A New Form of Artillery

Thank you all for the comments. In brief reply:

*I am not advertising the failures of the programs, only the highlights. As the war intervenes more details will become available. Please realize that with minimal investment Goddard was able to achieve significant advancements on his own.
*German missiles were largely based on steel and lacked for alloys and materials in many cases. Replace steel missile bodies with aluminum and performance improves notably, albeit not enough to make earth-shattering differences
*Gyroscopes and their precision engineering, along with miniaturization, were a key problem in V2 targeting difficulties. It was thought that had the gyroscopes been perfected the precision of strikes would be measured in city blocks and not in kilometers
*Mass production is not being undertaken, these are prototypes by and large. Technical feasibility is the key here, but the offshoots - and unforseen consequences - will be of additional interest. Not everything here will lead in the direction it appears to, and not every country would be glad to see a United States commanding such superior technology so early in the course of events.
*Transistors were discussed as early as 1926 in a paper from Dr. Julius Lilenfield. Interestingly he developed speakers at the end of his life that made significant commercial impact. He also developed the electrolytic capacitor which aided miniaturization of electronics. Dr. Oskar Heil described similar possibilities in 1934.
*Dr. John Bordeen won two Nobel prizes, one for his work on the transistor in 1947 and another for superconductivity (BCS theory) in the early 70s. His first PhD student was Dr. Nolansky, who pioneered the LED and might win the Nobel prize in a year or two.
*The V2 will be a rough analogue to the 'Major' at the outset, though material science and additional considerations will make the 'Captain' have equivalent usefulness eventually. 'Sergeant' engines will eventually prove useful in specific military roles as well.
*The idea of having the equivalent of the NACA under military auspices creates proximity for a lot of early technologies. The people I mention and the events around them are real, so suppose by the US entry into the war there is a Silicon Valley type research facility where eggheads of all varieties are able to pool their ideas? Would an 'enhanced' SCR-268 or SCR-270 make a difference about how we get into the war?
 
National Archives
Declassified January 15, 2009


April 20, 1940
Progress report, Project 'Babel'
Progress report, Project 'Michael'
Progress report, Project 'Cyrus'

Office of Leslie Groves
Chief Engineer, High Altitude Engine Research
Limited Distribution: Total copies: 12
Beyond Top Secret
*Names of recipients blacked out*
Total Pages: 16
*All but two entirely blacked out*

A prototype demonstration of the 'L-1000' engine was made three days ago, the 'jet' technology is not impressive but the constant evolvement of this design might be able to bring this to greater fruition. This engine, designated 'J-14' after its 14th refinement, is not being added to the proposed R2 frame yet, especially as the frame itself is undergoing refinement as well. Version C of the frame seems optimized thus far for testing, the main concern is the proposed maximum altitude and range of the aircraft. Although we are unaware of any existing aircraft or detection systems which might be able to detect an aircraft at 55,000 feet, the range of 2400 miles would restrict us to friendly bases adjacent to war zones. The technologies involved here are so advanced there is concern for even wreckage falling into enemy hands. Although we have no confirmatory data, the reported German 128mm flak cannons just might be able to get to that altitude, thus we hope to achieve higher altitudes before sending anyone into a potential combat zone. To that end a piece of federal land in Nevada has been appropriated for use as a potential combat aircraft testing site, proposals for a true testing base and evaluation center are accompanied with this communique.

Communications equipment continues to be refined as 'Model' is showing just how much more efficiency it generates in our existing machinery. The 'Super SCR-268' prototype has more than double the range at half the size of the original unit, especially as previously rejected additions are now possible due to the weight/size reduction. Production of the materials required is still a challenge because of the need for purity, but small-scale production is allowing a small surplus for future experimentation. A field radio using 'Model' technology was built for demonstration purposes and shown to the Army and Navy Chiefs of staff, the Army is more interested in personal radio sets while the Navy is more interested in vehicle and ship-based systems. The lightening of aircraft in some cases by over fifty pounds was of interest to both. With development of further 'micro'-systems the evolution of possibilities and prototypes is becoming of interest to our commercial partners who would like to take this technology to the public, for now I think this is a very bad idea and encourage that international hostilities not be present before that decision be made.

The proposed 'Professor' computer system designed by Atanasoff and his colleagues would consume this surplus and more, thus he is refining the design significantly. Howard Aiken and IBM have been brought in as they were looking to develop a similar machine, their combined ideas have led to a proposal for a computing device specifically designed for engineering and research tasks for larger order numbers along with ballistics calculations. This Integrated Device for Integer and Optimization Tasking ('IDIOT') would be able to facilitate wind testing, sheer strengths, ballistics tables, and many additional tasks. They also claim that with the ability to use 'Model' technology alongside this as well as improved capacitors will reduce the size of the original IBM and Atanasoff proposals by over half, though the machines would still be room-sized and require enormous amounts of electricity. As a proof of concept we permitted a series of data from Republic aircraft from their P-44 project upgrade to be run through the Atanasoff machine without their knowledge of how or where the data went. Their engineers incorporated the findings into their plans almost immediately upon receipt, commenting that a project which should have needed two weeks now only took two days (in actuality less than four hours and most of that spent with boxes of punch cards to program the computer). Until design refinements are further along the sheer capital investment would be enormous, for now they are being permitted to build six improved, smaller versions of the original Atanasoff system using 'Model' components.
 

perfectgeneral

Donor
Monthly Donor
A rocket that can be guided accurately over 30,000 yards (17 miles) with a 2,000 pound or more warhead would be of interest to the Navy. Radio control? Hedey Lamarr came up with frequency hopping spread spectrum signals that are hard to jam or intercept.

A single spotter float-plane at altitude/range might direct a series of rockets onto an enemy ship rather than expose/employ a wing of aircraft to launch simultaneously from the air. Rocket battleships firing over the horizon*. No risk of return fire until enemies catch up.

* from 100ft up the horizon is 12.3 miles away. At 3,000ft you can see sea level for 67 miles.
http://www.ringbell.co.uk/info/hdist.htm - horizon calculator

rdr-hor2.gif
 
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Integrated circuit development advanced by roughly ten years?

With WW2 level R&D dollars going into it?

The electronics industry just got a HUGE bump.

The implications for the advancement of electronics (especially computers) is going to be staggering.
 
This here seems at least very precocious:

Platform 'Prism' gained a considerable boost with the acquisition of "xerography" technology that might prove useful for remote transmission of photographs taken from orbit without having to physically preserve film. Testing of this technology is being devised into the launch systems already in place though currently the weight restrictions for sub-orbital launch systems are restrictive.

IOTL, a viable replacement for film wasn't developed until around 1970--long enough that proposals to use the Shuttle as a film-carrying spyplane were used as justification for that program. Could one really replace film as an orbital reconnaissance medium that early?
 

perfectgeneral

Donor
Monthly Donor
No. It would either require processing and then scanning of film within the vehicle or a huge photo sensitive array that is equally unlikely in the time frame. Even small scale lithographic integrated circuits would require very clean rooms and processes. A few gates/amps on a MOSFET chip is the most you can hope for.
 
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What can be done--and what people think can be done

This here seems at least very precocious:



IOTL, a viable replacement for film wasn't developed until around 1970--long enough that proposals to use the Shuttle as a film-carrying spyplane were used as justification for that program. Could one really replace film as an orbital reconnaissance medium that early?

The people working on these projects are reaching for the skies and beyond--it seems logical that they would try for such, but find that it's as yet, out of reach.
 
National Archives
Declassified March 4, 2012


June 28, 1940
Progress report, Project 'Babel'
Progress report, Project 'Michael'
Progress report, Project 'Cyrus'

Office of Vannevar Bush
Director, National Defense Research Committee
Limited Distribution: Total copies: 22
Beyond Top Secret
Distribute to:
-Leslie Groves
-Franklin Roosevelt
*Names of other recipients blacked out*
Total Pages: 32
*All but four mostly blacked out*
*Sixteen entirely blacked out*

Demonstration of the new 'J-16' engine is becoming more impressive with time, output here exceeds 130% that of J-14 and is approaching the desired force to power the R2C-2 frame design. This craft, codenamed 'Daedelus', should have a service ceiling of over 50,000 feet and if possible over 60,000 feet. The frame itself is still being revised with help from our Lockheed designer Clarence Johnson, I am told the resulting aircraft has a thin body, unusually long wingspan, and may have a very small difference between stall speed and maximum speed. Version C-2 of the frame lightens the aircraft by 8% and permits additional fuel, the prototype might have a radius of 2400 miles and no less than 2000. In addition there is now a D-2 frame based on the P-38 frame permitting two engines alongside a body almost entirely resembling a XP-49 with a large camera setup, extra fuel, two J-series engines, and key reinforcements in specific areas. Should the J-series engines meet or exceed initial design proposals, this frame would be more expensive but have significantly more range along with other perks.

Refinement and upgrades of various electronics using 'Model' systems continues to amaze the personnel who see it in action. A totally new radar set designed around the 'Super SCR-268' prototype is now being designed. Production is slowly increasing as materials are becoming easier to acquire and production itself is slowly increased. Disturbingly we have a report from Japanese intelligence suggesting that one of their agents has either seen this system in action or that they have become aware of its existence, possibly via the Germans or Russians. The advantages of such a system are difficult to summarize, secrecy of these 'transistors' is essential until either peace returns to Europe or we are required to initiate mass production.

Atanasoff and his increasing number of colleagues have combined three of the Series B computers together and run them in parallel for additional processing power. Howard Aiken, the number two man on the team, has also designed what he calls a 'central processing unit' which might enable the refinement of the system and prevent manual rewiring every time a new function is made. In addition there is a proposal to be able to store information chemically in mercury drums or magnetically in toroidal-based systems. The cover for this project is being moved to the University of Pennsylvania with the Moore School of Electrical Engineering both to keep the project nearer to Washington and to centralize the research in one establishment apart from the other projects as it is viewed as equally strategic in scope should refinement permit more widespread applications. With the demonstration of remote use of computer systems courtesy of Bell Labs via Dartmouth we believe that this application will alleviate the concerns for long-distance travel which could arise. A facility at Los Alamo, New Mexico will be able to maintain equally if not more advanced systems on site for the researchers in other projects as needed. Their IDIOT design has seen additional refinement, given the addition of the central processing unit alongside the possibility of much greater memory construction of two IDIOT-Cs were authorized (one at each aforementioned location).
 
The people working on these projects are reaching for the skies and beyond--it seems logical that they would try for such, but find that it's as yet, out of reach.

Maybe, but it also sounds a bit like a "Gee Whiz" proposal that is suspected by the scientists to be beyond their capability, but is floated anyway because the mere prospect helps them get funding and/or priority.
 
National Archives
Declassified March 4, 2012


September 29, 1940
Progress report, Project 'Babel'
Progress report, Project 'Michael'
Progress report, Project 'Cyrus'

Office of Vannevar Bush
Director, National Defense Research Committee
Limited Distribution: Total copies: 15
Beyond Top Secret
Distribute to:
-Leslie Groves
-Franklin Roosevelt
-Henry Tizard
*Names of other recipients blacked out*
Total Pages: 12
*All but four mostly blacked out*

With a prototype 'J-19' engine largely funded by Lockheed and Northrup in combination and with an eye on military contracts, output now achieved exceeds 18kN thrust. A military craft designed around the engine is expected soon though 'Daedelus' is almost ready for prototype testing. Lockheed designer Clarence Johnson states 'Daedelus' will have a radius of 2200 miles and a top speed possibly approaching 550 MPH. A new prototype camera codenamed 'Sclera' is being developed with 'Model' technology, now able to reduce the size of such cameras by over half. A transcontinental mission is now planned from Pensacola Naval Air Station to Los Alamo both for speed and photography testing.

Development of the 'Vale' radio system permits a duffel bag sized squad radio with a range of over 25 miles and batteries lasting much longer than current systems. Steel is the least expensive material to use but lighter, tougher aluminum cases can reduce weight even further. In addition the UK mission has shared with us a new device known as a Cavity Magnetron, able to produce microwaves at exceptional efficiency. We are incorporating this as well as a parallel version using klystrons into a new design of RADAR system deemed SCR-368. Finally the use of 'Model' technology is now being adapted by the UK as they are eager to apply its concepts to their war efforts. The order to share this technology comes from the President himself. He hopes that should the US need to enter the war that the British will have developed newer unforeseen combat uses of the 'Model' technology, perhaps on a wider scale than we could imagine.

With the development of a true Series C mini-computer, Atanasoff and Aiken incorporated their 'central processing unit' design into the system. Stored information (on magnetic drums and toroid systems) is now able to be retrieved while operations are moving faster with fewer burnouts. Further refinement here is of extreme interest to the British for reasons we as yet are unable to determine. Although we appreciated their jet engine concept it is frankly behind our own and their penicillin will need mass production before it can become useful. Bell Labs and GE each ask for the opportunity to use Model technology for computers of their own, but wisely the White House refused this. Regardless it may only be a matter of time before such technology will have to see commercial use. The development of IDIOT-D prototypes even at the planning stage whet the whistle of the 'programmers' and 'developers' seeking to use the system. They are also proposing a massive system deemed 'TRAGIC', or TRAnsistorized General Information Computer. This system would use one vacuum tube for a 'clock' while using tens of thousands of 'model' pieces for a massive information system that ironically would be far smaller than the proposed equivalents using vacuum tubes. Clearly the uses of TRAGIC would be limited to engineering and scientific research, proposals for construction and submission will be gathered in time for the next transmission.
progress.gif
 
you know that the growth of this technology is going to happen...

can you imagine using an IDIOT-D at Bletchley Park....

transistorized walkie-talkies?
 
I think for main armaments and armor they were even at that time, Sherman main armament is described in millimeters as is its armor if memory serves. I could be mistaken and will clarify if needed, metric also serves to standardize comparisons with other armor systems being evaluated in this process.

I believe that this was due to the Sherman gun being based on a French design From the first World War?

Google-fu time

French Canon de 75 modèle 1897
 
I think for main armaments and armor they were even at that time, Sherman main armament is described in millimeters as is its armor if memory serves. I could be mistaken and will clarify if needed, metric also serves to standardize comparisons with other armor systems being evaluated in this process.

TM 9-759 Medium Tank M4A3 lists armor thicknesses in inches, from 1942

The Standard/Metric split came from WWI, weapons that were in mm from France, stayed in mm, UK in inches.

New weapons were in inches, unless derived from the French.

So you had 37mm cannons, and 1.1" anti-aircraft guns

81mm Mortars and 4.2" Mortars
 
A rocket that can be guided accurately over 30,000 yards (17 miles) with a 2,000 pound or more warhead would be of interest to the Navy. Radio control? Hedey Lamarr came up with frequency hopping spread spectrum signals that are hard to jam or intercept.

A single spotter float-plane at altitude/range might direct a series of rockets onto an enemy ship rather than expose/employ a wing of aircraft to launch simultaneously from the air. Rocket battleships firing over the horizon*. No risk of return fire until enemies catch up.

* from 100ft up the horizon is 12.3 miles away. At 3,000ft you can see sea level for 67 miles.
http://www.ringbell.co.uk/info/hdist.htm - horizon calculator

rdr-hor2.gif

Forget the navy. As a land artillery guy I'd loved to have had a weapon with a 17 mile range and 1000kg explosive charge were I in the US Army of 1939-45. Much of the heavy artillery cannon could have been replaced with a longer ranged & fairly accurate missile. As someone who used to be paid to use such weapons in the 1990s I can see clear advantages for the 1940s. Even if the control/accuracy proposed here proves unrealisitc a projectile with a CEP of 500 meters @ 25km, or even 15 km & a charge of 1000kg would be very useful :cool:
 
Communications equipment continues to be refined as 'Model' is showing just how much more efficiency it generates in our existing machinery. The 'Super SCR-268' prototype has more than double the range at half the size of the original unit, especially as previously rejected additions are now possible due to the weight/size reduction.

The output stage of high power transmitters has been all vacuum tube until recently, and only commercial all solid state transmitters since the 1970s, Klystrons and Inductive Output Tubes (IOT) only recently being overtaken by all solid state units.

They were hybrid solid state/tube final drive from the 1960s till then.

Back to the TL

There wouldn't be much used in doing ground units in solid state at first, and wouldn't change the output power or receive discrimination either

not the case for airborne or portable devices, though.

one of the big advantages of the first solid state devices was not the transistor, but the selenium rectifier, invented in the 1930s, but not widely adopted till after the war. Lighter,physically smaller,cheaper and more vibration resistant.

They were far more efficient than the rectifier tubes they replaced, silicon or germanium diodes were not made to handle similar levels of power until the 1950s.

So why weren't they used much during WWII?

I don't have a good reason. They need no special technology, it was achievable with 1920s tech.

Same thing with Klystron tubes. Far better than cavity magnetrons for making high power, narrow band high frequency radio waves, but wasn't used for Radar till after WWII, despite being invented before the war in the USA

Think of them as a microwave amplifier tube: high frequency in, high power, high frequency out. It's cheaper and easier to make a high power klystron than a cavity magnetron.

Back to the selenium rectifier.

you could make a computer with that, Diode Resistor Logic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_logic
 
December 13, 1940

Abwehr G1103
Schloss Adler
Technical Field Report
Streng Geheim!

Confirmation of the recently discovered developments in the United States is confirmed by my agents. British acquisition of the 'Model' technology could enhance their war effort considerably, and should the Americans enter the war their production advantage combined with this technological edge would make them nigh unstoppable. Our own agents work hard to acquire technology, schematics, and if possible engineers but thus far results are not promising. Outright theft of the schematics for the 'Lieutenant' and 'Sergeant' engines recently has locked down the Los Alamo base significantly, we suspect there are at least two more similar facilities but have yet to locate them. Of special interest is the IDIOT project described by one of our liaisons if only because of the potential such a device could have for our engineers and perhaps cryptanalysts as well. Rumors now abound of a STandardized United Processor of Information - Digital, or 'STUPID', of far greater capacity. Should these STUPID rumors be true and the Americans are on the verge of a system for information processing of such magnitude, it is recommended that a backup cryptographical system be put in place for highest-level documents and traffic. It is also recommended that given the British propensity to try to bomb our cities that 'Model' technology and perhaps an 'IDIOT' or clone thereof be acquired for use on the 'Firefly' project. Although only rumor at this point the possibility of an American jet aircraft may warrant the development of 'Firefly' be accelerated, the 'Lieutenant' and 'Sergeant' should aid with that.

We are aware that our Japanese allies are also attempting to procure this technology and believe that they might serve a useful purpose here. Could the Empire of Japan be made to act as a factory for German interests much as the United States might act as one for British interests? If so should we consider sharing the newer technologies with them at first possible opportunity?
 
Have to wonder if the Soviets are getting anything out of this. Their HUMINT was best in the world during the 30's and 40's. Maybe the rocket scientists will escape the purges.
 

iddt3

Donor
December 13, 1940

Abwehr G1103
Schloss Adler
Technical Field Report
Streng Geheim!

Confirmation of the recently discovered developments in the United States is confirmed by my agents. British acquisition of the 'Model' technology could enhance their war effort considerably, and should the Americans enter the war their production advantage combined with this technological edge would make them nigh unstoppable. Our own agents work hard to acquire technology, schematics, and if possible engineers but thus far results are not promising. Outright theft of the schematics for the 'Lieutenant' and 'Sergeant' engines recently has locked down the Los Alamo base significantly, we suspect there are at least two more similar facilities but have yet to locate them. Of special interest is the IDIOT project described by one of our liaisons if only because of the potential such a device could have for our engineers and perhaps cryptanalysts as well. Rumors now abound of a STandardized United Processor of Information - Digital, or 'STUPID', of far greater capacity. Should these STUPID rumors be true and the Americans are on the verge of a system for information processing of such magnitude, it is recommended that a backup cryptographical system be put in place for highest-level documents and traffic. It is also recommended that given the British propensity to try to bomb our cities that 'Model' technology and perhaps an 'IDIOT' or clone thereof be acquired for use on the 'Firefly' project. Although only rumor at this point the possibility of an American jet aircraft may warrant the development of 'Firefly' be accelerated, the 'Lieutenant' and 'Sergeant' should aid with that.

We are aware that our Japanese allies are also attempting to procure this technology and believe that they might serve a useful purpose here. Could the Empire of Japan be made to act as a factory for German interests much as the United States might act as one for British interests? If so should we consider sharing the newer technologies with them at first possible opportunity?

Other than tactical intelligence around Pearl Harbor, I'm not aware of *any* successes of the Japanese Intelligence Services, they made the Abwehr (Who had some occasional success, like stealing the Norton Bombsite) look competent.

To what extant have American advances speed up other Counties Jet and Missile program? I would imagine that, aside from direct espionage and Intelligence sharing, that the American success provoked more investment by the other powers, and even rumors could contribute by aiming effort down the right paths at least.
 
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