"A Great Third Party"; Attempt 3

"A Great Third Party"
Many have claimed that the first truly fascist MP in Britain was Henry Beamish, he was a staunch anti-Semite and was elected into the House of Commons in the 1918 by-election for Clapham as an Independent. Many have argued that he only managed to defeat the Conservative candidate due to the pro-Negotiation Independent candidate Edward Backhouse...

In the run-up to the election many of Backhouse's meetings were disrupted by people whom disagreed with negotiation with the Germans, through this Backhouse didn't get many of his policies across thus leading to the extremely anti-German Beamish taking advantage of the situation...

Another MP, representing Finsbury East who's claimed to be fascist is H. S. Spencer. An Independent MP who was supported by the far-right Vigilante Society that wanted a British Empire "for the British". He was against a Liberal candidate and won, he also had the support of the Merchant Seamen's League which added to his vote...

These two MP's were at first not members of any specifically fascist parties, however they worked together very closely and used both of their resources to help the other get re-elected. For example Henry Beamish joined the Vigilante Society. In the future though they both joined the British Fascist Party, the largest (and loosely run) fascist party...

History of British Fascism 1918-39; T. Linehan

One of the most interesting results of the 1918 General Election was how well the Independents and minor parties fared. The biggest example of this is the National Party which was led primarily by Sir Henry Croft, however Sir Richard Cooper and Lord Ampthill also helped to create the party...

In the 1918 General Election the party fielded 26 candidates and from these did very well, 12 of the candidates won in previously-Conservative seats. Alongside this they managed to split the votes in 4 constituencies and this allowed an Independent, two Labour and one Liberal MP's into the Commons...

Another victory for a minor party was with Christabel Pankhurst whom stood for the Women's Party in Smethwick, she managed to defeat a sole opponent (from Labour) by a small majority of around 770 votes...

Lastly four Independent candidates were elected in 1918. Two had very close ideologies and would later join the British Fascist Party... Another Independent elected was Horatio Bottomley in Hackney South, he defeated the Coalition Liberal candidate by a majority of around 8000 votes. He had been an MP for the same constituency until 1912 when he was thrown out for bankruptcy...

The Growth of Minor Parties in the Early 20th Century; J. Hazlett

In the by-elections after the 1918 General Election the pattern of minor-party growth was ongoing. The Anti-Waste League was set up by Lord Rothermere (the newspaper tycoon), he set it up in response to large-scale government spending that they believe was wasteful... The 'AWL' managed to snatch up 4 seats through by-elections after 1918 and it managed to keep a hold of these seats even after the General Election of 1922...

Another party was the 'People's League', set up by Independent Horatio Bottomley. While most of its candidates failed to gain a seat it supported Murray Sueter who became an MP for the Anti-Waste League in Hertford, it also support John Nicholson who failed to win against the Anti-Waste League candidate Reginald Applin in Westminster Abbey...

Oddly however the National party only stood a single candidate in all the by-elections, this was in Cambridge. The candidate that stood for them was George Makgill, he was an extremely patriotic man that was also secretary for the 'British Empire Union', a group that was heavily patriotic and very anti-German...


How By-Elections Effected Early 20th Century Politics; H. Lawd

 
Very interesting hope to see you balance the update time for each TL.

Also I'm assuming the POD is that some of these MP's did not win?

So we are going to have a Fascist Britain then; hope to see how the party develops.:D
 
In the years during and after the Great War numerous anti-Socialist and anti-Communist groups began to appear in Britain which were mostly ran by Conservatives, fascists or private business owners. One of these was the British Empire Union; this had been founded in 1916 and was previously called the Anti-German Union (founded in 1915). It was an extremely patriotic party that believed the Labour party would “Bolshevise Britain”; it was also associated with the Antisemitism of Leopold Maxse. Alongside this it advocated tariff-reform and in the post-war years the group worked alongside Henry Crofts ‘National Party’ in lobbying for tariff-reform...

Another group worth mentioning is the British Workers League. It was created in 1916, was described as a “patriotic labour” group and was staunchly against socialism. In 1918 it was recreated into the National Democrat and Labour Party, a political party that gained 9 seats in the 1918 General Election...

The last major anti-Socialist organisation is the Middle Class Union that was set up in 1919 (and changed its name to the National Citizens Union in 1921). Lord George Askwith founded this in order to try and safeguard property after the number of working class people allowed to vote had increased by the Reform Act of 1918. Lord Robert Cecil even described the group as people trying to “protect their interests… and secure property… from revolution and extreme Labour demands”...

Anti-Socialism in Early 20th Century Britain: T. P. Linehan

On the 19th of October at 2am the results of the Newport by-election were given. As was expected by the Conservative party the result was a victory for the Labour party. Thus at the Carlton Meeting later in the day there was a real battle among the MP's present. Some argued that the results showed that the coalition with the Liberal Party was in fact the only way to keep the Labour Party out of government. Others retaliated and made the point that if it had not been for the independent John Nicholson who was supported by the ‘Independent Parliamentary Group’, the Conservative vote wouldn’t have been split and thus Labour would’ve lost in all likelihood. After numerous Conservative politicians were heard the MP's all voted on whether to break up the coalition or not.

The results were 153 for the break-up, 121 for the coalition. The Conservative MP's had in one fell swoop decapitated the government, though all things considered the results were quite close which showed the splits in the Conservative party that would plague it after the next General Election.

History of the Conservative Party: J. Charmley

Almost as soon as the results of the Carlton Meeting were made public both Sir Henry Croft and Lord Rothermere met to discuss the future of their parties. Sir Henry Croft needed larger resource pools to pull from in order to make a breakthrough with his party which the popular newspaper magnate could help with. Lord Rothermere had a much more serious problem in that the basis of his party was on the waste of the Coalition government, however without the coalition government his party couldn't run on 'Anti-Waste' in the next election. Therefore the two leaders came up with a merging plan of their parties which were both patriotic, Conservative, Protectionist and anti-socialist...

Not long after the leaders met a general meeting was held with MP's from both parties meeting each other in a secret location in London that to this day hasn't been found out. They held a ballot on such a unification of the parties, of the National Party 10 agree to it, while all the Anti-Waste League MP's (4 MP's in total) agreed to such a unification. The two National Party MP's that didn't wish for a merger however they didn't leave the new party with the provisions that were made...

The provisions mentioned earlier in this page were that Sir Henry Croft would be leader of the party while Lord Rothermere would be deputy-leader of the party while numerous other National Party members took up important positions within the new party...

Lastly the new name for the merged parties was the 'British National Party'...

The Growth of Minor Parties in the Early 20th Century; J. Hazlett
 
United Kingdom General Election, 1922 - 616 seats

Conservatives (Andrew Bonar Law) - 301 seats


Labour (John Robert Clynes) - 122 seats


Liberals (Herbert Henry Asquith*) - 65 seats


National Liberals (David Lloyd George) - 54 seats


British National Party (Henry Page Croft) - 43 seats


People's League (Horatio William Bottomley) - 9 seats


Communist Party (Albert Inkpin) - 6 seats


Others - 16 seats

*The leader of this party lost their seat.

British Political Facts 1900 - 1994: D. Butler

The loss of Herbert Asquith's seat has often been attributed to the continuation of the 'Liberal Split', not only had a man whom wished to re-unify the parties been kicked out of Parliament but he'd lost his seat because of a split vote from the National Liberals...

This has often been called the 'Lloyd-George Betrayal' who on the last day available to place candidates he placed a National Liberal in Paisley, thus the vote split enough between the two Liberal parties and allowed a Labour candidate to gain the seat...

The next leader of the Liberal Party Sir John Simon was put off the National Liberals and Lloyd-George especially with this 'betrayal'...

History of the Liberal Parties; J. Harding

The Conservatives now faced a problem in parliament, they were in a minority government by just 8 seats. Bonar Law also knew that it was likely that if faced by a vote-of-no confidence the Conservatives would likely lose it and thus another election would be called rapidly...

Initially he considered a coalition with David Lloyd-George and the National Liberal Party, however he put this idea down nearly immediately due to the last election having been called due to the cancellation of a Conservative-Liberal Coalition...

Thus the only other party he could seriously look at for support was the British National Party (BNP) which was more right-wing than the Conservative Party. He contacted the leader Sir Henry Croft in order to discuss some kind of deal. Croft wanted a full-blown coalition while Bonar-Law simply wished for a deal in which in return for pro-Tariff legislation the BNP would support the Conservatives in such a case as a vote-of-no confidence...

Sir Henry Croft became so infuriated by Bonar-Law's denial of a coalition that he almost called off all deals, however Lord Rothermere and the majority of the party members managed to calm the leader down to the point at which he conceded and agreed to a deal...

History of the Conservative Party; D. Cameron

Both of the independent fascists Henry Beamish and
H. S. Spencer managed to keep their seats for a third election, an astounding achievement for two candidates whom had won all three on only triple-digit majorities...

History of British Fascism 1918-39; T. Linehan
 
Last edited:
After the National-Conservative agreement was created, Parliament seemed to stabilise again. Though there were previously underlying problems in the Conservative party that now began to surface. Numerous free traders within the party didn’t agree with this sudden pro-tariff agreement being made between the National Party and the Conservative party. They began to speak out openly against the new governments position of tariff reform, and rebelled against the party multiple times. These problems became severe when Bonar-Law resigned from office of Prime Minister on the 22nd May 1923...

It was Stanley Baldwin whom was called for by King George V, and he was made the Prime Minister. Though a heavy weight fell on the poor mans shoulders, as he’d inherited leadership of a party that was coming apart rapidly. Baldwin came under fire from both sides of the Conservative party, with each side wanting Baldwin to take firm action for their views. Baldwin himself was a believer in tariff reform, though he initially tried to keep the Conservative party united, making small concessions to either side...

Though ultimately Baldwin failed, the National party threatened to end the deal between them and the Conservative party if Baldwin wouldn’t make pro-tariff legislation. At which point Baldwin crumbled, and was forced to make tariff-reform one of the primary policies of the Conservative party. At this point, the damage had gone too far. In a secret meeting on the 6 June 1923 numerous free-trade Conservative politicians and supporters met to discuss the future of the Conservative party. It was decided that the free traders simply couldn’t be involved in a party that advocated tariff-reforms as one of its primary policies, in a unanimous vote of the MPs present at the meeting, the free-trade section of the Conservative party chose to split away from the main party and create a separate party...

In the same meeting it was decided who would take over as leader of the new party, the politicians threw ideas out, trying to figure out a worthy leader. Eventually they decided that Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, would be placed as leader of the new party. This is due to his role in the cabinet during the Great War, and his 14 years experience as an MP until 1906. On the same day, all politicians that had attended the meeting contacted Stanley Baldwin to tell him of their resignations from the Conservative Party to create the ‘Free Conservative’ party. In total 30 MPs left the Conservative party...

Soon after all of the Conservative party learnt of this development, and it seemed all MPs looked to Baldwin to see what would be his next move. Many in the party didn’t think he was up for the job, seeing as how less than a month into his leadership of the party and nation he couldn’t even keep his own party united. Though he stayed on as leader nonetheless, though he faced a huge problem. The Conservative party was again in trouble of being voted out in a vote-of-no-confidence, as they were 13 seats short of a majority. It wasn’t conceivable that the Conservative party have an agreement with another party, though Baldwin didn’t want to have to suffer the embarrassment of a vote-of-no-confidence. Therefore he called for an election on the 22nd July 1923...

History of the Conservative Party: J. Charmley

After the election was called by Stanley Baldwin, the National Party moved quickly. Both Lords Rothermere and Beaverbrook worked together as newspaper magnates to put the case forward for tariff-reforms and free trade within the British Empire. Also in each paper the manifestoes of the National Party were in nearly every copy in the run-up to the election, thus allowing millions of people to scan over their manifesto and beliefs and influence their votes. Alongside this Stanley Baldwin and Henry Croft made an agreement that neither party would put up candidates in a constituency where the other was placing a candidate. Thus ensuring that in numerous constituencies the candidate’s votes wouldn’t be split. Thus, in the magnate’s papers the constituents were encouraged to vote for the Conservative party (not the Free Conservative party) if no National candidate was standing there...

The People's League also got involved with this election as Horatio Bottomley contacted Sir Henry Croft in order to make an electoral alliance with him in the form of the 'People's Alliance'. This was in part to help counter-act the National Liberal-Free Conservative Pact as People's League candidates would stand in order to take National Liberal votes...

The National Party and other Minor Political Parties in early 20th century British Politics: J. M. Hazlett

As chaos seemingly rampaged through the establishment a little known young woman by the name of Miss Rotha Lintorn-Orman set up her own political organisation by the name of 'British Fascisti'. While at the time this was a minor organisation that had little effect on the political world it would grow in size rapidly...

Not long after its creation both Henry Beamish and
H. S. Spencer both accepted the official endorsement of the British Fascisti, alongside this Beamish set up his own printing company called 'The Britons'. This organisation was used to advertise numerous anti-immigration platforms as well as advertise the British Fascisti...

History of British Fascism 1918-39; T. Linehan
 
United Kingdom General Election, 1923 - 616 seats

Conservatives (Stanley Baldwin) - 186 seats


Labour (Ramsay MacDonald) - 174 seats


British National Party (Henry Page Croft) - 79 seats

National Liberals (David Lloyd George) - 71 seats


Liberals (John Allesbrook Simon) - 43 seats

Free Conservatives (Lord Edward Stanley) - 21 seats

People's League (Horatio William Bottomley) - 14 seats


Communist Party (Albert Inkpin) - 11 seats

British Fascisti (
Rotha Lintorn-Orman) - 3 seats

Others - 14 seats

British Political Facts 1900 - 1994: D. Butler

Not long after the election of 1923 both Sir John Simon and Lord Edward Stanley began talks into some kind of merger of the Liberal and Free Conservative parties. Recent historians have claimed that John Simon had always wanted this as he was a 'Liberal-Conservative' and while he never specified this in public his private letters to various colleagues certainly points to such an ideological belief...

However many in the rump Liberal Party disagreed with such a merge and publicly condemned Sir John Simon for considering such a thing. However this didn't put Simon off whom came to an agreement with the Free Conservatives around a month after the election...

Out of the 43 Liberal MP's 25 walked out of the party and joined the National Liberal Party making it the 3rd largest party by MP's again...

The newly created 'Liberal-Conservative Party' had Sir John Simon as leader which would allow for easier political debate within the Commons while Lord Edward Stanley was deputy-leader...

History of the Liberal Parties; J. Harding

The election of 1923 was a large success in the eyes of many Communist Party members as not only had they increased their seat share but they'd also managed to prevent the Labour Party from gaining what's now estimated at between 20-40 seats in the Commons...

This showed that the Communists were now a viable force in the House of Commons to pressure the Labour Party that was desperate to inflict large-scale casualties among the Conservative Party...

History of the British Communist Party; A. Johnson

The British National Party gained a large number of previously Conservative Party seats in the 1923 General Election...

Sir Henry Croft announced that this showed the "British public wanted Tariff Reform!"...

Not only did the BNP manage to gain a large number of Conservative seats but they also split the Conservatives votes in numerous seats that allowed the Labour Party to sneak in and snatch the seats...

The National Party and other Minor Political Parties in early 20th century British Politics: J. M. Hazlett

Almost immediately after Stanley Baldwin heard the results of the 1923 Election he announced that he was standing down from Conservative Party leadership. This wasn't what the Conservatives needed in their time-of-crisis however Baldwin was tired and didn't wish to have to fight yet another election...

Numerous candidates were put forward to be the next leader of the Conservative Party however one man stood above the rest, Austen Chamberlain. Son of Joseph Chamberlain he stood above the other candidates alongside his brother Neville Chamberlain...

However not long after he took on the leadership the Conservatives were stuck as almost none of the parties in the Commons were willing to work together. The National Liberals and Liberal-Conservatives hated each other as well as Labour, however the Liberal parties were pro-free trade and it was unthinkable of a Conservative-labour Coalition. The BNP would now support the Conservatives as well as the People's League however this wouldn't create a majority government which would likely be voted down over tariffs...

History of the Conservative Party; D. Cameron
 
So it seems that everyone is up in the creek without a paddle.

I wonder if they're going to call another election just to sort everything out.
 
Originally posted by TheNordicBrit
David Lloyd-George officially put Gwilym Lloyd-George (his son) as the deputy-leader of the National Liberal Party.

He would never have appointed his 27 year old son (born December 1894) and elected as an MP for the first time in 1922, as deputy leader of the National Liberal Party.

The 54 National Liberals elected in 1922 in this TL are about the same number as that elected in OTL, so while it might be cool to have Lloyd George appoint Churchill deputy leader, the latter would have been heavily defeated in Dundee as he was in OTL, so that would have ruled him out. A plausible deputy leader would be Thomas Macnamara. In OTL he was Minister of Labour from 1920-1922 and MP for Camberwell, North-West from 1918-1924.
 
He would never have appointed his 27 year old son (born December 1894) and elected as an MP for the first time in 1922, as deputy leader of the National Liberal Party.

The 54 National Liberals elected in 1922 in this TL are about the same number as that elected in OTL, so while it might be cool to have Lloyd George appoint Churchill deputy leader, the latter would have been heavily defeated in Dundee as he was in OTL, so that would have ruled him out. A plausible deputy leader would be Thomas Macnamara. In OTL he was Minister of Labour from 1920-1922 and MP for Camberwell, North-West from 1918-1924.

Hooray I thought I was the only one to comment.
 
He would never have appointed his 27 year old son (born December 1894) and elected as an MP for the first time in 1922, as deputy leader of the National Liberal Party.

The 54 National Liberals elected in 1922 in this TL are about the same number as that elected in OTL, so while it might be cool to have Lloyd George appoint Churchill deputy leader, the latter would have been heavily defeated in Dundee as he was in OTL, so that would have ruled him out. A plausible deputy leader would be Thomas Macnamara. In OTL he was Minister of Labour from 1920-1922 and MP for Camberwell, North-West from 1918-1924.
Good point, thank you for pointing it out. In my next update it'll simply be a list of OTL people ITTL, so I'll mention Thomas Macnamara in that.
 
Comparing OTL characters to TTL characters

Aitken, Max – Lord Beaverbrook, owner of the London Evening Standard as well as having a controlling interest in the failing Daily Express, supporter of the BNP and Tariff Reform.

Amery, Leo - In Austen Chamberlain's Cabinet as Secretary of State for the Colonies two years earlier due to the Imperialist Cabinet set up by the Conservatives under Chamberlain.

Asquith, Herbert - In 1923 was offered a peerage due to his inability to make it back into the Commons. However he took this offensively and refused outright. In his diary he writes that if he cannot gain a seat in '24 then he shall accept a peerage if offered again.

Attlee, Clement – Labour Party candidate for Limehouse in 1922 and Mile End in 1923, failed to win either seat due to Communist candidates splitting the vote.

Baldwin, Stanley - Resigned from Premiership after just a year as Prime Minister. Took on the Cabinet position of Home Secretary under Austen Chamberlain.

Beamish, Henry – MP for Clapham and represents the British Fascisti organisation in Parliament.

Bottomley, Horatio - Recently the People's League merged into the British National Party, Bottomley is made joint Deputy-Leader of the BNP.

Brittain, Harry – One of the founders of the Tariff Reform League and recently crossed the floor from the Conservative Party to the BNP. Also organised the Empire Press Union.

Chamberlain, Neville - In his brother’s cabinet as Leader of the House of Commons and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

Chamberlain, Austen - Current leader of the Conservative Party and recently called an election due to a gridlock after the 1923 General Election. Believed to be the next Prime Minister.

Churchill, Winston – Member of the Liberal-Conservative Party but lost his seat in Dundee in 1922, he failed to regain his place in Parliament in 1923 but is standing in Henley in 1924.

Croft, Henry – Current leader of the BNP, President of Free Trade Union and Chairman of the Tariff Reform League.

Hannon, Patrick – MP for the BNP in Birmingham Moseley.

Harmsworth, Harold – Lord Rothermere, owner of London Daily Mail and Daily Mirror. Deputy Leader of BNP and irregular attendee of Lords.

Hawkins, Neil – 20-year-old fascist MP. A member of the British Fascisti and a member of the three man Headquarters Committee. In his diary he writes of challenging the leadership of Rotha Lintorn-Orman.

Inkpin, Albert – General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain as well as MP for Battersea South in ‘Red Battersea’ due to both constituencies being represented by Communist MP’s.

Joyce, William – Died in 1921 after having been killed by the IRA on the way home from school.

Lintorn-Orman, Rotha - Leader of the British Fascisti, many in the organisation argue it should be reformed into a political party however she’s unwilling to.

Lloyd-George, David - Leader of the National Liberal Party.

Lloyd-George, Gwilym – Son of David Lloyd-George and an MP for the National Liberals however his policies are much more in line with the Liberal-Conservatives, it’s commonly believed that he’s an up-and-coming star among the Liberals.

Makgill, George – MP for the BNP in Cambridge, he’s also Honorary Secretary of British Empire Union.

Maxse, Leopold – Editor of the National Review and a member of the BNP, however he subdues his anti-semitic views under direct orders from Henry Croft.

Mosley, Oswald - Very much the same as OTL, Independent MP for Harrow after having left Conservative Party over the issue of Black and Tans in Ireland.

Pankhurst, Christabel – Women’s Party MP for Smethwick still. However she mainly votes with the BNP on most matters.
 
If the BNP take over by 1933 I wonder how they'll react to Hitler seeing as they are anti-German. Probably re-arm or try to stop the Nazi's from doing so.
 
Well, the fact that one of the TTL sources is "History of British Fascism 1918-39" implies that something happens in 1939 such that the old British Fascism stops there. IMHO, that probably means the war starts, and the fascists are either glorified or vilified. Given the title of the thread, I'm guessing the former.

Anglo-Italian Fascist Alliance against Hitler? Sounds just crazy enough to work... :)
 
Just a few things, the book title I used for British Fascism is in fact one I have IOTL anyway so it just seemed fitting to use a real book.

The title of this TL in fact comes from Horatio Bottomley IOTL whom said he wished to turn the People's League into a "great third party", it just seemed fitting to have that seeing as there's suddenly a cluster-fuck of parties now.

Lastly without giving too much away the British Fascisti will in the future grow in power, however a lot of the time this will be more due to votes being balkanized in vast swathes of seats. However you'll have to wait to see what I do ;)
 
Austen Chamberlain made a big move now that he'd taken on his role as leader. Firstly not long after the BNP and PL merged he contacted their leader Sir Henry Croft and in the 'Tariff Meeting' the two politicians agreed to a Electoral Alliance, Chamberlain secretly tells Croft that this will be incredibly soon and thus Croft must go and prepare...

People will be informed of this mainly through the use of the 'Rothermere-Beaverbrook Newspaper Empire', while the two owned different newspapers they both supported the BNP...

History of the Conservative Party; D. Cameron

Ramsay MacDonald realized that he'd need the support of another party to get Labour into a majority government but there were only 3 possibilities seeing as this election was (yet again) being run on tariff reform...

The first party and closest ideologically was the Communist Party of Great Britain that had repeatedly caused the losses of Labour seats since 1918, however MacDonald was unwilling to risk some of the less leftist voters of the Labour Party just to stop some seats from being divided...

The next party was the National Liberal Party run by David Lloyd-George which (after the CPGB) was closest to the Labour Party ideologically and caused less trouble at the voting booths than the Communists did. However the problem here was Lloyd-George whom disliked the Labour Party and didn't wish to see it in power...

Thus the last potential party was the Liberal-Conservative Party ran by Sir John Simon. Now while ideologically they were the furthest of all the potentials the previous leader (Asquith) seemed to not be too put off by a coalition of Labour and the Liberals. But due to the Conservative element within the party and its internal factions it seemed that it'd be impossible for Labour to gain a Majority in the next parliament, however their hope for a Minority government was shattered by the Zinoviev letter[1]...

History of the Labour Party; T. Blair

[1] - See OTL.

United Kingdom General Election, 1924 - 616 seats

Conservatives ([Joseph] Austen Chamberlain) - 212 seats
- Tariff-Reform Alliance *

Labour (Ramsay MacDonald) - 121 seats


British National Party (Henry Page Croft) - 108 seats - Tariff-Reform Alliance

National Liberals (David Lloyd George) - 103 seats

Liberal-Conservative Party (John Allesbrook Simon) - 34 seats

Communist Party (Albert Inkpin) - 12 seats

British Fascisti (
Rotha Lintorn-Orman) - 9 seats

Others - 11 seats

* One minister lost their seat: Neville Chamberlain -> Oswald Mosley (Labour). Neville's vote was split by a Liberal-Conservative and an Independent who named themselves 'National Party' in order to purposefully split votes.

British Political Facts 1900 - 1994: D. Butler

 
For some reason I can see Tariff reform going downhill at the Imperial Conference with the Dominions refusing even after all those elections and party splittings in the Homeland.
 
Last edited:
Top