I've been trying to think of ways in which Europe might not adopt Christianity - partially or at all. I've come up with a few but I'm sure there are others.
- Arabic expansion into France via Spain and into Italy via Sicily and perhaps Sardinia/Corsica
- Romans don't conquer France and Spain leaving them open to invasion from what is now Germany and Scandinavia
- Impact of plague leaves Europe almost depopulated and ripe for takeover from the East (As in Kim Stanley Robinson's book Years of Rice and Salt)
- Rome manages to expand much further, into present day Germany and further east and holds off the various migratory tribes long enough to develop industrially.
- Carthage defeats Rome.
- Mongol invasion in 13th Century much more successful or takes place much earlier. Either way a Mongol foothold is secured in Central Europe in which a Mughal style empire is created.
- Alexander survives and his successors look west into Europe.
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