Here is the history of the Scottish Parliament including an update from 2016.
The Scottish Parliament
In 1996 the Scotland Act was passed by the House of Commons, and following a referendum that the Scottish public voted overwhelmingly in favour of the establishment of the parliament, the first elections were held in May 1997. The parliament terms were altered from the initial 4 year length in 2001 to five year terms so that the Welsh and Northern Irish elections would also occur at the same time. Therefore the elections have been held in 1997,2001, 2006 and 2011. In that time, the Labour party had a Lab-Lib coalition from 1997-2001, a minority government from 2001-06, and entered coalition with the SNP as the largest party in a shock result after the 2006 elections. In 2011, the SNP remained the largest party, and entered coalition talks with first the Lib Dems and then the Labour Party. These broke down due to clashes with the leadership. Subsequently the SNP governed a minority government relying on support from the Liberal Democrats, then Greens, Socialists and occasionally Labour.
The party make up is a more diverse than the UK spectrum, due to the semi-proportional system used in the Scottish elections. Labour were the largest party historically, and survived turbulent periods, but struggled as time went on, as the fortunes of the national party faltered so too did the Scottish Labour Party. The SNP have gone from strength to strength at each election, and have seen increasing support since Rob Kelly was elected their leader in 2003.
In terms of third party support, it has fluctuated. Initially the Lib Dems had strong support, picking up seats in the regional vote, and also their strong holds in the Highlands and Orkney and Shetland. The Conservatives have performed badly in the past, with a handful of MSPs but saw an increase at the 2001 elections under the leadership of Bill Donaldson. Since then however they had a split in 2010, when four Conservative MSPs left the party lead by Mark McCullum and founded Scotland’s Future (ScF to distinguish it from Sinn Fein) which was in favour of Scottish Independence, but not in line with the SNP on other economic and social policies.
Other Parties who have seen representation are the Green Party of Scotland, which is separate from the rest of the UK’s Green movement, and favours independence. Also, the Scottish Socialist Party won seats in 2006, which were not held in 2011. Since then the party has merged with the Socialist Alliance and is expected to do well at the upcoming elections. For the first three Scottish Parliaments the seat of Glasgow Anniesland was represented by the independent MSP Robert Innes. Formerly a Labour city councillor, he failed in his bid for selection of his party, and ran as an independent in protest at the candidate parachuted in. Popular for the entirety of his time in the Parliament, he died in 2007. Though his widow won the subsequent by-election, at which the Lib Dems and Socialists stood aside, she did not run in 2011 and the seat was won by the SNP.
A crisis ensued in 2012 when several SNP MSP’s left the party to be ‘Independence Scots’ over arguments with the leader Rob Kelly about a referendum on independence. The six ScFand three Green MSPs would have given the SNP a majority in the Parliament, and enough to push for a referendum bill in Westminster. Kelly and much of the SNP, however, were opposed to working with the “right-wing nutters” in ScF even to gain a referendum. This lead to six SNP MSPs leaving the party, and Kelly resigned as First Minister. This meant that the SNP had to formally agree to certain Labour demands in order to be viable as a government.
List of First Ministers of Scotland
1997 - 1999, Duncan Napier – Labour:
Former MP and campaigner for devolution, who served in various shadow and cabinet positions throughout his time as an MP. He resigned in 1999 due to his diagnosis of cancer, and died that same year.
1999 – 2006, Bill McNair – Labour:
Elected leader of Scottish Labour and thus First Minister in 1999 and lead the party to its highest point in 2001. He resigned as leader of Labour after the SNP beat them in 2006. Keir McKay was chosen as his successor and was Deputy First Minister under Rob Kelly.
2006 – 2012, Rob Kelly – SNP:
Elected leader of the SNP after long-time leader Jack McDonald stepped down in 2003. Won the 2006 election and entered coalition with Labour, but the fractured and highly public disagreements in the coalition meant in 2011, despite increasing their number of seats were unable to formalise a coalition. Elected First Minister with Lib Dem support, but resigned the following year after the defection of the six Independence Scots.
Jan 2012 - July 2012, Jill Austin (Acting First Minister) – SNP:
Following Kelly’s resignation in 2012, Austin led the SNP whilst the leadership election took place, and held the party together enough to avid it splitting. She also negotiated the support of Labour for the Scottish budget, which meant the government survived.
July 2012 to May 2016 Calum Bowie – SNP:
Elected in a tight race to succeed Kelly. Whilst he has struggled to hold the government together, needing support from other parties, often on a case by case basis, he has prevented the government falling, but announced in 2015 that he would not fight the 2016 election and remain First Minister until then, saying “the SNP need a new face to take our case to Scotland”. His successor was elected in March 2016 as Karen Kilgore.
May 2016 to Present Stuart Rossi-Labour:
Became Leader of Scottish Labour in 2012, and became First Minister in May 2016 after sweeping the SNP out of office making 14 gains, although it was six seats short of an outright majority, Rossi entered into an informal agreement with the Socialist Alliance and the Scottish Greens. Rossi has remained reasonably popular although the administration has come under attack following it's handling of the Scottish Exam results, which resulted in many students getting the wrong results.