A Plethora of Princes - The Crisis of 1905

1905, a series of events connected by the strings of history

Assassination of King George II of Greece, along with other members of the Mecklenburg Greek royal family in a republican coup which sees the storming of the royal palace. The surviving heir, George's younger son Paul takes refuge aboard the British cruiser Calliope at Piraeus.

Although the act itself seems to come out of the blue, the background to it has been developing for some time. The dire state of the Greek economy and the extremist-riven nature of the Greek political scene has laid the foundation. The economic situation is contrasted to the Ottoman Balkans which is seeing a mini-boom, and the British protectorate, the Republic of the Ionian Islands where maritime trade is bringing commercial profits, including in tandem with Austrian commerce in the Red Sea. Greece seems to its citizens to be an exception to economic success around, and the monarchy gets the blame for it.

British Prime Minister, the 2nd Earl of Selborne, decides to act against the republican revolutionaries. Even as these are appealling for recognition and aid, Britain in conjunction with an Austrian naval force and a small Russian expeditionary force from Lemnos, lands Marines at Piraeus, with the British Mediterranean Fleet from Malta reinforcing the British squadron that was permanently based in the Aegean. Driving the Republicans from the palace, and installing the young Paul as King, the foreign intervention force secures Athen for the monarchy. Civil war spreads out into the countryside.

An unforeseen effect of events in Greece is a rising in Prussian-ruled Mecklenburg-Strelitz. As Prussia moves to suppress the rising, a succession crisis grips Hannover on the early death of King Adolphus II. With the country in the economic doldrums, a powerful party has coalesced around the figure of Prince Georg, Duke of Cambridge, the heir passed over in 1892. As Adolphuis II's young heir takes the throne as King Adolphus III, Georg moves to seize the throne for himself with the backing of the conservative elements in his country.

Prussia's King Wilhelm II Augustus vacilates between support for the two parties, but is bought off with the bribe of Brunswick-Luneburg by the belaegured party of Adolphus III. As he sends a Prussian army into Hannover to support the young king and his more Liberal backers, Prussia becomes a victim of its own apparent resurgance.

Saxon irredentists, based in that part of Saxony reclaimed from Prussia in 1892 have been stirring up sentiment in the portion that Prussia was allowed to retain. As Prussia becomes involved in the West, Saxony launches an invasion of these areas. Although the target area is soon occupied, Saxon arms run into trouble when Prussia focuses upon them. But in a diplomatic coup, Saxony is able to call upon Poland and Denmark who threaten to mobilise and intervene.

A peace brokered by King Willem IV of the Netherlands results in Prussian cession of the rest of Saxony acquired in 1815, but sees Prussian rule confirmed in the Mecklenburgs and across the North to Brunswick-Luneburg. King Adolphus III is secured in his rule in Hannover, as the Duke of Cumberland goes into exile in Switzerland.

The civil war in Greece will drag on to 1910 when King Paul I offers a general amnesty to any rebel willing to lay down his arms.

Grey Wolf
 
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The Bourbon-Parma Crisis of 1909

1909 sees another crisis on the Italian peninsular.

In 1892 Prince Enrico of Bourbon-Parma had been elected King of Sicily and installed at Palermo under British and Russian protection.

At the time, it seemed a safe bet. Duke Robert I was still alive and in good health, and his heir Prince Ferdinando, born in 1871 had married an Austrian Archduchess from a minor line* and already had two children, one of which a healthy son by the name of Robert.

* Maybe Archduchess Margarethe of Austria (Hungarian line), born in 1870

In 1907, Duke Robert I dies and is succeeded by Ferdinando as Duke of Bourbon-Parma. Things are already tense as despite ten more years of marriage, Ferdinando sired no more sons in the period prior to her death in childbirth in 1902. This thus leaves only Prince Robert between the throne of Bourbon-Parma and the King of Sicily.

In 1909, Prince Robert dies in a boating accident. The heir to Duke Ferdinando is now King Enrico of Sicily.

King Enrico, reigning as far as I can see as King Henry II of Sicily, married in the mid 1890s Princess Maria Immaculata (born 1878), daughter of King Miguel II of Portugal. By 1909 they have six children, including three sons - Henry (Enrico, born in 1895), Charles (Carlo, born in 1899), and Robert (Roberto, born in 1905).

There is no family compact in existence between the Bourbon-Parma branches, and an attempt to find an informal solution founders upon the need for Sicily to have a secure succession. Many favour the IDEA of the third son of Enrico becoming heir to Duke Ferdinando, but the boy is only four and not yet clear of infancy, with all the dangers that brings in this period. Others, in Parma, favour skipping Enrico's line completely and going to Enrico's next brother down, Prince Giuseppe as heir. But this solution is not acceptable to King Enrico in Palermo.

As Enrico is dragged deeper into the succession question in his homeland, the Bourbon-Two Siclies dynasty in the Kingdom of Naples begins to look with interest at the crisis. Having been driven from Sicily by British and Russian intervention in the early 1890s, after a ten year civil war, the dynasty in Naples has never fully accepted the loss of one of their two dominions.

King Francesco II, on the throne since 1859 and aged in his early 70s still harbours ambitions of reclaiming Sicily for his dynasty. With his sons grown to manhood, and his succession ensured by several male grandchildren, he wishes to leave a final legacy in re-uniting Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples.

As King Enrico heads for Parma for a dynastic conference in 1910, Francesco II secretly prepares for war...

Grey Wolf
 
A note on the monarchies of Europe

The first of these pieces deals with ATL monarchies now on the thrones of Poland, Prussia, the Netherlands and Hannover

The second piece deals with ATL monarchies now on the thrones of Parma, Sicily and Naples (Francesco II was dead by this time in OTL and had no children; I saw no reason why this should be the case in the ATL)

We also see the ATL Portuguese monarchy.

Of the major monarchies those which have not yet jumped off course from OTL include Sweden, Denmark (though I may well keep Frederick VIII beyond 1912), and Saxony.

The smaller monarchies, such as Saxony. or Wurttemburg or Tuscany, only tend to change (or have their change noted) when something significant happens.

Most of the others are now firmly on an ATL course - Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria, the Netherlands, Piedmont-Sardinia, Spain etc

Grey Wolf
 
US presidents after William T. Sherman

US presidents after William T. Sherman

Benjamin Harrison
US Radical Party
elected 1888
administration 1889-1893

Ignatius Donnelly
US Radical Party
elected 1892
administration 1893-1897

Mark Hanna
US Reform Party
elected 1896, re-elected 1900
administration 1897-1904 (dies in office)

Robert La Follette
US Reform Party
accedes to presidency 1904 having been Vice President
elected 1904
administration 1904-1909

Henry Cabot Lodge
US Reform Party
elected 1908
administration from 1909

Grey Wolf
 
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Oddball

Monthly Donor
Grey Wolf said:
Of the major monarchies those which have not yet jumped off course from OTL include Sweden, Denmark (though I may well keep Frederick VIII beyond 1912), and Saxony.

Grey Wolf

Norway? ;) :D
 
Red said:

Both Norway and Finland are crowns of Sweden

As this timeline is called 'A Plethora of Princes', I am quite happy to accept that they may break away in some way or another - suggestions ?

Grey Wolf
 
Naples and its intentions

I suppose the questions are :-

1. Will Francesco II be ALLOWED to go to war with Sicily
-- this includes will his own family see it as a bad idea and try or act to stop him ?
-- will his government balk at it ?
-- will his military balk at it ?
-- will the Papacy or the Great Powers be able to intervene in time ?

2. Will the war be SECRET up to launch ?
-- this includes will the Papacy or the Great Powers learn of it ?
-- will Enrico learn of it in Parma ?
-- will his government and military in Palermo learn of it ?

3. If the secret is kept, will the attack be successful ?

etc

Grey Wolf
 
Regarding Gold in the Witswatersrand

Anyone have any thoughts about this bit ?

Shall I solve it simply by creating a new lower chamber for Uitlanders, allowing them to become citizens of the SAR quicker etc ?

This is the OTL solution as promulgated by Kruger. In the ATL I don't see a corollary of Milner.

So, this is enough to assuage British and others' concerns

And everything continues to be OK ?

Grey Wolf
 
I woudl like to get a hang on 1910

I see Britain as under a Moderate Party administration, under the 2nd Earl of Selborne.

The USA under President Lodge of the US Reform Party

I guess for other countries the question is whether they are constitutional monarchies or republics, or whether they are states where the monarch or the president makes and directs policy in all major areas.

For countries like the USA, the choice would be a constitutional republic, as the president is still reigned in by the Senate and the House. Britain definitely is a constitutional monarchy, where the Commons and the Senate decide all important matters, and King William V has mainly powers of emergency veto, constitutional administration and thge residuality of sovereignty should the government fail. He is kept up with full details of events, complete briefings etc and can demand these if not given.

Elsewhere, the monarchist tendency is strong, as it was in OTL in countries like Germany or Austria. In the ATL, this sees a strong monarchy in France, kind of on the scale of the 1860s Second Empire of OTL, where the balance of forces is delicate and who is in the ascendancy depends on who is most successful. King Charles XI is an immensely popular and dynamic young ruler. The riots and near civil war of the early 1880s is but a memory, and France is strong in international affairs.

Grey Wolf
 

Oddball

Monthly Donor
Othniel said:
What caused Norway to disolve its union with Sweden in OTL?

Simplified it was Norway's merchant marine.

Sweden had industrialized, Norway had not. Sweden were wery much oriented to Germany, while Norways assest were our merchant fleet and trade with naval powers, thus we looked to Britain.
 
Red said:
Simplified it was Norway's merchant marine.

Sweden had industrialized, Norway had not. Sweden were wery much oriented to Germany, while Norways assest were our merchant fleet and trade with naval powers, thus we looked to Britain.
And to the Danes.
 
One thing to note is that British naval policy 1892-1894 sees them involved in shoring up the return of Willem IV in the Netherlands, seeing to the independence of Sicily under a prince of Bourbon-Parma, and in 1894 backing Emanuele Philiberto in the Piedmontese civil war.

These things are going to affect British policy in the longer term

Britain in the mid-late 1890s is under the Reform Party administration of William Harcourt

Into the twentieth century and to 1910, Britain is under the Moderate Party administration of the 2nd Earl of Selborne

The Reform Party leader is the younger Harcourt (Lewis), whilst the Radical Party has never really recovered from its image problem of not being good at foreign affairs and has been squeezed out

Grey Wolf
 
Neapolitan Tragic Comedy

I am inclining towards seeing the 1910 crisis turning into a tragic comedy. The idea that Naples would be able to keep secret its invasion plans seems unrealistic, and I would expect both the Papacy and Great Britain to learn of it, and respond in the negative.

One might see complications - with Enrico away in Parma, and with his wife Portuguese by birth and his children all young, the Sicilian Prime Minister may well wield excessive influence. He could become a national hero in this time of stress, and become a kind of rival to Enrico who would come hurrying home late. People in Sicily would view his absence as indicative of his being focused on the mainland more than on the island. The Prime Minister (anyone have a candidate ?) would be seen as a Sicilian nationalist and a counter to Enrico. This could stir up trouble for the future.

With war looming, the Pope sends emissaries to Naples, whilst Britain acts in a more forthright manner. With the British Mediterranean Fleet mainly based at Malta, it is easy to intervene, even if a significant minority of strength is still at Piraeus.

King Francesco II is embarassed by this reaction, his invasion force is neutered before it begins and he is forced to back down. Unable to handle the humiliation he abdicates in late 1910 and is succeeded by his eldest son as King Ferdinando III.

Grey Wolf
 

Oddball

Monthly Donor
Grey Wolf said:
I think he meant for their king

Grey Wolf

Well yes, but the reason Prince Carl of Denmark was chosen was that he was married to the daughter of the future British King Edward VII.... ;)
 
So, where are the tensions ?

Where are the major points of focus ?

IS Sweden, Norway and Finland one ? Or can there be a successful Triple Crown ?

What of the new larger Saxony ? The revitalised Denmark, with all of Schleswig-Holstein theirs by right, with the Kiel Canal and with a major poet at Kiel ?

Liberal Protestant nations ? Willem IV in the Netherlands, the young Adolphus III in Hannover ? Maybe even Wilhelm II Augustus in Prussia ?

I feel that the brakes have come on by accident, and I've got stuck again...

Grey Wolf
 
The American Dimension

Maybe trying to fill in the back-stories of countries, find the crises and work out mini crises is the wrong approach. Perhaps I should focus on the forces which have propelled Lodge to the presidency, and how the powers behind the president work out their agenda for his first term ?

Two issues dominated the 1908 election - one was the question of the UPCA becoming a state of the USA, the other the question of the Russian protectorate of Hawaii. Lodge has been elected on a pledge to work to further the former, and push back the latter.

This does not strike one as a recipe for international harmony, but is more focused than the Monroe Doctrine as applied by Sherman everywhere he found it breached

Grey Wolf
 
Grey Wolf said:
Maybe trying to fill in the back-stories of countries, find the crises and work out mini crises is the wrong approach. Perhaps I should focus on the forces which have propelled Lodge to the presidency, and how the powers behind the president work out their agenda for his first term ?

Two issues dominated the 1908 election - one was the question of the UPCA becoming a state of the USA, the other the question of the Russian protectorate of Hawaii. Lodge has been elected on a pledge to work to further the former, and push back the latter.

This does not strike one as a recipe for international harmony, but is more focused than the Monroe Doctrine as applied by Sherman everywhere he found it breached

Grey Wolf
So sieze Hawaii by annexation and allow th UPCA to become several differrent states? (Maybe 3 to 5? Small states equal power, but so do large populations... a needed balance)
 
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