Is there still a population exchange between Greece and Turkey in ttl? Well I guess Greece and the Ottomans.
A Riot in Birmingham and the Death of David Lloyd George: A Timeline from December 1901
- Thread starter pipisme
- Start date
There were no compulsory population exchanges, The Ottoman Empire was mostly intact. It had not lost Mesopotamia, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon. There were no equivalents of the treaties of Sevres and Lausanne. However there were voluntary population movements on a small scale.
Nikolai and Alexandra Romanov wanted their daughters to be married to princes in European royal families. But no prince who was an eldest son wanted to marry into a royal family in exile, when there were princesses in reigning royal families available.
Grand Duchess Olga married Prince Albert, the Duke of York, the second son of George V and Queen Mary, in Westminster Abbey in May 1920. She had converted from Russian Orthodox to the Church of England. They were both twenty-four years old. Albert was born on 14 December 1895, and Olga on 15 November 1895.
Grand Duchess Olga married Prince Albert, the Duke of York, the second son of George V and Queen Mary, in Westminster Abbey in May 1920. She had converted from Russian Orthodox to the Church of England. They were both twenty-four years old. Albert was born on 14 December 1895, and Olga on 15 November 1895.
Wolf of Badenoch
Donor
Brilliant - let's make sure that even more Armenians are saved from ethnic cleansing
Interesting times ahead for the happy couple if his elder brother does not shape up in this time line.
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Grand Duchess Maria Romanov married Kiril, Prince of Bulgaria and Prince of Preslav in Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia in June 1921. (1) Grand Duchess Anastasia Romanov married into the European aristocracy.
Grand Duchess Tatiana Romanov, the second eldest of the four Romanov sisters, renounced her title of Grand Duchess and her previous privileged life. She became friends with the gamekeeper on the Sandringham estate, Edward Sanders. (2) He was handsome and sexy. He had learnt Russian, and enjoyed reading the great Russian novelists like Dostoevsky, Pushkin and Tolstoy. He was religious, had read about the Doukhobors and converted to their faith. (3) The friendship between Tatiana and Edward had grown into love, though they had not made love. She was deeply religious and under his influence converted to the Doukhobor faith. (4) He told about the Doukhobor agricultural community in south-eastern British Columbia and how he wanted them to live there, and to marry her. She agreed and they became engaged.
Tatiana gave away her clothes and her jewellery. She now dressed simply. She had become estranged from her father. In April 1921 she and Edward travelled by train, ship and train again to the Doukhobor community in British Columbia. They got married in the community church in May 1921, and consummated theit marriage on their wedding night.
(1) For Kiril see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiril,_Prince_of_Preslav.
(2) He is a fictional character.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukhobor.
(4) She was very religuous, See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Tatiana_Nikolaevna_of_Russia, section headed Appearance and personality.
Grand Duchess Tatiana Romanov, the second eldest of the four Romanov sisters, renounced her title of Grand Duchess and her previous privileged life. She became friends with the gamekeeper on the Sandringham estate, Edward Sanders. (2) He was handsome and sexy. He had learnt Russian, and enjoyed reading the great Russian novelists like Dostoevsky, Pushkin and Tolstoy. He was religious, had read about the Doukhobors and converted to their faith. (3) The friendship between Tatiana and Edward had grown into love, though they had not made love. She was deeply religious and under his influence converted to the Doukhobor faith. (4) He told about the Doukhobor agricultural community in south-eastern British Columbia and how he wanted them to live there, and to marry her. She agreed and they became engaged.
Tatiana gave away her clothes and her jewellery. She now dressed simply. She had become estranged from her father. In April 1921 she and Edward travelled by train, ship and train again to the Doukhobor community in British Columbia. They got married in the community church in May 1921, and consummated theit marriage on their wedding night.
(1) For Kiril see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiril,_Prince_of_Preslav.
(2) He is a fictional character.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukhobor.
(4) She was very religuous, See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Tatiana_Nikolaevna_of_Russia, section headed Appearance and personality.
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In October 1920, Oswald Mosley switched from Conservative to Independent. In February 1922, A. Hopkinson (Liberal) also switched to Independent. [1] The Hackney South by-election on 28 July 1921, caused by the expulsion of Horatio Bottomley (Independent) from the House of Commons, following his conviction for fraud, was a Labour gain from Independent. The by-elections in Manchester Clayton on 18 February 1922, Camberwell North on 20 February 1922, and Wolverhampton West on 7 March 1922, were all Labour gains from Conservative. After all these changes, and Lord Hugh Cecil and Lord Robert Cecil changing from Conservative to Independent Conservative, the number of seats for each party in the House of Commons were as follows:
Conservative and Irish Unionist: 316
Liberal: 195
Labour [105] and Co-operative [3]: 108
Sinn Fein: 67
IPP: 9
Irish Labour: 3
Anti-Waste League: 2
Independents: 7 (including 2 Independent Conservative)
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Total: 707
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Excluding Sinn Fein and Irish Labour, and the Speaker, John Whitley, who was a Liberal, all those not Conservative and Irish Unionist were 320.
The House of Commons returned on 7 November 1922 after the Summer recess. If the Labour and Liberal parties tabled a motion of no confidence in the government, the two Anti-Waste League (AWL) MPs would vote with the government in no confidence vote. They were right-wing Conservatives in all but name. The vote would be tied at 318 votes each. In accordance with precedent, the Speaker would vote with the government and the motion would be defeated. But if Labour and/or Liberal gained one seat from the Conservatives in by-elections, they could win a vote of no confidence by a majority of two (319 to 317), even with AWL voting with the government.
[1] All this was as in OTL.
Conservative and Irish Unionist: 316
Liberal: 195
Labour [105] and Co-operative [3]: 108
Sinn Fein: 67
IPP: 9
Irish Labour: 3
Anti-Waste League: 2
Independents: 7 (including 2 Independent Conservative)
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Total: 707
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Excluding Sinn Fein and Irish Labour, and the Speaker, John Whitley, who was a Liberal, all those not Conservative and Irish Unionist were 320.
The House of Commons returned on 7 November 1922 after the Summer recess. If the Labour and Liberal parties tabled a motion of no confidence in the government, the two Anti-Waste League (AWL) MPs would vote with the government in no confidence vote. They were right-wing Conservatives in all but name. The vote would be tied at 318 votes each. In accordance with precedent, the Speaker would vote with the government and the motion would be defeated. But if Labour and/or Liberal gained one seat from the Conservatives in by-elections, they could win a vote of no confidence by a majority of two (319 to 317), even with AWL voting with the government.
[1] All this was as in OTL.
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Arthur Griffith died on 12 August 1922, as in OTL. Because he died in prison in England, some people said it was a result of his imprisonment. His funeral in Dublin, attended by hundreds of thousands of people, was a demonstration of Irish Republicanism.
There were two by-elections on 3 March 1923, caused by the resignation of sitting Conservative MPs. Mitcham and Morden was won for Labour by James Chuter Ede, and Harcourt Johnstone gained Willesden East for the Liberals. The Liverpool Edge Hill by-election on Tuesday 6 March, caused by the resignation of Sir W. Rutherford, was a Labour gain from Conservative. Also on the same day, Sir Owen Thomas (Anglesey - Independent) died , and Ivor Windsor- Clive (Ludlow - Conservative) succeeded to the peerage.
The Conservatives, Irish Unionists and AWL were now 315. Others, excluding Sinn Fein, Irish Labour and the Speaker were 321. On 7 March, the Labour and Liberal parties tabled a motion of no confidcence in the government. This was debated in the House of Commons on 13 March. It was passed by a majority of six. The next day, Balfour announced in the House of Commons that Parliament would be dissolved the following day (15 March), and a general election would be held, with polling day on Thursday 12 April. Nominations would close on 2 April.
Ireland was an important issue in the general election. The Conservative and Irish Unionist policy was of no change in government policy. Both Labour and Liberal parties promised that they would release all poiitical prisoners, lift the ban on political organisations, and call a conference of all political parties in Ireland to negotiate a settlement. Labour policy was to give Ireland Dominion status within the British Empire. The Liberals proposed what was termed Home Rule Plus. This would give significantly more powers to an Irish government and parliament than in the 1886 and 1892 Home Rule Bills. Only the Crown and the succession, foreign policy, the armed forces and trade, would be reserved to the Westminster Parliament. Ireland would continue to elect MPs to sit in the House of Commons. As regards Irish Unionists, both Labour and Liberals said that they expected any negotiated settlement would take into account their wishes.
Because Sinn Fein was banned, they could not put up candidates in the general election. Instead Independents who supported them stood in their place. They did so to enable voters to show support for Irish independence.
There were two by-elections on 3 March 1923, caused by the resignation of sitting Conservative MPs. Mitcham and Morden was won for Labour by James Chuter Ede, and Harcourt Johnstone gained Willesden East for the Liberals. The Liverpool Edge Hill by-election on Tuesday 6 March, caused by the resignation of Sir W. Rutherford, was a Labour gain from Conservative. Also on the same day, Sir Owen Thomas (Anglesey - Independent) died , and Ivor Windsor- Clive (Ludlow - Conservative) succeeded to the peerage.
The Conservatives, Irish Unionists and AWL were now 315. Others, excluding Sinn Fein, Irish Labour and the Speaker were 321. On 7 March, the Labour and Liberal parties tabled a motion of no confidcence in the government. This was debated in the House of Commons on 13 March. It was passed by a majority of six. The next day, Balfour announced in the House of Commons that Parliament would be dissolved the following day (15 March), and a general election would be held, with polling day on Thursday 12 April. Nominations would close on 2 April.
Ireland was an important issue in the general election. The Conservative and Irish Unionist policy was of no change in government policy. Both Labour and Liberal parties promised that they would release all poiitical prisoners, lift the ban on political organisations, and call a conference of all political parties in Ireland to negotiate a settlement. Labour policy was to give Ireland Dominion status within the British Empire. The Liberals proposed what was termed Home Rule Plus. This would give significantly more powers to an Irish government and parliament than in the 1886 and 1892 Home Rule Bills. Only the Crown and the succession, foreign policy, the armed forces and trade, would be reserved to the Westminster Parliament. Ireland would continue to elect MPs to sit in the House of Commons. As regards Irish Unionists, both Labour and Liberals said that they expected any negotiated settlement would take into account their wishes.
Because Sinn Fein was banned, they could not put up candidates in the general election. Instead Independents who supported them stood in their place. They did so to enable voters to show support for Irish independence.
The number of candidates standing for each party in the general election were as follows:
Conservative: 528, Irish Unionist: 39, Conservative and Irish Unionist: 567
Liberal: 482
Labour: 439, Co-operative: 11, Labour and Co-operative: 450
Pro Sinn Fein Independents: 93
Irish Nationalist: 47
Irish Labour: 15
Communist: 5
Others: 64,
The Liberal leader, Charles Masterman, did not stand again in West Ham Stratford. In the 1917 general election he was elected in a straight fight with the Tories. This time a Labour candidate was standing, and he feared that he would lose his seat. So he stood in Hackney Central, where the Liberal MP retired. One of the two Anti Waste League MPs stood as a Conservative, the other as an Independent.
An agreement was reached between Sinn Fein and the Irish National Party, under which only one of the parties would contest Irish Unionist held seats. The party which did worse in the 1917 general election would withdraw. In East Down Sinn Fein withdrew, and Irish Nationalists in County Dublin Rathmines.
In the absence of opinion polls, the only indication of the result of the election were the results of by-elections. These showed Labour and Liberal gaining from Conservative. But it was expected that Labour intervention would hurt the Liberals in their seats. Political commentators forecast that the Conservatives would lose seats, but still be the largest party. The Liberals would gain seats from the Conservatives, but lose seats to Labour, who would gain seats from the other two parties.
When the results from all the constituencies had been declared by Saturday 14 April, the number of seats in the House of Commons won by each party were as follows (1917 general election):
Conservative: 263 (303)
Irish Unionist: 23 (26)
Conservative and Unionist: 286 (329)
Liberal: 168 ( 193)
Labour: 157 (94)
Co-operative: 3 (3)
Labour and Co-operative: 160 (97)
Pro Sinn Fein Independents: 71 (Sinn Fein: 66)
Irish Nationalist: 8 (Irish Parliamentary: 10)
Irish Labour: 4 (3)
Constitutionalist: 1 (n/a)
Socialist Prohibition (SPP): 1 (n/a)
Independents: 4 (2)
Independent Conservatives: 3 (n/.a)
Independent Liberal: 1 (1) ( National: 3, Independent Irish Unionist: 1, Independent Labour: 2)
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Total: 707 (707)
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Excluding pro Sinn Fein independents and Irish Labour, the number of MPs was 632. Therefore a majority was 317. Liberal and Independent Liberal, plus Labour and Co-operative had 329 seats. Masterman would become Prime Minister, but would he ask Labour to go into coalition with him? If he did would Labour accept, or would they stay in opposition?
Winston Churchill was the most prominent casualty of the election. He lost his seat in Dundee to the SPP candidate.
Conservative: 528, Irish Unionist: 39, Conservative and Irish Unionist: 567
Liberal: 482
Labour: 439, Co-operative: 11, Labour and Co-operative: 450
Pro Sinn Fein Independents: 93
Irish Nationalist: 47
Irish Labour: 15
Communist: 5
Others: 64,
The Liberal leader, Charles Masterman, did not stand again in West Ham Stratford. In the 1917 general election he was elected in a straight fight with the Tories. This time a Labour candidate was standing, and he feared that he would lose his seat. So he stood in Hackney Central, where the Liberal MP retired. One of the two Anti Waste League MPs stood as a Conservative, the other as an Independent.
An agreement was reached between Sinn Fein and the Irish National Party, under which only one of the parties would contest Irish Unionist held seats. The party which did worse in the 1917 general election would withdraw. In East Down Sinn Fein withdrew, and Irish Nationalists in County Dublin Rathmines.
In the absence of opinion polls, the only indication of the result of the election were the results of by-elections. These showed Labour and Liberal gaining from Conservative. But it was expected that Labour intervention would hurt the Liberals in their seats. Political commentators forecast that the Conservatives would lose seats, but still be the largest party. The Liberals would gain seats from the Conservatives, but lose seats to Labour, who would gain seats from the other two parties.
When the results from all the constituencies had been declared by Saturday 14 April, the number of seats in the House of Commons won by each party were as follows (1917 general election):
Conservative: 263 (303)
Irish Unionist: 23 (26)
Conservative and Unionist: 286 (329)
Liberal: 168 ( 193)
Labour: 157 (94)
Co-operative: 3 (3)
Labour and Co-operative: 160 (97)
Pro Sinn Fein Independents: 71 (Sinn Fein: 66)
Irish Nationalist: 8 (Irish Parliamentary: 10)
Irish Labour: 4 (3)
Constitutionalist: 1 (n/a)
Socialist Prohibition (SPP): 1 (n/a)
Independents: 4 (2)
Independent Conservatives: 3 (n/.a)
Independent Liberal: 1 (1) ( National: 3, Independent Irish Unionist: 1, Independent Labour: 2)
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Total: 707 (707)
--------------------
Excluding pro Sinn Fein independents and Irish Labour, the number of MPs was 632. Therefore a majority was 317. Liberal and Independent Liberal, plus Labour and Co-operative had 329 seats. Masterman would become Prime Minister, but would he ask Labour to go into coalition with him? If he did would Labour accept, or would they stay in opposition?
Winston Churchill was the most prominent casualty of the election. He lost his seat in Dundee to the SPP candidate.
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The percentage votes received by each party in the April 1923 general election were as follows (1917 election):
Conservative and Irish Unionist : 32.5 (35.2)
Liberal: 28.9 (28.7)
Labour and Co-operative: 28.7 (25.3)
Pro Sinn Fein Independents: 4.6 (Sinn Fein : 4.7)
Irish Nationalist: 2,0 (IPP : 2.7)
Irish Labour: 1.0 (0.4)
Others: 2.3 (4,1)
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Total : 100.0 (100.0)
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The turnout was 73.6% (57.9%).
The Labour Party did best of the political parties in the general election. They did particularly well in Glasgow and the central belt of Scotland. In Glasgow they gained Bridgeton from Liberal, and Camlachie, Maryhill, St.Rollox, and Tradeston from Conservative.
Conservative and Irish Unionist : 32.5 (35.2)
Liberal: 28.9 (28.7)
Labour and Co-operative: 28.7 (25.3)
Pro Sinn Fein Independents: 4.6 (Sinn Fein : 4.7)
Irish Nationalist: 2,0 (IPP : 2.7)
Irish Labour: 1.0 (0.4)
Others: 2.3 (4,1)
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Total : 100.0 (100.0)
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The turnout was 73.6% (57.9%).
The Labour Party did best of the political parties in the general election. They did particularly well in Glasgow and the central belt of Scotland. In Glasgow they gained Bridgeton from Liberal, and Camlachie, Maryhill, St.Rollox, and Tradeston from Conservative.
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Other Labour gains in central Scotland were Dumbartonshire , Linlithgowshire, Midlothian North, Stirlingshire West from Conservative, and Dumbarton District, Midlothian South and Peebles, Renfrewshire East, Renfrewshire West, Stirling and Falkirk District from Liberal. Labour also did well in Yorkshire. They took Bradford Central, and Wakefield from Conservative, and Leeds South, Sheffield - Attercliffe, Brightside, Hillsborough, Doncaster. Elland, Keighley. and Pontefract from Liberal.
The Libersls did well in southern and western England, taking several seats from the Conservatives. One seat each in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Shropshire; two seats each in Oxfordshire, Somerset, and Wiltshire: and four seats in Devon,
Among the newly elected MPs were Douglas Hogg (Conservative); A. V. Alexander, Clement Attlee, Thomas Johnston, Susan Lawrence, James Maxton, E.D. Morel, Emmanuel Shinwell, Sidney Webb, William Whiteley for Labour: Isaac Foot, Leslie Hore- Belisha, Geoffrey Mander, Vivian Phillipps for Liberal. Kathleen Lynn was elected as the pro Sinn Fein Independent MP for Rathmines.
The Libersls did well in southern and western England, taking several seats from the Conservatives. One seat each in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Shropshire; two seats each in Oxfordshire, Somerset, and Wiltshire: and four seats in Devon,
Among the newly elected MPs were Douglas Hogg (Conservative); A. V. Alexander, Clement Attlee, Thomas Johnston, Susan Lawrence, James Maxton, E.D. Morel, Emmanuel Shinwell, Sidney Webb, William Whiteley for Labour: Isaac Foot, Leslie Hore- Belisha, Geoffrey Mander, Vivian Phillipps for Liberal. Kathleen Lynn was elected as the pro Sinn Fein Independent MP for Rathmines.
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Masterman and the Liberal shadow cabinet decided not to go into coalition with Labour. Several shadow ministers such as Mond, Runciman and Simon were strongly opposed. Balfour resigned on 17 April 1923, and Masterman became Prime Minister at the head of a minority Liberal government. He appointed his cabinet the following day. The ministers were as follows:
Prime Minister: Charles Masterman
Lord Chancellor: Lord Buckmaster
Lord President of the Council: Marquess of Crewe
Lord Privy Seal: Lord Herschell
Chancellor of the Exchequer: Walter Runciman
Foreign Secretary: Herbert Samuel
Home Secretary: Sir John Simon
First Lord of the Admiralty: George Lambert
President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries: Noel Buxton [1]
Secretary of State for Air: Lord Gorell
Colonial Secretary: Francis Acland
President of the Board of Education: Thomas MacNamara
Minister of Health: Christopher Addison
India Secretary: Arthur Cecil Murray
Chief Secretary for Ireland: William Wedgwood Benn
Minister of Labour: Charles McCurdy
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Geoffrey Howard
Scotland Secretary: Ian Macpherson
President of the Board of Trade: Sir Alfred Mond
War Secretary: Geoffrey Collins
First Commissioner of Works: Walter Rea.
Masterman appointed junior ministers from 19 to 21 April. Here is a selection of the more important ones:
Attorney-General: Sir G. Hewart
Solicitor-General: Sir Frederick Hindle
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland: Viscount Wimborne
Paymaster-General: Sir Richard Winfrey
Minister of Pensions: Frank Briant
Postmaster-General: A. H. Illingworth
Minister of Transport: James Hogge
Financial Secretary to the Treasury: George Thorne
Under Secretary of State Foreign Office: Sir William Edge.
[1] Buxton was still Liberal MP for Norfolk North and had not crossed to Labour, as he did in OTL.
Prime Minister: Charles Masterman
Lord Chancellor: Lord Buckmaster
Lord President of the Council: Marquess of Crewe
Lord Privy Seal: Lord Herschell
Chancellor of the Exchequer: Walter Runciman
Foreign Secretary: Herbert Samuel
Home Secretary: Sir John Simon
First Lord of the Admiralty: George Lambert
President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries: Noel Buxton [1]
Secretary of State for Air: Lord Gorell
Colonial Secretary: Francis Acland
President of the Board of Education: Thomas MacNamara
Minister of Health: Christopher Addison
India Secretary: Arthur Cecil Murray
Chief Secretary for Ireland: William Wedgwood Benn
Minister of Labour: Charles McCurdy
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Geoffrey Howard
Scotland Secretary: Ian Macpherson
President of the Board of Trade: Sir Alfred Mond
War Secretary: Geoffrey Collins
First Commissioner of Works: Walter Rea.
Masterman appointed junior ministers from 19 to 21 April. Here is a selection of the more important ones:
Attorney-General: Sir G. Hewart
Solicitor-General: Sir Frederick Hindle
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland: Viscount Wimborne
Paymaster-General: Sir Richard Winfrey
Minister of Pensions: Frank Briant
Postmaster-General: A. H. Illingworth
Minister of Transport: James Hogge
Financial Secretary to the Treasury: George Thorne
Under Secretary of State Foreign Office: Sir William Edge.
[1] Buxton was still Liberal MP for Norfolk North and had not crossed to Labour, as he did in OTL.
There was no Parliament Act 1911, which reduced the maximum period between general elections from seven to five years.
The Chief Secretary for Ireland, William Wedgwood Benn, lifted the ban on Sinn Fein, Cumann na mBan, and the Gaelic League, and released all Irish political prisoners, on 19 April, the day after his appointment. He also invited representatives of all Irish political parties, and the trade unions, to a convention in Dublin later that year.
Michael Collins. William Cosgrave, Eoin MacNeill, and the other released political prisoners, were greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of tens of thousands of people in Dublin on 20 April. The Dail moved back to Mansion House, Dublin, from Westport. Michael Collins replaced Joseph Plunkett as President of the Dail Government. Plunkett became Minister of Foreign Affairs in place of Desmond Fitzgerald, who became Minister of Home Affairs in place of Thomas McDonagh who resigned.
Michael Collins. William Cosgrave, Eoin MacNeill, and the other released political prisoners, were greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of tens of thousands of people in Dublin on 20 April. The Dail moved back to Mansion House, Dublin, from Westport. Michael Collins replaced Joseph Plunkett as President of the Dail Government. Plunkett became Minister of Foreign Affairs in place of Desmond Fitzgerald, who became Minister of Home Affairs in place of Thomas McDonagh who resigned.
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Andrew Bonar Law resigned from the Conservative shadow cabinet on 20 May 1923, because he had throat cancer. He died later that year on 30 October (as in OTL).
The Irish Convention assembled on 19 June 1923 in Trinity College, Dublin. There were 101 delegates, made up as follows: Sinn Fein - 54, Ulster Unionist - 24, Southern Unionist - 9, Irish Nationalist - 4, Irish Labour - 2. Also four Catholic bishops, and one each from the Cork Trade and Labour Council, Dublin Trade Council, and the Gaelic League, and the editor of the Irish Times , John Edward Healy. Sir Horace Plunkett was chosen as the Chairman.
The Irish Convention assembled on 19 June 1923 in Trinity College, Dublin. There were 101 delegates, made up as follows: Sinn Fein - 54, Ulster Unionist - 24, Southern Unionist - 9, Irish Nationalist - 4, Irish Labour - 2. Also four Catholic bishops, and one each from the Cork Trade and Labour Council, Dublin Trade Council, and the Gaelic League, and the editor of the Irish Times , John Edward Healy. Sir Horace Plunkett was chosen as the Chairman.
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