not make both parties legally bound to militarily intervene [1]). They agree to hold biannual military exercises “... to train and prepare for possible violations of our sovereignty.” The exercise chills Ethiopian-Arab relations, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]but strengthen Ethiopian-Israeli ties, especially among Ethiopia's small but potent Jewish population.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]By the end of the month, France has completely withdrawn from Indochina, which is now divided into Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos. President Dewey declines to interfere in Indochina at the French suggestion, instead pushing for a “national unity government” between the communist and pro-French forces in order to avoid “pointless bloodshed.” In private talks, Vice President Nixon disagrees strongly with President Dewey’s assessment and believes that Indochina will fall to the Communists if not suitably propped up [2]. The Diem regime is weak and is unable to prevent flow of troops and supplies from the north. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Refugees begin fleeing the Sudanese Civil War. Over 50,000 will have been displaced internally by the end of this year and another 20,000 will flee to other countries, principally Belgian Congo (5,000), Uganda (5,000), and Ethiopia (10,000). The refugees increase tensions in the southern portions of Ethiopia where they compete with the local Oromo and Sidamo ethnic groups.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April 5: The creation of the Ethiopian Special Forces. The Ethiopian Special Forces initially consist of two battalions of [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]volunteers who are trained in Amphibious and Airborne tactics by Israeli and American advisors.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Just before the rainy season comes, the Addis Ababa-Asmara rail is completed on schedule. The new rail line is 1435 mm gauge, conforming to the common international gauge. The project provides two tracks for outbound and inbound traffic and the Emperor himself rides on the inaugural inbound and outbound trips from Addis Ababa. In Asmara, the Emperor gives a speech outlining his proposal to expand the port of Massawa and make it, in time, “the equivalent of Houston or Chiba, a major port of call for the world's commercial shipping”. To achieve that end, President Dewey and the Republican Congress pledged US$100 million over the next 5 years to the expansion of Massawa so that it could accommodate American warships operating in the Red Sea [3].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia and Israel conduct a joint military exercise in eastern Ethiopia in accordance with the February Agreement. Ethiopia’s outdated P-51s and P-47s are outclassed by the Israeli Mystere IVs and Ouragons. The Ethiopian Army begins looking into acquiring modern jet aircraft, despite the steep price tag.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopian Airlines acquires its first of a three Lockheed Constellations, allowing for passenger flights out as far as 8000 kilometers (5000 miles).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 5-7: The first national elections in Ethiopian history are held in polling stations across the country. UN election monitors report that the election is of a mixed quality; in the large cities the polling tends to be fair, but out in the rural districts intimidation and various techniques to suppress unwanted votes were utilized, although these practices were far from uniform, except for the clear skewing of the Senatorial vote in favor of the Royalist Party [4]. Unfortunately, because of the poor conditions of much of the nations transportation infrastructure, it takes a few weeks for Royal Election Observers to release the official results.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 3: The results of the Ethiopian legislative election are published for public consumption. The results produced no clear coalition, as the various unorganized ethnic parties captured nearly as many seats as the organized “National” parties. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chamber of Delegates (500 seats)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]SL-DS-ND-L-FEU-R Coalition (255, 51.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalists: 78 (15.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Socialist Labour Party: 41 (8.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democratic Socialist Party: 27 (5.4%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]New Democratic Party: 15 (3.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Federation of Eritrean Unionists: 11 (2.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Liberal Party: 9 (1.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Coalition Independents: 74 (14.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Opposition (212, 49.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republican Party: 11 (2.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Eritrean Autonomy Council: 7 (1.4%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Somali People’s Party: 16 (3.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Somali Ethnic Parties: 5 (1.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Oromo Movement: 25 (5.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Oromo Ethnic Parties: 55 (11.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]United Amhara List: 23 (4.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Amhara Ethnic Parties: 22 (4.4%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tigray People’s Protection Party: 3 (0.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Other Ethnic Parties: 11 (2.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents: 67 (13.4%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Seat Breakdown[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Non-Ethnic Parties (including Eritrean Parties): 199 (39.4%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethnic Parties: 160 (32.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents: 141 (28.2%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senate (140 common seats, 215 [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint & Menkawint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] seats)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint & Menkawint Seats [5][6][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Conservatives - 157 (45.5%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Liberals - 26 (7.5%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents - 32 (9.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Common Seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalists - 48 (13.9%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Socialist Labour Party - 8 (2.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democratic Socialist Party - 7 (20.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]New Democratic Party - 4 (11.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Federation of Eritrean Unionists - 3 (0.9%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Eritrean Autonomy Council - 2 (0.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republican Party - 1 (0.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Liberal Party - 1 (0.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents - 18 (5.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tigray People’s Party - 5 (1.5%)
Minor Tigray Parties - 2 (0.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]United Amhara List - 6 (1.7%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Minor Amhara Parties - 5 (1.5%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Oromo Movement - 10 (2.9%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Minor Oromo Parties - 3 (0.9%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Somali People’s Party - 2 (0.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Minor Somali Parties - 1 (0.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Other Ethnic Parties - 14 (4.1%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After weeks of (verbal) fighting, a coalition was produced: The Socialist Labour Party, Democratic Socialist Party, New Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Federation of Eritrean Unionists, the Tories, and a bloc of power-hungry independents formed the new coalition. As per the new constitution, the Emperor directly controlled the War, Foreign, and Finance Ministries, appointing his own ministers in each of those departments. However, he allowed the Chamber of Delegates to appoint the deputy ministers of each of those departs and gave the deputy ministers much latitude in the running of their affairs, at least at first [7]. The Royalists took the premiership and the first democratically elected Prime Minister was Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes, a former advisor to the Emperor. The ruling coalition is fairly shaky and held together only by fear of something worse [8].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes Ministry [9][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Prime Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes (Royalist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Prime Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Uri Avnery (Socialist Labor)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Minister of War:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tafari Beni (New Democrat) [10][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Foreign Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Paul Robeson (Socialist Labor)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Finance Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Malcolm Earl (Democratic Socialist [11])[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Agriculture and Water:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Aragaw Bedaso (Independent [12])[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Justice: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Basha[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] James L. Farmer, Jr. (Democratic Socialist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Transportation and Electricity:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Abraham Kassa (Federation of Eritrean Unionists) [A][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Education: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Yona Bogale (Socialist Labour-[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalist[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] [13])[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Appointed Directly by the Emperor[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Finance Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Makonnen Habte-Wold (Royalist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Foreign Minister: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Yilma Deressa (Royalist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Minister of War: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mengistu Neway (Liberal-[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalist[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]) [14][/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tsehafi Tezaz (Minister of the Pen):[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Aklilu Habte-Wold (Royalist) [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The French begin deploying forces to Algeria to put down unrest caused by Algerian Muslim independence agitators. This marks the beginning of the French Intervention in Algeria.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]One of the first acts of the new democratic government establishes the Ethiopian Defense Corporation, a state-run company whose goal was to produce weapons, ammunition, and other essentials for the Ethiopian Army. The first facilities, to produce uniforms and 7.62x63 mm Springfield cartridges (the main infantry weapon of the Ethiopian Army is the M1 Garand). [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The EDC opens a number of textile and munitions plants around the country to provide some of the basic equipment for the Ethiopian military. Because of the relatively light demand of uniform production (and to expand the country's coffers), the textile facilities are leased to businesses (either run by immigrants or the nobility in almost all cases) for export. Textile exports steadily become Ethiopia's first major non-agricultural export.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States and Soviet Union both begin deploying Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) this year. The Arms race takes off at full speed.[/FONT]

1956
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January 15-18: While giving a speech in Louisiana, a white supremacist (who is also mentally unbalanced in other areas) wounds President Dewey. The President will be unconscious for 36 hours before coming out of the coma and the assassin is later tried and executed. The near-death of the President brings the issue of Presidential succession to the forefront of the national consciousness. From January 18, 1956 onwards, President Dewey is forced to use a cane.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January 26-February 5: the Winter Olympic Games in Cortina, Italy. Ethiopia does not participate in the games. The Soviet Union wins the most medals, followed by Austria, then Finland.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Socialist Labor Party proposes a law expanding the right of Ethiopian workers to strike for improvements in their working conditions and wages and to formally unionize. Most of the “National Parties” are willing to agree to the bill but the party runs into opposition from the conservative wing of the Royalist Party (which is the national big-tent party). The bill stays in [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Derg[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (literally, “Committee” or ”Council”) while the Royalists and Socialist Labor attempt to build a compromise bill.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tunisia is recognized as independent from France.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Treaty of Rome is ratified by France, Denmark, West Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and Belgium approving the creation of the European Economic Community, an economic union with plans for a single European market.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The International Atomic Energy Agency is formed as a part of the United Nations with the goal of promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy and the restriction of the development and use of nuclear weapons.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Morocco is recognized as independent from France.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Spain relinquishes its claims to Moroccan territory except the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melillia.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 13-17: The Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The Democratic Party was left in another lurch; the Dixiecrats were becoming increasingly irate and, despite their declining numbers, were pushing hard to win the nomination. Governor Adlai Stevenson, Senator Estes Kefauver, moderate Southern Senator Lyndon Johnson, and Dixiecrat Senator Richard B. Russell managed to make it to the convention . After the first ballot, Stevenson had won the ballot, with Kefauver a distant second [15]. Stevenson would select Senator Lyndon Johnson in an attempt to appease to the South, but to no avail.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 20-23: The Republican National Convention in San Fransisco. Despite the assassination attempt, President Dewey chooses to run for a second term. With the American Economy booming and his deft handling of the Austrian Crisis, President Dewey is nominated without opposition. Richard Nixon is his running mate again, as Nixon brings in additional funding and helps drive up the anti-communist vote.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After months of debate, the Labor Act of 1956 passes the Chamber of Delegates and goes to the Senate. The compromise bill has several provisions: a union may be formed if it receives an affirmative vote of 60% of the workers in the business, the union may go on strike if 55% of the members agree to strike, the creation of a Labor Committee which would include representatives from the nobility, workers, businesses, and politicians (in equal proportions) to mediate labor disputes, and the Emperor could force an end to a strike and serve as a binding arbiter if the Labor Committee was deadlocked. The Senate, dominated by Conservative [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] would take its time discussing the bill, using all the stalling tactics that parliamentary procedure would allow.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September 11-15: The State’s Right Party Convention in Birmingham, Alabama. Senator Richard B. Russell of Georgia wins the nomination and he selects Senator Russell Long of Louisiana as his running mate.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Thanks to a tip, Batista’s regime carries out an air strike which kills many top leader’s of the 26 July Movement, including Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, while Raul Castro is found in a coma and declared brain dead a few days later. The survivors rally around Camilo Ceinfuegos Gorriaran as their new leader, but the movement begins stalling after the decapitation of most of the leadership.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A coup in Iraq, backed by NKVD agents, overthrows the Hashemite Monarchy an kill King Faisal II and Crown Prince ‘Abd al-Ilah. The Free Officers Movement (modeling themselves after the Egyptian group) break current ties with the West and initiate plans to create a republic in the Egyptian model, including the embrace of Pan-Arab sentiment. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 6: The United States Presidential Election. While the opposition to Dewey’s Presidency had grown, the strong economic growth during the last four years, Dewey’s fairly effective foreign policy, and the internal divisions between the Democrat’s and the States Right’s Democrats had been more than enough to push the Dewey/Nixon ticket over the top. Dewey’s pledge to hem in Communism by bolstering democracy and building collective security agreements had won over many American independents. For the Democratic Party, this third election where the Dixiecrats had undermined the presidential hopeful was too much to bear. This year also saw the Republicans win a majority in the House, including some seats in the South. The Democratic National Committee began debating what course of action to take to end the division in the Democratic Party.[/FONT]

[MAP]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Thomas E. Dewey (R-NY) / Vice President Richard M. Nixon (R-CA): 312 EV, 31 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Governor Adlai Stevenson (D-IL) / Senator Lyndon Johnson (D-TX): 170 EV, 12 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senator Richard B. Russell (SR-GA) / Senator Russell Long (SR-LA): 49 EV, 5 states[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 22 - December 8: The Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Ethiopia participates in these games, sending the National Football Team, several participants in athletic events, and its newly formed baseball team. As the Ethiopian Baseball League is a professional league, most of its Olympic players are either high school or university students. The baseball team participates in a set of exhibition matches, loosing to the Japanese and United States teams, but eking out a minor victory against Australia (5-4 in the 11th); the team is almost exclusively composed of African-American immigrants. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In football, East Germany, West Germany, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, India, Indonesia, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Egypt, Thailand, Australia, Japan, Turkey, and Ethiopia participated [16]. The teams were divided into two pots of 7 with 4 from each pot advancing [17]. Ethiopia survives its pot and plays Egypt in the quarterfinals, loosing on penalty kicks in a 2-2 match. Great Britain would go on to win the gold, West Germany the silver, and the Soviet Union the Bronze.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia doesn’t win any medals but wins some prestige by beating Bulgaria in football and Australia in football and baseball. The Soviet Union won the most gold medals, the United States came in second (but won more medals overall).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Algerian opposition to French rule had become particularly acute by 1956, and several massacres and retribution attacks have occurred in the colony (technically administered as part of France) by both sides. However, the French Army is now ready to step its campaign against the National Liberation Front (of Algeria) and break the separatists, but the government remains skeptical and makes only half-hearted commitments to suppressing the revolt. This adds to the instability of the Fourth Republic. Among the French populace, it is readily apparent that the Fourth Republic and the parliamentary politics that accompany it are unsuitable for French needs.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After a week long talk, the Egyptian New Democratic Party, Syrian Ba’ath Party, and Iraqi Ba’ath Party form the Arab Liberation Movement, an international association of Pan-Arab and Arab socialist parties, with the stated goal of forming a single government to unite all Arabs.[/FONT]

1957
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January 1: The European Economic Community is formed as per the Treaty of Rome.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ghana is granted independence from the United Kingdom. Kwame Nkrumah is elected President to much acclamation around the world.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Presidential Succession Amendment (pretty much OTL 25th Amendment) passes both houses of Congress. It moves on to the states for ratification.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Nasser, in a move to try and strengthen Pan-Arab unity (and especially the Arab Liberation Movement), win a propaganda victory, and fund projects to further develop Egypt, nationalizes the Suez Canal. This move sets Britain and France into gear diplomatically; Nasser is cutting a vital link in what remains of the British Empire while he also is funding and training Algerian NLF forces. Egypt has also closed the Straights of Tiran to Israeli shipping and charges exorbitant fees for Israeli ships passing through the canal. Israel, France, and the United Kingdom begin discussing the issue in detail.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Anglo-French-Israeli alliance, represented by United Kingdom Foreign Minister Harold Macmillan, speaks with President Dewey about the upcoming operations against Egypt. Dewey is divided on the issue; on one hand, Nasser is keeping a very close tack towards the Soviets and so far Iraq and Syria had fallen to Arab socialism; on the other hand, keeping Nasser down may make him a bit more compliant or at least less overtly pro-Soviet [18]. Ultimately, Dewey decides that the United States will not take part of operations against Egypt, but will provide the French, British, and Israelis with more diplomatic cover for the operation. However, Dewey wants France and Britain to help him construct a counterweight to the growing Soviet influence in the region.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Over 20,000 Sudanese refugees now live in Ethiopia and their presence is creating much tension with the locals. The Chamber of Delegates takes up the “refugee question,” but a deadlock between the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minster prevents any legal action being taken. Instead, the Minister of the Pen keeps the Sudanese in camps scattered throughout Ethiopia, in part to keep the refugees from rising up as any coherent force. For their part, the refugees are just relieved that they aren’t being hunted down anymore.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 17: Josef Stalin dies of a stroke in Moscow. The Politburo begins discussions over a successor and many begin breathing a little easier now that Josef is six feet under.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Italian Somaliland is granted independence and becomes the Republic of Somalia.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The National Democratic Committee decides that it will require its members to accept the party’s line on civil rights. Some Dixiecrats, like John Sparkman (D-AL) and John C. Stennis (D-MS), finally relent, but a cadre led by Strom Thurmond (SR-SC), Harry Byrd (SR-VA), and Russell Long (SR-LA) remain in opposition to the platform. The national party retaliates by refusing to nominate any candidate that won’t endorse the party’s pro-integration platform. This split wounds the national Democratic Party but helps solidify the party’s left wing. While the Dixiecrats power has been falling at the national level, since they have regularly split the presidential vote, they remain a powerful voice at the state level. Over the next year, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia will loosen their ballot access laws; in Alabama, for example, the only requirement to enter a House election is the collection of 1000 signatures, rather than the 3% of votes previously cast that most require. This loosening of ballot access allows the States Right’s Party to continue to flourish despite being separated from the Democratic Party, particularly in the Deep South.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 10: Georgy Malinkov becomes General Secretary of the CPSU.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 3-11: The Suez Crisis. Operation Lead Casing begins as Israel invades the Sinai, quickly overrunning Egyptian positions. The British and French issue and ultimatum for both the Egyptians and Israelis to withdraw from the canal while the United States proposed international mediation made up of the United States and “interested parties.” Instead, Egypt scuttled the ships in the canal and Britain and France were forced to begin operations. The French Air Force and the Royal Air Force conducted operations against the inferior Egyptian Air Force and succeeded in crippling it. The British and French paratroopers then landed in Sinai and over the course of a week secured the canal.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviet Union, caught in the midst of a transition of power was slow to respond. The first resolution condemning the Sinai Crisis wasn’t until the third day of the crisis, by which point the Egyptians were already in trouble. The United States used procedural rules and concerns over the “severity” and “inequality” of the Soviet resolutions as reasons to keep vetoing UNSC resolutions. Eventually, Georgy Malinkov used a personal appeal to Dewey and Dewey brow beat Eden and Teitgen into accepting the UN Arbitration Council, composed of representatives of the Untied States, United Kingdom, France, Israel, the Soviet Union, Egypt, and Israel to discuss the status of the canal. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]While the Suez Crisis was a tactical success and a domestic success for the United Kingdom, France suffered its most catastrophic political crisis since the Second World War [19]. Georgy Malinkov would not recover from the humiliation of being outmaneuvered by the Anglo-French-Israeli alliance and would spend the next months trying to keep a hold of power before being replaced. In the Arab World, the reaction was anger on par with the creation of Israel. Nasser had been humiliated by colonialists and he used this to whip up the base as Egypt became the vanguard of Arab nationalism.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The French Section of the Worker’s International (SFIO) splits from the French coalition, collapsing the ever-shaky French government and forcing new elections. These new elections produce no clear coalition and, because both the Communists and Gaullists refuse to join the coalition, no ruling coalition can be put together. Because the Popular Republican Movement refuses to consider a coalition with the Gaullists and empowering Charles Du Gaulle and the SFIO refuses to continue to work with the MRP and its bids to hold the French Empire together anymore. The split continues for months without resolution.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The first Soviet advisors come to assist the Vietnamese military. With Stalin dead, the Vietnamese will slowly drift in Moscow’s orbit, as other nation’s have drifted into Washington’s orbit. The non-communists in Vietnam begin fleeing the country [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]en masse[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] as the Communists crackdown on opposition. By this point, anti-communist forces in Vietnam have been thoroughly routed and Diem has fled to neighboring Thailand.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Labor Act of 1956-7 passes the Ethiopian Senate, after being held up for months. The Senate version of the bill places more restrictions on strikes (they require at least five meetings with management and union officials to work out disagreements or two months prior announcement before a strike can be held) and on strikebreaking (the employer can hire strikebreakers, provided they are paid no more than the worker they are replacing). The two bills are sent to committee to hammer out the differences.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a ceremony at Saint Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Alexandria, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Abuna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (Archbishop) Basilios of Axum is anointed Patriarch Catholicos of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church by Coptic Pope Kirillos VI. The Emperor is in attendance at the ceremony.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The process of De-Stalinization begins in the Warsaw Pact. Stalin’s plans for a fully-integrated military fall by the wayside as the individual militaries of the Warsaw Pact will be allowed to survive. Political restrictions on Warsaw Pact countries is lifted, and Eastern Austria is accepted as a member of the Warsaw Pact.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Confederation of Ethiopian Labor Unions forms in preparation for the passage of the Labor Act.[/FONT]

1958
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Imperial Railway Corporation (IRC) is established to manage Ethiopia’s railways, after several months of debate. The IRC manages the Massawa-Addis Ababa railway, the Addis Ababa-Dire Dawa railway, and plans for more lines between Addis Ababa and Awasa and Gondar.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Orthodox Tewahedo Christian Democratic Party is founded by an alliance of African American converts to Ethiopian Orthodoxy, led by Carl Stokes, an African-American immigrant from Ohio. The party draws its inspiration from the Christian Democratic parties of Europe, but is more socially conservative and emphasizes Distributism from which the European Christian Democrats were moving away. The party finds favor with Patriarch Basilios and grows fairly rapidly in Addis Ababa, Debre Birhan, Dire Dawa, and Gondar.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Rail workers form the Railroad Workers Syndicate of Ethiopia, which joins the Confederation of Ethiopian Labor Unions.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After months of gridlock, Chales de Gaulle begins publicly advocating for a new constitution to replace the “decrepit document forged by the communists and socialists,” and urged the creation of semi-presidential system in which the French President may have much greater powers to help foster national unity. The Communists and SFIO both despise the idea, since de Gaulle is the most likely candidate to win office should he run. The campaign only increases factionalism in France.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The UN Arbitration Council finally reaches an agreement with respect to the Suez Crisis. France and the United Kingdom would withdraw from the canal and Nasser would give British and French-flagged vessel preferential rates to pass through the canal. UK and French military vessels would not be subject to tolls to use the canal. Israel would return the Sinai and Egypt would neither impede traffic bound for Israel nor charge it high fees to use the canal. Israel’s passage through the Straits of Tiran would be recognized. Egypt would still be allowed to nationalize the canal. The agreement is the high-water mark for Malinkov’s Secretaryship.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April 17-October 19: Expo ‘58 is held in Brussels, Belgium.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After several months of negotiations, the Labor Act of 1956-8 passes the Joint Committee. The additional aspects of the Senate bill were trimmed down (strikes can only happen after three meetings with management or a one month warning), among some other minor changes. The Emperor approves the document later that day and the International Labor Organization hails the document as “a positive but flawed step forward for workers rights; among the most advanced worker’s rights bills outside of European Africa.”[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June 8 - June 29: The 1958 FIFA World Cup. Sweden won the hosting rights for this years world cup in 1950. Germany and Sweden, the previous winner and host respectively, automatically won seats. FIFA disbursed 9 seats to Europe, 2 to South America, and 1 each to North America, Africa, and Asia. Ethiopia beats Egypt in the qualifier, but looses to Israel again in the Round of 16. The United States manages to survive the Round of 16 again, only to loose to England. France wins the cup, with Brazil in second, and West Germany in third [20].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June 11-22: Central European Uprising of 1958. Students in Budapest take control of a radio station and broadcast demands for increased rights. The brutal crackdown carried out by Hungarian forces fails to silence the rebellion and Slovaks in Czechoslovakia to demand greater rights, inspired by the students, break out in mass protest in Bratislava. The slow reaction by state security forces fails to stem the uprisings. The Soviet Union is forced to step in and militarily crush the rebellion. General Secretary Malinkov’s poor handling of the crisis raises eyebrows everywhere in the Soviet Union and denunciations from the West and Yugoslavia reduce his stature. The Uprising of ‘58, as it is called, will be the lowest point of Malinkov’s Secretaryship, from which he won’t recover.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Oil is discovered in Libya which leads to a boom in development as oil companies scramble to sign contracts.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a meeting between the Syrian, Egyptian, and Iraqi heads of state, the leaders announce the plan to establish a “United Arab Republic,” a federal union between the three countries. A new constitution would be promulgated in 1959 upon the establishment of the new state under guidance of the Arab Liberation Movement. The announcement is met with joy in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and by Pan-Arab movements worldwide. The Kingdoms of Jordan and Libya react fearfully to the new state and the growing Pan-Arab sentiment in their nations.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a major skirmish, Marxist Sudanese forces capture Malakal. This victory puts enormous stress on the Christian/Animist southern Sudanese forces. The refugee crisis gets worse in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a rare open battle, Mau Mau forces and the village they are hiding in are burnt to the ground. The massacre will be a deciding factor in the Mau Mau’s struggle, as it marks the point when public perception finally slipped permanently in favor of the Mau Mau.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A bomb goes off in Paris in an attempt to kill Charles de Gaulle. The General is unscathed and the anarcho-communist forces responsible for the bomb are caught, tried, and executed. The attempt on de Gaulle’s life bolsters his support and de Gaulle calls for new elections to be held. The Popular Republican Movement (MRP) and National Center of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) casts itself with de Gaulle and new elections are called. Unbeknown to the public, Malinkov had the NKVD attempt to kill de Gaulle in an attempt to weaken NATO. While the Soviet link isn’t discovered by the French, the Soviet’s find Malinkov’s attempt suicidal for risking a pointless war with the United States to consolidate his position. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The New Democratic Party begins making motions that it might bolt from the coalition, angry that it’s commodity exchange plans are being sidetracked in favor of the Democratic Socialist and Socialist Labor’s moves towards Yugoslavian socialism. The Emperor talks with the leaders of the New Democratic Party and persuades them to remain in the coalition for another twelve to eighteen months. The Emperor is very concerned about the instability another election could trigger and would prefer this parliament survive for the full five years, or very close to that [21]. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The 1958 French Legislative Election. De Gaulle’s Union for a New Republic (UNR) wins a plurality of the seats in the National Assembly. Together with the CNIP and MRP, de Gaulle forms a super-majority and goes to work writing and implementing a new constitution. The SFIO, Communists, and Radical Party remain in the “anti-Constitution Camp,” although the Left has been damaged by the recent bombing attempt.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After a brief inter-party struggle, Vyacheslav Molotov wrests power from the inept Malinkov and becomes the next General Secretary of the Soviet Union. Malinkov is shipped off to Siberia where he was later executed. Molotov’s promise to return to the hard line and prevent the breakup of the Warsaw Pact as Malinkov risked was taken seriously by the Politburo. Among Molotov’s first acts are to send feelers out to China to heal the Sino-Soviet split and re-institute plans to unify the Warsaw Pact military structure. Taking a page from Dewey, Molotov is also interested in building additional alliances to consolidate the status of the International Worker’s Revolution.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 4: United States Congressional Election.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]House of Representatives[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republicans: 208 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democrats: 194 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]States Right’s: 33 seats[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senate[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republicans: 43 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democrats: 45 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]States Right’s: 10 seats[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]During the Congressional elections, the States’ Rights Party manages to win 30-80% of the seats of each of the states in the South, with a total number of Representatives of 33. The House is a majority Republican but because of the Dixiecrats there is no clear majority. After some talks between the Democrats and Republicans, Charles Halleck becomes Speaker while the Democrats control some key House Committees.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Harry Byrd (SR-VA) survived the election, but the Dixiecrat split gave Florida to the Republicans (Leyland Heisner wins). The Republicans held onto their seats in the Northeast and Midwest, while loosing seats in the West [22]. The 1958 Congressional election marks the beginning of Sixth Party system, with the New Deal Coalition shattered.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Malaysia is declared independent.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Total US aid since World War II to Ethiopia tops[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]$300[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]million this year. Shewa is extensively electrified, and parts of Kaffa, Begmender, Gojjam, and Bale and moderately electrified as well. Dozens of dams are providing power for the major cities of Gondar, Awasa, Asmara/Massawa, Addis Ababa, and Nazaret. The IRC’s lines to Gondar and Awasa are being built on schedule, to be completed by 1964. In Ethiopia, new infrastructure abounds.[/FONT]

1958
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January 1: Egypt, Syria, and Iraq form the United Arab Republic [23]. The Administrative and Executive capitals are in Cairo, while the Legislative capital is in Damascus, and the Judicial capital is in Baghdad. The unification of these countries raises tensions throughout the region as the new nation is the major regional power. Unlike OTL, the UAR is not a one-party state although collusion between the Ba’athists and New Democratic Party are high.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a speech before the UN General Assembly, Emperor Haile Selassie appeals to the United Nations to intervene in Sudan, where “... a massacre of historic proportions is being perpetrated by the Sudanese Socialist Front, which masquerades as a government. We must work together to prevent genocide and mass murder.” While the United States, France, and Great Britain are amicable to a resolution intervening in the civil war, the Soviet Union is not. The Emperor is forced to leave empty-handed.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia and Israel hold another round of war games. The Ethiopian Air Force is hopelessly outclassed, but the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and Ethiopian Army perform well, all things considered. Israeli-Ethiopian defense cooperation increases as Israel begins supplementing the United States advisors to the Ethiopian Army. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Furthermore, Israel provides experience with modifying and improving second-hand United States equipment, a skill set that Ethiopia has only recently began developing.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The British decolonize Cyprus.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In accordance with the 1958 referendum, Alaska and Hawaii are accepted as the 49th and 50th states, respectively.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]King Baudouin of Belgium announces the intention of Belgium to grant Belgian Congo independence within the next 5 years.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]As the independence of British Somaliland has gained traction among the populace, the British abandon British Somaliland. Five days later it is peacefully annexed into Somalia, as jubilant celebrations are held in the streets.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a bloodless coup, the civilian government of Somalia is overthrown by NKVD agents and a cadre of military officers takes charge. The officer’s coup is not readily accepted by the population, but after the Soviet Union pledges aid in the form of grain, petrol, and weapons to the fledgling republic the general population finds itself amenable to the new government. The first two dozen Soviet T-55s, BTR-50s, and MiG-17s arrive by the end of the year, with more promised in the following years.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mongolia joins Comecon.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Republican-dominated Congress passes a comprehensive civil rights bill with Democratic support in the face of a Dixiecrat attempts at a filibuster. This bill is similar in scope to the 1964 Civil Rights Act IOTL, with some minor differences. The analogue to Title II is weaker (discrimination in the dispensation of services by private organizations), but Title I is stronger (bans the poll tax in federal elections outright and bans the use of grandfather provisions for literacy tests for voter qualification), Title III is stronger, as is Title IV. On the other hand, aptitude tests remain perfectly legal within the law, insofar as they are not constructed so as to disadvantage any particular group and focus on the requirements of the job. Also, the analogue to Title VII is much different; because of fears that the outright il-legalization of discrimination by private employers would overstep constitutional limits on government power, the Goldwater faction successfully blocks a stronger Title-VII analogue, much to President Dewey’s dismay. Still, President Dewey signs the bill in a highly publicized event and he will rightly regard the Civil Rights Act of 1959 as the crowning domestic achievement of his presidency.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In the South, opposition to the Civil Rights Act is strong and many see it as a flagrant abuse of federal authority. The States Right’s Party will see a surge of support following the bill’s passage, as Klan membership spikes and a general “boycott” of northern fads takes place in the South. Riots break out in Atlanta, Baton Rouge, Mobile, and Jackson which necessitate the use of the National Guard to suppress. Football and Baseball both decline in popularity, leaving a vacuum that other sports begin to fill.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]France declares French Guinea independent.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]South Africa, following a referendum, becomes a republic as the British Commonwealth continues to put increasing pressure on the country on account of its apartheid policies. The move is met with condemnation from the United Kingdom and much of the international community as South Africa starts voluntarily choosing isolation.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Georgia becomes the 38th state to ratify the 23rd Amendment to the US Constitution, thus adding the amendment to the Constitution.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In reaction to the public Soviet arming of Somalia, the United States and Ethiopia conclude a new defense agreement. 42 North American F-86 Sabres are transfered to Ethiopia, along with a number of new American M48 Patton tanks. The P-47s are transfered into a close-in air support role. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States puts Pioneer I into orbit, the world’s first artificial satellite. The satellite’s goal is simply to help with international communications, but it has greater repercussions. Molotov, who regard a civilian space program a subsidiary to the Soviet military rocket program, pushes for the creation of a Soviet Space Agency with the task of beating the American’s unfocused program. Sergey Korolev is put in charge of the program and plans to put a satellite in orbit by this time next year.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia hosts talks between Emperor Haile Selassie, King Idris of Lybia, and King Hussein of Jordan, along with United States Secretary of State Christian Herter focus on the creation of a mutual defense organization in the mold of NATO and SEATO to provide defense for the member states, particularly as the Soviet Union is showing increased interest and interference in Sudan, the United Arab Republic, and Somalia.[/FONT]

1960
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Statistics, 1960:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Population: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]28.24 million[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Immigrants/Descendants of Immigrants: 360 thousand (1.27%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]150,000 African Americans[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]100,000 Rastifarians[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]60,000 Jewish (non-Bete Israel)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]50,000 Others[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Urban Population: 3.32 million (12.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Rural Population: 24.35 million (87.2%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP: US$ 16.29 billion[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Annualized Growth Rate: 6.5%[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]GDP PC: US$ 576[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana spoke before the United Nations. In his speech, he calls for an organization “that can unite Africans as never before. To free ourselves from the dual oppression of colonialism and capitalism, we must throw off the ties to foreign oppressors and build a single, united Africa.” Nkrumah condemns the French intervention in Algeria by name and condemns in general “the use of so-called ‘mutual defense agreements’ which will only further divide Africa. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Divida et impera[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] was the strategy of the British, and I can see all to clearly that it is being used again by others.” Nkrumah’s speech bolsters Pan-Africanists and students across the continent, while the political elites cringe.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February 18-28: The 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, USA. Ethiopia doesn’t participate. The Soviet Union, Norway, and the United States win the most medals (in descending order).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After meeting with representatives of the French colonies, President de Gaulle announces that France will grant her African colonies independence next year. This excludes Algeria, which is constitutionally a part of France. The various French bodies associated with running the colonies prepare for their upcoming independence on January 1, 1961.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the UN remaining intransigent on the Sudanese Crisis, the Emperor offers to mediate the conflict for both sides. While the slowly crumbling South Sudanese forces will welcome mediation, the Marxist forces in the North rebuff any attempt to interfere in the conflict.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The FDA approves the first birth control pill, a major contributor to later social upheavals.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party, dominating Ghana’s political establishment, passes the Detention Act, which let’s the government detain anyone “threatening the stability of the state,” for a period of up to 5 years without a trial. The Act is the first in a series of laws which will consolidate the CPP’s rule in Ghana.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviet Union launches its first satellite, Sputnik I.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Mau Mau launch an attack on British forces near Nairobi. The attack is a failure and the British counterattack. The Mau Mau position was also populated by women and children, some of whom died in the assault. This will be the straw that break’s the British will in East Africa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States establishes the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) to manage its manned an unmanned civilian space program. NASA will open facilities in Texas, Florida, California, and Ohio.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Prime Minister MacMillan announces that the British are withdrawing from Kenya by 1963.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Sierra Leone is declared independent.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]West Austria is accepted into NATO.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]President Dewey, meeting with President de Gaulle, Prime Minister Harold MacMillan, and Emperor Haile Selassie I in Paris to sign the Treaty Establishing the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). Modeled after SEATO and NATO, CENTO will be a means of trying to curtail Communist aggression in Africa and the Middle East. Libya, Turkey, Jordan, and Persia all express interest in the organization while it is simultaneously decried by the United Arab Republic, Somalia, and the Soviet Union.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]While the ink was still wet on the CENTO treaty, the four nations agreed to declare the American parts of the port of Masawa a “CENTO facility”, along with nearby Arnold AFB. The [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]USS Shangri-la[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] makes a port of call visit to Masawa in an attempt to smooth rising tensions in the region and underscore the US commitment to CENTO, in light of Somalian and Sudanese denunciations.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 11-15: Democratic National Convention. The 1960 primary season left the Democratic field wide open. Without the Dixiecrats influencing the primaries, the Democratic Party shifts noticeably leftward. Senator Hubert Humphrey and Governor Robert Meyner of New Jersey were the top contenders during the primary season, with Lyndon Johnson a distant third [24]. After two rounds of ballots, Hubert Humphrey is the nominee for the party. He selects the popular young New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy as his running mate.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July 25-28: Republican National Convention. Vice President Richard Milhous Nixon wins the nomination handily; with the country doing well economically, the Democrats in disarray from the Dixiecrat-Democrat split, and the Soviets also recovering from Malinkov’s Secretaryship, chants of “4 more years!” are deafening in Chicago. Nixon selects Neil McElroy of Ohio as his running mate.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 1-5: States Rights’ Party National Convention. The small splinter colony of the Democratic party holds its national convention in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Party selects Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia as its Presidential nominee and Governor John M. Patterson of Alabama as its vice presidential nominee.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August 25-September 11: The 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Ethiopia participates in this year’s games and it is the first games where Morocco, Tunisia, and East Austria participate. Ethiopia participates in several marathon events, shooting events, and football. In an embarrassing loss, the Ethiopian football team is beaten by the United Arab Republic in the qualifying rounds. Still, Ethiopia wins silver in the marathon, its first placing at the Olympics. The Soviet Union wins the most medals, followed by the United States, and then Italy.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviet Union puts the first animal in space, a dog. Unfortunately, the dog does not survive the return to Earth. However, the feat ignites the space race in the United States.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]China begins researching ICBMs and begins its own nuclear weapons program.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Fighting breaks out between pro-colonial, communist, and nationalist groups in Belgian Congo. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Nigeria is granted independence.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September 5-7: Based on the 1955 Constitution, elections for the Chamber of Delegates must be held every 5 years, or sooner if the government collapses. In accordance with the constitution, the remarkably stable coalition stands for election. The Orthodox Tewahedo Christian Democratic Party joins the myriad of other parties in the election. After several days of balloting, the Royal Election Observers count the results in Addis Ababa.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September 20: The election results are released to the public. The “National” parties made their greatest joint victory to date, capturing 277 seats in the Chamber of Delegates and allegations of vote tampering by independent observers will mar the result. However, the entry of the Christian Democratic Party only further fragmented the vote, and the independents fell dramatically as a total portion of seats. With the independence of Somalia, the Somali People’s Party and their “pro-Somalia” ([/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]de facto[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] pro-independence) line helped consolidate and subsume a number of minor Somali and Muslim Parties, giving them a disproportionate percentage of the vote. The better funding and tactics of the organized non-ethnic parties contributed greatly to their victory in the Chamber of Delegates, although the ethnic parties retained a similar percentage of seats from the last election. Instead, the ethnic parties were undergoing their own consolidation into 4 major branches, based on ethnicity. This trend worried international observers, “... for it is dangerous to let 1/3 of any democratically elected chamber be dominated by ethnic factionalism.” [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September 20-October 4: After two weeks of debate, a new coalition was formed. The Royalists entered into a coalition with the Socialist Labour Party, Democratic Socialist Party, New Democratic Party, Federation of Eritrean Unionists, and a smattering of independents. The Liberals, unceremoniously booted out of the coalition, became fairly angry at the new coalition, joined by the Republican and Christian Democratic Party. Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes continued as prime minister, although his cabinet was shuffled around somewhat. Yona Bogale retired to the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]New Hatzerim [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kibbutzim in Begemender and Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin of Socialist Labor replaced him. Aman Mikael Andom of the FEU took over the Ministry of Agriculture and Water, while Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam (the famed hero from the Second Italo-Abyssinian War) of the Democratic Socialist Party took over the Ministry of Transportation and Electricity. Paul Robeson continued to manage foreign affairs despite how his pro-USSR stance which clashed with Minister Yilma Deressa. Uri Avnery continued as Deputy Prime Minister, although he was increasingly vocal about the big tent Royalist domination of the Chamber of Delegates. The Emperor did not do much to shuffle his personally controlled seats, except remove Mengistu Neway and appointed Imru Haile Selassie, the popular war hero and cousin of the Emperor, as Minister of War. Mengistu Neway was put back as the Chief of Staff of the Ethiopian Army to oversee the military’s continued modernization.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chamber of Delegates (500 seats)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]R-SL-DS-ND-FEU Coalition (254, 50.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalists: 81 (16.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Socialist Labour Party: 53 (10.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democratic Socialist Party: 43 (8.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]New Democratic Party: 30 (6.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Federation of Eritrean Unionists: 12 (2.4%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Coalition Independents: 9 (1.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Opposition (246, 49.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Liberal Party: 14 (2.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republican Party: 15 (2.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Christian Democratic Party: 19 (3.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Eritrean Autonomy Council: 10 (2.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Somali People’s Party: 37 (7.4%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Oromo Movement: 68 (13.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]United Amhara List: 52 (10.4%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tigray People’s Protection Party: 21 (4.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Other Ethnic Parties: 14 (2.8%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents: 22 (4.6%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Seat Breakdown[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Non-Ethnic Parties (including Eritrean Parties): 277 (55.4%, +78)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethnic Parties: 192 (38.4%, +32)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents: 31 (6.2%, -110)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senate (140 common seats, 215 [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint & Menkawint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] seats)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint & Menkawint Seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Conservatives - 161 (46.7%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Liberals - 43 (12.5%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents - 11 (3.1%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Common Seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalists - 49 (14.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democratic Socialist Party - 9 (2.6%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Socialist Labour Party - 7 (2.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Christian Democrat - 7 (2.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]New Democratic Party - 1 (0.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Federation of Eritrean Unionists - 5 (1.5%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Eritrean Autonomy Council - 3 (0.9%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republican Party - 1 (0.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Liberal Party - 1 (0.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Independents - 11 (3.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tigray People’s Party - 8 (2.3%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]United Amhara List - 7 (2.0%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Oromo Movement - 11 (3.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Somali People’s Party - 4 (1.2%)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Other Ethnic Parties - 19 (5.5%)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes Second Ministry[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Prime Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes (Royalist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Prime Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Uri Avnery (Socialist Labor)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Minister of War:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tafari Beni (New Democrat)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Foreign Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Paul Robeson (Socialist Labor)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Deputy Finance Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Malcolm Earl (Democratic Socialist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Agriculture and Water:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Aman Mikael Andom (Federation of Eritrean Unionists)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Justice: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Basha[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] James L. Farmer, Jr. (Democratic Socialist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Transportation and Electricity:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam (Democratic Socialist-[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalist[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif])[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ministry of Education: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin (Socialist Labor)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Appointed Directly by the Emperor[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Finance Minister:[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Makonnen Habte-Wold (Royalist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Foreign Minister: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Yilma Deressa (Royalist)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Minister of War: [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Imru Haile Selassie (Democratic Socialist-[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Royalist-[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Christian Democrat[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif])[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Tsehafi Tezaz (Minister of the Pen):[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Aklilu Habte-Wold (Royalist)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviet Union recognizes the People’s State of Sudan (also known as North Sudan) as the legitimate government of Sudan. This move draws condemnation from France, the United Kingdom, and the United States although the UNSC is powerless to stop it. The People’s State will publicly receive arms and supplies from the USSR. The southern forces begin to falter.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the rainy season ending, the People’s State launches an offensive against the southern rebels, centered on Benitu. Running low on ammunition and fuel, the southern rebels retreat and the city falls to the Marxists forces, the worst defeat for the rebels in the war.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Leaders of Persia, the UAE, the UAR, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela meet and discuss the formation of an organization to help oil-exporting countries maintain leverage over the market. The nations sign an agreement forming the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]France detonates its first atomic bomb in Algeria, amidst UAR condemnation, becoming the world’s fourth nuclear power.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With Communist Chinese assistance, the Kingdom of Laos falls and the new Laotian People’s Democratic Republic is installed in its place. The new government adopts a Maoist position.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 8: The United States Presidential Election. In a heated race, Richard Nixon wins the election by a comfortable margin. As expected, the States Rights’ Party won a few dozen electoral votes in the South and had little effect elsewhere. Humphrey’s campaign managed to consolidate its hold on the upper Midwest and broke through into New England, but was unable to defeat Nixon in the country at large. The optimism of the late 1950s carried Nixon through to victory, despite several gaffes.[/FONT]

[MAP]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Vice President Richard M. Nixon (R-OH) / Secretary of Defense Neil McElroy (R-OH): 281 EV, 30 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senator Hubert Humphrey (DFL-MN) / Representative Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY): 211 EV, 15 states[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senator Harry Byrd (SR-VA) / Governor John M. Patterson (SR-AL): 45 EV, 5 states[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November 8: United States Congressional Election. The Republicans win a plurality of the House and the Senate, but thanks to the intransigent States’ Right’s Party their plurality does not translate into an effective legislative majority. While the Republicans win the Senate Majority Leadership and Speakership, the Democrats continue to extract concessions from the Republicans, specifically control of various committees.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]House Seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republicans: 201 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democrats: 199 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]States Right’s: 37 seats[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senate[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republicans: 45 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democrats: 42 seats[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]States Right’s: 10 seats[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In CENTOs first round of expansion, the Kingdom of Jordan, the Kingdom of Libya, and Turkey are accepted into the organization.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]World population breaks 3 billion for the first time in history.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Basic literacy in Ethiopia breaks 90% for the first time in history, a testament to the effectiveness of the Kibbutzim and investments in basic education in Ethiopia years earlier. However, the announcement is also met with anger, since the focus of the literacy efforts has been almost exclusively in Amharic.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia is the United States biggest trade partner in Africa; exports to the United States (mostly coffee) exceed 3% of the value of the US trade with Canada (the United States’ largest trading partner) this year. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Kibbutzim movement has had many successes and more failures in the last 10 years. Over 5000 Kibbutzim were incorporated over the last decade, but only about 1000 of those survived with most of the other 4000 folding after a few years. However, those surviving Kibbutzim have greatly changed the nature of the Ethiopian economy. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]About 70 or so are traditional Jewish Kibbutzim (complete with the communal education and lifestyle) and serve as a minor magnet for Jewish immigration; they total approximately 2100 square kilometers (210,000 hectares) granted by the Ethiopian government, mostly in Shewa and Arsi (Awash [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wenz[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] (River)), Begmender (Blue Nile River), and Bale (Wabe Gestro [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wenz[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]). These Kibbutzim form the center of immigrant Jewish life and culture in Ethiopia and are centers of major economic growth. While most of these Kibbutzim aren’t interested in letting outsiders join their communities, the Kibbutzim in Begmender have let members of the Bete Israel community join and the Jewish Kibbutzim movement has begun to capture the popular imagination.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Another 150 are dominated by African American immigrants and fall into two categories: the communal Kibbutzim (45%) and the cooperative Kibbutzim (55%), totaling about 4500 square kilometers (450,000 hectares). The former are built around the Jewish model while the later are constructed as joint-stock company. Disproportionately run by share-croppers, these African American Kibbutzim have been mostly successful while the unsuccessful Kibbutzim have been absorbed by the successful ones. The African American Kibbutzim are found in Shewa, Arsi, Begmender, and Bale, as well as the Tigray and Wello provinces (along the Awash [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wenz[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]). The African American Kibbutzim have also begun to branch out into other fields, such as textiles, furniture, brewing, and farm machinery. Unlike the Jewish Kibbutzim, the African American Kibbutzim have been very welcoming of natives which has helped fuel their tremendous growth; in fact only 200,000 hectares have been given to these Kibbutzim by the government; most of the remainder of their growth has been through others joining or buying out failing native Kibbutzim.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The remaining 800 or so Kibbutzim are much smaller and are run by native Ethiopians, totaling 4000 square kilometers (averaging 500 hectares per Kibbutz). They are not as financially successful as the Jewish or African American Kibbutzim, but have allowed native Ethiopians to pool their resources together, secure necessary loans from banks, and develop specialized skills that normal substance farmers couldn’t. These communities are most prevalent in the Illubabor, Kaffa, Sidamo, and Gojjam provinces. Most of these Kibbutz have begun drifting away from merely growing food for survival and begun to grow cash crops as well.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Kibbutzim use about 0.8% of Ethiopia’s available land (or about 5% of its cultivated land), but are responsible for nearly 30% of its agricultural exports; while coffee is the dominate export, pulses, oilseeds, and citrus have begun to also be exported in large numbers. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Dry farming techniques, brought by American and Israeli aid workers and visiting lecturers have helped improve the output of the Kibbutz while the steady process of damming Ethiopia's numerous rivers has stabilized the water available for agriculture. The Kibbutz also make their impact felt in textiles, where they account for 20% of the nation's textile production. [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]
[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]While the Kibbutzim have been mostly successful, many have folded and languished. The poor soil in the highlands requires careful cultivation which most Kibbutzim were unable to master or failed to acquire the appropriate fertilizers to make the land bloom. Still, the movement is now firmly entrenched in Ethiopian culture and is only becoming more prominent, to the chagrin of the conservative nobility (who still own vast tracks of land and compete economically).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]=============[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][A]-I couldn’t find the name of a real unionist, so he’s a stand in[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]- The Minister of the Pen has evolved into a Minister without portfolio [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]de facto[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. Practically, the Minister of the Pen handles much of the day to day running of the government while the Prime Minster focuses more on the keeping of the coalition and passing of the necessary laws. That’s not to say that the Prime Minister doesn’t exercise executive power, but it’s over more “big ticket items” instead.[/FONT]



[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][1]- Both Israel and Ethiopia, while very friendly with each other (arguably counts as a “special friendship,” despite the problems with that term) don’t want to feel obliged to step into regional spats. There’s still plenty of distance between both nations that makes a mutual defense agreement unpalatable.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][2]- Nixon is not in favor of deploying soldiers, but furnished South Vietnam with supplies and advisors. He wants to keep the Reds bottled up in Indochina so that the US can turn its attention to bolstering its agreements like SEATO and NATO, as well as morphing the OAS into a stronger organization. Naturally, SEATO and the OAS will be much more subordinate to US interests than NATO ever could be in Nixon’s vision.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][3]- Dewey is in part backing the plan because he views Ethiopia as another bulwark against Soviet incursions in the Middle East and North Africa (increasingly important regions strategically). Also, Massawa is strategically positioned to support further operations both in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf. Basically, he's building up Ethiopia to be the United States' Bahrain ITTL, taking his anti-communist collective security tack fairly seriously.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][4]- The Emperor is taking advantage of the conservative nature of the Senate and stuffing it with Royalist Party members in an attempt to appease the nobility and make it clear that while the commoners will have a voice and some control over the government, he is unprepared to hand over complete control of the government to the people. Kind of like the liberal rulers in the Muslim World IOTL.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][5]- The “Liberal” and “Conservative” labels aren’t party affiliations (since the nobles’ seats are non-partisan), but general voting identification assigned later.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][6]- Percentages are given as a portion of the entire Senate body.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][7]- The Emperor views the first election as an experiment to see how much power he can really give the legislature. The immigrant parties are dominated by young leaders (Uri Avnery, Malcolm Earl, James L. Farmer Jr., Mengitsu Neway) and he doesn't exactly trust their competence. Not every progressive can be [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Leul Ras[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] Imru Haile Selassie.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][8]- The fairly strong presence of large, organized, non-tribal parties is in part due to the increase in literacy among the general population since 1945, and especially since 1950, as well as the small but economically potent immigrant population. However, they are at best a plurality and most of the independents tend fall in line with ethnic parties even if they aren’t members.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][9]- This list is not comprehensive, nor is it reflecting [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]all[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] the horse trading going on to form the first government. Just some of the trading.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][10]- Tafari is one of the members of the Derg IOTL who instead is pleased with the course the regime is trying to map. He's been roped into government in a bureaucratic capacity and has seen the immense difficultly in trying to modernize the country first hand. Serving in the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] during the Second World War, he was among those who liberated the concentration camps as well. Ultimately, he is decidedly pro-Emperor, seeing Haile Selassie as the middle road between disorder and autocracy. He became a New Democrat after studying FDR's presidency and accomplishments.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][11]- Malcolm Earl was born Malcolm Little in 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska and was later known as Malcolm X IOTL. After the police almost arrested him for larceny (they ended up arresting another man for the deed) in 1946 he fled to Ethiopia with the first wave of African American immigrants. Upon seeing the poverty that wracked much of the country, he chose to go to the United Kingdom via the Ethiopian Foreign Office in 1949 and devoted himself to his studies to help his new home. After earning his doctorate in Economics in 1954 from Cambridge he returned home, deeply influenced by the work of John Maynard Keynes. He returned to Ethiopia, converted to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and legally changed his name to follow the Amharic convention. He become involved in the Democratic Socialist Party and, because of his educational background, was a natural fit for the Deputy Minister of Finance.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][12]- Aragaw Bedaso is the singer; his life has taken a different course ITTL. He also leads a coalition of pro-democracy nominally Christian Democratic independents with about 29 members (the largest independent bloc), so that is why he has his seat.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][13]- Yona Bogale is an Ethiopian Jew who was extremely well educated and served as Minister of Education for a period during his life. He stands as a rally point for the Bete Israel and Jewish Immigrant community and as a symbol for these groups.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][14]- Mengistu Neway and his brother led the 1960 coup attempt IOTL. As he was a reformer at heart and is now getting his reforms, he throws his lot behind the Emperor. He still was a high-ranking member of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Kebur Zabagna[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and retired to enter politics. Since he's publicly very much in favor of the Emperor, he can be classified as a Royalist-Liberal. It also raises the esteem of the Liberal Party greatly to have a member placed in such a high position.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][15]- Kefauver's performance in the 1952 election has soured the party's opinion of him and he is crushed under Stevenson.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][16]- Stalin had the idea of the United German Team nixed, so both are participating separately.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][17]- For a more complete breakdown, here’s how things shake out:[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Pot 1:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]East Germany[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Yugoslavia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Soviet Union[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Egypt[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]India[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Thailand[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Japan[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Pot 2:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]West Germany[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Great Britain[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Australia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Indonesia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Bulgaria[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][18]- Nasser is more devoted to Pan-Arabism and thus is willing to work with Russia more than the West. This has Dewey worried, because it impedes the development of an anti-communist bloc in the region.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][19]- Without a Hungarian uprising, opposition to the war was more muted in Britain.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][20]- For a more complete breakdown of the World Cup, here’s the teams that qualified from each group:[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Host & Previous Winner - 2[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Sweden, West Germany[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Europe - 9 seats total[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]France, England, Wales, Scotland, Netherlands, Italy, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Spain, [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Portugal, Switzerland, Turkey, Greece, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia (withdrawn), Hungary (withdrawn), Bulgaria, Romania, East Austria, West Austria, Ireland[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]NAFC - 1[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]USA, [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mexico, Canada, Costa Rica, Dutch Antilles, Haiti[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]South America - 2[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Brazil, Argentina, [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Asia - 1[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Israel, [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]South Korea, Japan, Indonesia[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]
Africa -1 [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ethiopia, [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Ghana[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][21]- After watching what happened to France in the aftermath of the Second World War and the prodigious number of parties that flourished, the Emperor is afraid of another gridlock if elections are held. Considering the very large number of parties already in the legislature, the likelihood that gridlock will ensue is pretty high. More time means the Emperor can read the popular currents better and try to influence the elections a little bit.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][22]- With Dewey more-or-less winning control of the party in 1952, the Republican Party is more centrist than the party under Taft. And with the New Deal Coalition shattered, the Democrats are still putting the pieces back together, which has cost them seats in the Senate over the last few elections. The Northeast at the tail end of the 1960s is heavily Republican as is the eastern Midwest, although the party has been drifting rightwards over the last half-decade in response to Stalin’s encroachment.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][23]- Because of the US interest in the Horn of Africa, Nasser tilted more pro-USSR than IOTL. Because of this, he’s found Ba’athism more amenable and constructs a more stable power-sharing arrangement and gives Syrians and Iraqis major positions in government. Of course, Nasser sits at the helm.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][24]- With a PoD after 1941, JFK died in the Pacific after a kamikaze hit the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Essex[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] in Leyte Gulf.[/FONT]

 

[Hunam]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chaos and Conflict, 1961-1970 (Part 1)
[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]1961[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In response to droughts in Southeast Asia, the United Nations forms the World Food Program.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway express interest in joining the European Economic Community, the European Coal and Steel Community, and Euratom. Germany express public reservations, while De Gaulle pushes for UK membership (he is less enthusiastic about Denmark, Ireland, and Norway). Negotiations between the three communities and the four applicants begins.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In another attempt to mediate the ongoing civil war in Sudan, Emperor Haile Selassie offers to mediate for both sides and “equitably divide a country which, for all intents and purposes, has ceased to exist.” The Christian/Animist forces, divided as they are, are willing to discuss the division of Sudan, while the Arab dominated north will have none of it. The refugee situation in Ethiopia is problematic, with 80,000 displaced persons living in the country and encouraging regional strife, especially in the southern provinces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]To help solidify Socialist Labor and the Democratic Socialist Party in the governing coalition, the (Ethiopian) National Petroleum Company is founded and oil importation and exploitation in Ethiopia is nationalized. The [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] grumble but Ethiopia's general lack of oil resources makes the issue a minor one. The NPC takes over the few refining facilities in Eritrea.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The African National Congress begins launching protests against Apartheid, which leads to a massacre in Johannesburg, killing over 50 protesters. Protests spread outside of Transvaal and the government declares a state of emergency, detaining thousands of anti-Apartheid activists.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In the US, the Republican-dominated legislature quashes a proposed amendment that would give the District of Columbia 3 electoral votes in presidential elections.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In keeping with its announcement in 1959, Belgium grants Congo its independence, although the result is discordant. Belgium was keenly focused on maintaining hegemony over the mineral rich southern portions of the Congo, so Belgian colonial officials spent much of the past two years stirring up ethnic divisions inside Africa's largest colony (technically, Algeria is a part of Metropolitan France); the Luba peoples (who dominate the southern stretches of the Congo) are increasingly agitated over the threat that Leopoldville may present to their economic station. Further complicating the situation is the use of large multi-member districts for representation (built into the Constitution by the Belgians) with very low requirements for earning a seat. The first parliamentary elections in April of 1961; the Congolese National Movement (CNM) and the African Solidarity Party (ASP), the two main unionist parties, only captured 30% of the vote. Various regionalist and ethnic parties captured the rest, most with as few as three seats in the 500 member Chamber of Representatives. No stable coalition is formed and a second round of elections are called.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States successfully places a man into sub-orbit as part of Project Hermes. This lights a fire under the Molotov regime, which until now viewed the space program as a subsidiary of its ICBM program. The top secret project has the stated goal of reaching the moon by 1969, something Sergei Korolev believes that the Soviet Union can achieve.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Evaluating the situation in the Middle East and North Africa the United Kingdom delays the decolonization of Kuwait, citing concerns about “regional stability and the foundations of Kuwaiti self-government.” The announcement is used to buy time to bring Kuwait into CENTO as a check against UAR expansion and Pan-Arab sympathies. However, Turkey expresses some concerns over Kuwait's possible CENTO membership, particularly Iraq's feelings towards Kuwait (or the Iraqi 19th province, depending on one's point-of-view). The British begin focusing on developing Kuwait's military capacity in an attempt to appease Turkey and build the military as a bulwark against Pan-Arabism.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A magnitude 6.7 earthquake strikes Majete, causing damage to the Addis Ababa railway, killing several thousand, leveling most of Majete and damaging most of the structures in Karakore. Aid to the area is slow and hampered by bureaucratic infighting between the federal and local governments, along with noticeable graft of aid money by the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif].[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]A military coup in South Korea topples the civilian government in response to growing leftist activism and political chaos, led by Park Chung-hee. The new junta promises elections within the next two years, in response to pressure from international political organs.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Fulgencio Batista's regime comes under fire as the low-key guerrilla war that has been raging since the early 1950s explodes. Soviet arms, delivered via intermediaries in Latin America, arrive in the hands of Camilo Ceinfuegos Gorrlaran's People's Revolutionary Guard. Batista's heavy-handed rule has made it notorious in its cruelty. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]By 1961, the Cuban people are tierd or Batista and readily join the revolution. Batista, propped up by the American government and business interests, continues to fight against the steadily advancing PRG forces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The second round of Congolese elections are held, but again the ASP and CNM only capture a pluarlity of the vote at 37%. The Luba parties refuse to cacus with either the ASP or CNM until they can extract concessions over the south's rich mineral reserves. Talks continue to stall for months and a third round of elections is put together.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The culmination of talks between the United States and Ethiopia over the past few years, the Ethiopian Navy receives the decommissioned [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]USS Tinsman[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]. The World War II-era destroyer escort undergoes modernization in Massawa under the Ethiopian Defense Corporation's naval subsidiary. The ships sensor suite is upgraded with “loaned” systems from the United States, the torpedo tubes replaced, and the ships AA suite is upgraded. The conversion process takes nearly two years (and numerous overruns during that time; the original project was only supposed to take 6 months), after which the newly christened [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]HMES Ethiopia [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]became the Navy's flagship. The destroyer is the first step in the Royal (Ethiopian) Navy's plans to project power into the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In keeping with her promises, France begins the process of decolonizing most of Africa. Cameroon is decolonized this month, joined shortly by Senegal, Togo, Mali, Madagascar, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Gabon, Chad, and the Congo Republic. Algeria, however, remains an “integral” part of France and De Gaulle makes no public indication that he will back down from his commitments, although privately he's questioning the efficacy of trying to hold onto Algeria. The SFIO continues to call for complete decolonization [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In a speech before the United Nations, Kwame Nkrumah again calls for the creation of a Pan-African Union “... as Africa lifts the shackles of slavery and colonialism off and walks into a brighter, African Century.” Leaders of the various decolonized states express interest in the organization and a meeting is scheduled in Accra for 1963.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Ethiopian Premier League expands the number of berths this year from 5 to 9, bringing a number of clubs up. Still, the Army Team, Saint George FC, and Mechale make up the top “subdivsion” of the league.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States successfully returns a beagle named Lucky from Low Earth Orbit.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Portuguese Empire, inspired by the successful resolution of the Suez Crisis and the French counter-insurgency in Algeria, begins striking back at revolting Marxist groups in Angola proper, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). The Portuguese campaign is characterized by a level of brutality unseen in previous colonial wars, in part spurred by the instability of the Estodo Novo regime and their need to hold onto the colonial empire as part of their legitimacy. In Mozambique, the Mozambique Marxist Liberation Front (FLMM) was launched by natives to liberate Mozambique and saw initial success in the highlands. Via Somalia, which cared little for international opinion and could count on Soviet cover in the UNSC, the Soviets and UAR sent arms to the rebels. Several hundred Portuguese settlers will die in the first year of the conflict, along with several thousand natives.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes' government creates the “Disaster Response Agency” in the aftermath of the Majete Earthquake. The federal agency, under the direction of Ministry of Agriculture and War, is tasked with coordinating disaster relief efforts, similar to the US' FEMA. Several members of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]who weren't clever enough to cover up their graft are tried and imprisoned by the Emperor in very public trials. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The ruling coalition, dominated by Socialist Labour and the Democratic Socialists and looking at the aftermath of the Majete Earthquake, take up the issue of civil service reform. Unfortunately, there is significant opposition to such reform from the bureaucracy (who is dominated by the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekwanint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and the steadily growing commoner upper-middle class) who prefer to maintain their nepotism and graft.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Soviet Union detonates the Tsar Bomba, the largest uncontrolled nuclear fusion test in history at over 50 megatons of TNT equivalent. The air burst produces a nearly magnitude 5 earthquake. In the same week, a mongrel named Laika successfully reaches Low Earth Orbit, sent by the Soviet Space Program. Unlike her American counterpart, Laika doesn't return to Earth alive.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]After several months of civil war, Batista flees Cuba for Portugal. Gorrlaran's People's Revolutionary Guard announce the creation of a communist state, which isolates any support they may have received from the Nixon administration. Gorrlaran himself is not as hard-line a communist as the long-dead Che or Castro brothers, but he still dismantles and nationalizes a significant portion of Cuba's privately held land and businesses.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Ground is broken for several small universities in Gondar, Debre Birhan, Bahir Dar, and Nazaret. These universities will focus mostly on providing technical education, continuing Ethiopia's traditional of skills and technical-based education in the secondary and collegiate levels. In particular, the Royal University of Gondar will form a close bond with the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and work together to establish Gondar University's technical programs in Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Agronomy.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The first Non-Aligned Movement Summit is held in Bombay, India. With the tensions in the Horn of Africa, the meeting is plagued with demands that the movement move to condemn collective security agreements like SEATO and CENTO. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The third Congolese election is held, with the Luba on the whole refusing to even participate in these elections. The gridlock becomes worse when the Mongo ethnic parties begin questioning the placement of the Capital in Leopoldville; they want a new capital placed further inland to help balance out ethnic representation in the capital. Given the instability of the current “government” of the Congo, the deal is impractical and pushes the Mongo parties further from a coalition agreement.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November-December[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In Paris, pro-FLN protesters are killed by police in Paris. The event brings the Algerian War more to the forefront, where the French Left continues to condemn the colonial brush war.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]International observers decry the current chaos in the Congo and blame Belgium for stirring ethnic strife and building “an inherently unstable constitution for a new nation struggling to find its footing.” Belgian officials who defend the constitution point out that the mixed member system is far more representative than those of Western Nations; the low threshold for entering parliament and the large districts encourage the expression of regionalist voices which would be otherwise drowned out in a First Past the Post System. As for the charge of stirring up ethnic strife, former colonial administrators simply respond that this is the nature of the large country: full of diverse peoples, resentment was bound to arise between clans and races.[/FONT]

 

[Hunam]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Chaos and Conflict, 1961-1970[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]1962 (Part 2)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]January[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In an attempted coup, the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is torn asunder by civil war. Republicans, armed and supported by the UAR, attempted to overrun the monarchists but the disorganized soldiers of the Free Yemen Movement capture Sana'a but little else during the dry periods of 1962. Muhammad al-Badr, who had survived several republican attempts on his life, received cover and aid from Saudi Arabia. Despite the failure of the coup to extricate al-Badr, the Soviets under Molotov announce their support for the Republican rebels. Fearing further encroachment on the Peninsula, the Jordanian and Libyan monarchies begin providing covert aid, funneled through Ethiopia (in which the Emperor and his military advisors fear further encroachment of Ethiopia) and Djibouti (still under French control).[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]February[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Oromo Movement, the major Oromo ethnic political party, has long been neglected at the national level and purposefully excluded from coalitions. This has bred discontent in Oromo, the ethnicity which forms a plurality in Ethiopian society, which has finally come to a cusp as refugees continue to come into Ethiopia; within the Oromo Movement, two groups begin lobbying for very different goals: the Unionists desire greater regional autonomy, recognition of Oromoffia as an official language, and an end to the influx of refugees from Sudan [1]. The other group, influenced by Marxist agitators and useful idiots, advocates toppling the current government and instituting a new classless society.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The rising Marxist agitation quickly catches on in other groups like the Tigrary, Sidamo, and Somalis. While they only make up a minor portion of the political movements in each of these groups, they represent a greater threat to the Ethiopian state, given the suppression of Marxist parties in the Ethiopian state.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]March[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Belgian government grants independence to its colony of Ruanda-Urundi, which splits into the nations of Rwanda and Urundi The Kingdom of Burundi and the Kingdom of Rwanda are off to a rocky start [2]. The Congo Civil War denies them much access to transportation and the population is very restive, especially in Rwanda.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Sudanese Civil War has continued to drag on, and much of the southern Sudanese infrastructure north of the Sudd Wetlands decimated by the People's State of Sudan. However, the People's State has become a victim of its own success. Despite Soviet arms, the State has lacked a sufficiently powerful figure to keep the “People's Council” (in reality, a coalition of generals running the country). The Soviets have grown weary of dealing with the schizophrenic council, as has the United Arab Republic. A coup, calling itself the United Socialist Soldiers Movement topples the People's Council with the support of the KGB and the nominal support of the Prime Minister Sirr Al-Khalifa. The USSM moves the state in a decidedly direction and consolidates power towards the position of the President. The Sudanese Communist Party, already the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]de facto [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]only legal party, becomes the party of the state. A relatively unknown colonel named Omar Kushayb is promoted to the newly empowered presidency, but in reality he is taking his orders from Moscow [A]. He begins a steady purge of the officer corps and moves the state in a decidedly pan-Arab direction. At this point, the Sudanese military is somewhat crippled, which gives the Southern Rebels some breathing room. But there are advisors and guns from the Soviet Union and oil and advisors from the United Arab Republic coming southwards, of which the Southern Rebels are readily aware. The war's lull appears to be very brief.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]April[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United Kingdom is accepted into the European Economic Community, with full French support and moderate German dissent. Norway, Denmark, and Ireland are also accepted into the EEC with little opposition.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In the Chamber of Delegates, the Oromo Movement proposes a bill to grant statehood to the provinces of Welega and Arsi, two of the Oromo dominated regions. While the “national” parties are receptive, many in the ruling class are afraid of what might cascade as a result of these bills. In particular, the advancement of statehood might encourage secessionist tendencies among other ethnic groups. The bill is debated in [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Derg[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif], particularly in the Senate. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The 1962 World Fair is held in Montreal, Quebec.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]May[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Another round of student protests in Metropolitan France occur, with the most common complaint being France's continued involvement in the “Algerian Affair.” These protests are more subdued than the one's last December, but are far larger. In an attempt to stave off disaster in Algeria, de Gaulle floats the idea of a federal structure to keep France and Algeria together, but this only serves to isolate his support among the right and the left.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The FIFA World Cup in Chile. Ethiopia is beaten by the Ghanese team during the qualification, who is subsequently beaten by the US team in the qualification round. The United States and the Soviet Union both advance to the quarterfinals and square off against one another in “the miracle on grass.” The US team beats the Soviets in a nail-bitting penalty shootout (in a 3-3 game) and the US advances to the semifinals to be flattened by England 4-0. Brazil comes in first, Yugoslavia in second, and West Germany in third.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]June[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Utilizing modern plastics and rubber, Simcha Blass of Israel creates the first modern drip irrigation system on the Hatzerim Kibbutz (in Israel). This invention quickly draws the attention of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water, who encourage Kibbutzim and farmers to implement this form of irrigation to better use Ethiopia's very temperamental water supply. Implementation of this method of irrigation is haphazard and finds its way mostly into African American and Israeli Kibbutz, which tend to have significant economic resources. Other groups, such as [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] see the innovations as too costly or will cut into the profit margins. This resistance especially plagues the southern portions of the country; while the Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] tenancy in the southern portions of the country has dropped down to as low as 35% of the population [3]. The [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] on the whole refuse to implement the reforms, seeing abundant water supplies from the previous decades investment in damming up Ethiopia's major rivers while the tennant farmers normally lack the means to implement such reforms.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]July[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The last few months have not been good for Congo; no stable governments have formed and ethnic strife has slowly been getting out of hand, which culminates in the July 12 unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) by the breakaway Luba-dominated province of Katanga. The province, under the custodianship of Mosie Tshombe, has extensive support from Belgian business interests and uses these funds to help build a more modern Katangan military, as well as give Belgium a number of additional mining concessions in exchange for arms. Despite attempts to appeal to the UN for recognition, the Soviet Union and its allies veto any attempt to recognize Katanga as a legitimate state, despite Nixon's attempts.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]At this point, thousands of Belgians have fled the Congo. As strife continues, most of the colonization-era Belgian population will flee; by 1965, this population has been cut to a fourth its size [4]. Most flee to Belgium or other European-dominated nations like South Africa and Rhodesia, but a small number will flee to Ethiopia .[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United Kingdom announces that it will decolonize Kenya sometime in 1963, marking an end to the Mau Mau Uprising. Thousands of White Kenyans will begin to flee the country and return to the United Kingdom or flee to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Approximately one out of every twenty immigrants will emigrate to Ethiopia, where the Emperor still is land available from the Revolt of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]; these immigrants will mostly settle in Welega and Illubudor provinces, especially along the Baro River. Unlike most previous groups of immigrants, the British (as they are called by most Ethiopians) are substantially wealthy; the British government bought out a large number of the Kenyan settlers and this gave those immigrants significant economic clout. Most move into the area around Gambela and establish a number of businesses in the region. Gambela and the southwest highlands will continue to be a magnet for White African immigration to Ethiopia . Indians in Kenya will also flee [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]en masse[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]; most go to Britain while a few will go to nearby Ethiopia and settle in Addis Ababa, Gondar, and Massawa .[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The United States successfully places a man in Medium Earth Orbit with the Hermes 4 mission. Plans are made for further space exploration, including a manned mission to the moon. However, the plans and their timescale is left fairly vague, given the high cost of such a mission. The Soviet manned space program recieves more attention and money from the Molotov government.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]August[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Patrice Lumumba, heavily influenced by Kwame Nkrumah's Pan-Africanism and the UDI of Katanga, comes out strongly condemning the new State of Katanga. His policies, already left-leaning, come fully around as he declares his intention to transform Congo into a unitary Communist state. Condemning the actions of the European nations “... in Israel, the Suez, Cuba, Ethiopia, and elsewhere” he demands an end to the “creeping recolonization of Africa.” This announcement drives Alber Kalonji, a member of the moderate faction of the Congolese National Movement (MNC) to depose Lumumba with the support of President Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Lumumba, outnumbered in Leopoldville, flees to Stanleyville. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In Stanleyville, Lumumba announces the formation of the People's Republic of the Congo (PRCo; alias, the Stanleyville government), distributing a declaration invalidating the “Kalonji regime” of Leopoldville and calling on “all loyal Congolese” to oppose the Leopoldville regime. With the Kongo so bitterly divided, the announcement does not have a significant impact throughout the country, but about 65% of the Army is loyal to Lumumba and joins him in the civil war, but these soldiers tend to be among the lest educated and most under-trained of former Congo's military. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In Leopoldville, Kalonji is seeing the fabric of the Congo state unravel and launches a counteroffensive. He signs an agreement with Tshombe in which the renamed Democratic Union of the Congo (DUC) (i.e., the Leopoldville government) would recognize Katanga's claims in exchange for limited mineral rights in Katanga and mutually agreed upon transport tariffs that would give the DUC some stake in the Katangan mineral industry. Turning outwards, the DUC appeals to the wider world for support, which the Nixon White House is willing to give. While no over-the-table support is given, Portuguese advisors and European mercenaries will find their way to Matadi and Leopoldville to lend support to the DUC. In a similar vein, the Soviets will send aid to the PRCo but, due to the land-locked nature of the PRCo, their aid comes in more slowly.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the growing Ethiopian population, the health of the population is becoming increasingly important. Under the Ministry of Agriculture and Water, there have been erratic efforts to eliminate various disease vectors, in particular malaria vectors. In order to more effectively coordinate disease control methods, the Ministry of Health is established by the Chamber of Delegates. The Emperor appoints his son Sahle Selassie as the first Minister of Health. The newly formed ministry launches several programs aimed at eradication of the “three big ones”: smallpox, human trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), and malaria. Controversially, the Ministry of Health begins carrying out an eradication campaign against the mosquito and tsetse fly, using the sterile insect technique against the later and widespread DDT use against the former. Smallpox vaccination is also stepped up, although there is much suspicion of the program in the Somali and Muslim-dominated provinces.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]With the rainy season coming to tropical Africa, the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) has effectively ceased to exist. The United Nations Security Council remains gridlocked; while both the US and USSR want an end to the Congolese Civil War, neither can accept the other's proposition. The United States, backing Kalonji, wants Congo reestablished as a federal democratic state while the Soviets desire a unitary state. Thousands are all already dead from the fighting and tens of thousands have been displaced, especially in the heavily divided and contested Kansai province. The only true agreement is that the UN will dispatch a peace keeping mission to the Congo to secure Matadi and allow for humanitarian aid to flow into the (former) nation. Additionally, the UNSC condemned foreign intervention in the Congo Civil War, but this was a fig leaf; the United States, Belgium, and USSR continued to run military aid to all sides in the civil war.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Silent Spring[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] is published in the United States, launching the modern environmental movement in that country.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]October[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The first commercial exploitation of Cinchona trees in Ethiopia is carried out at the New Hatzerim Kibbutz near Gondar and at a newly founded “British” plantation in Gambela. Following the example of the New Yazoo Kibbutz, the New Hatzerim Kibbutz establishes the production of quinine as one of their first major external industries. Other cottage industries have sprung up around Kibbutzim and are steadily transforming into full-fledged industries. The previously mentioned New Yazoo Kibbutz (established 1952) had evolved into Ethiopia's largest brewer, while others like the Peach Tree Kibbutz in Shewa had focused on building up its industrial presence in textiles and low-scale consumer goods such as solar cookers and solar distillation devices. These developments have not gone unnoticed and other players are beginning to enter Ethiopia's small but growing industrial revolution, particularly from the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mesafint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] and [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Mekawint[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] in Amhara-dominated regions. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In Cuba, Gorrlaran announces that he is taking Cuba down the path of Yugoslavia and institutes Titoist reforms to the Cuban system, signing a trade deal that included military arms and instituting a self-managed system for much of Cuban industry. Nixon, unhappy with the spread of communism into the Western hemisphere, cuts off relations with Cuba and convinces Congress to institute an embargo on Cuba [5]. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]November[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]US House & Senate Elections: Entering into the 1962 Election, the US electorate began showing signs of fatigue with Republican dominance of the legislature and presidency. While certain Republican platforms proved fairly popular and the economy was doing fairly well, the foreign situation was dissatisfying to much of the electorate. Nixon's embargo against Yugoslavia and Cuba were unpopular with Liberal Republicans (who tended to view Yugoslavia as a potential ally to curb further Soviet expansion) and the Red Scare of the early-and-mid 1950s was gradually giving way to a desire for détente among the people. The arms race and rapidly developing ICBM technology also fueled fears of nuclear annihilation. Overall, the Republicans and State Rights Party saw a moderate decline, but the Democrats failed to seize full control of either chamber; instead, they surrendered certain committee leadership to the Republicans and retained control over most of the House bodies. In the Senate, Democratic control was far more tenuous and the rising conservative faction of the Republican Party under Senator Goldwater, but Dewey's moderates still retain a tight grip on the party's upper leadership.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]This was reflected in the 1962 Legislative election; the Democratic Party, freed from its Dixiecrat Wing, the New Deal Coalition broken, and newer party leadership rising, had moved decisively leftist; campaigning on a platform of social reform inspired by European Social Democratic Parties, including universal health coverage, taxation reform in the form a minimum taxation level for those above certain income levels, strengthening union rights, a bilateral nuclear test ban with the Soviets, and an emphasis on cultural diversity. Rising stars such as Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. of Massachusetts in the House and Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota in the Senate were among those spearheading the rise of the “New Left” in the party.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]House of Representatives:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democrats: 213 (+14)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republicans: 189 (-12)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]State's Rights: 33 (-2)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Senate:[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Republicans: 44 (-1)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Democrats: 45 (+3)[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]State's Rights: 8 (-2)[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Libya begins contemplating joining OPEC, but the United Kingdom, France, and the United States quickly threaten to hold Libya's standing orders for military equipment if it should it join OPEC, including its important order of Northrop F-5s. Given the United Arab Republic's support of the rebels in Algeria and the increasing Pan-Arab agitation in Tripoltania, King Idris abandons plans to join OPEC. [/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobogo is granted independence from the United Kingdom.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]===========[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][A]- There are very little resources I can dig up for Sudanese military officials circa 1950-1970 that aren't already well known in the west (that I can trust), so I'm making up some name. [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif]- I'll be doing an aside soon to cover the socio-economic development of Ethiopia and why they'd actually want to settle in Ethiopia. The short version is there's land available, a government disposed to immigrants, and an environment that is conducive to some forms of plantation agriculture, and those fleeing to Ethiopia tend to make up a class of plantation owners who'd want to move there if they could have the necessary land.[/FONT]

[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][1]- In Ethiopia, there's been a fair bit of admixture between the various ethnic groups, especially along the traditional borders between these groups. As such, it's a very confusing racial/ethnic system.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][2]- The Belgians put more effort in building up the security apparatus around the monarchy in both Rwanda and Burundi in the hopes of maintaining good relations post-independence.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][3]- This contrasts with the estimated over 50% in the southern provinces circa 1945.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][4]- More intense fighting has driven many more Belgians to flee.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, serif][5]- This embargo is far less severe than OTL. It bans tourism and many high tech goods, but basic medicine, food, and the like are acceptable.[/FONT]

 

[Strategos' Risk]

Another excellent segment!

 

[thekingsguard]

Great work! I'm thrilled to see this live again Humon!