Here's the second and final Middle East Chapter.
Napo just gave me permission to write two more guest chapters on India and Japan, so expect those soon. Also, the flags of Assyria and Syria were made by me. With the Assyrian flag all I did was remove the top emblem to make it look simpler.
THE MIDDLE EAST
Part Two
Egyptian Empire
The Egyptian Empire was by far the greatest power in the Middle East by the mid-20th century. In a relatively short time the former Ottoman puppet state had grown to become a major industrial, economic and military power in the region, and by the end of the century, it would grow to become a power on the world stage. Egypt's first years of independence were quiet, and were a time of consolidation for the newly independent nation. Then in 1895, Egypt's first Sultan-Emperor Isma'il I died, leaving his twenty-one year old son Abbas as Sultan-Emperor Abbas I of Egypt and Sudan. When this happened, many in the Egyptian government, Royal Council, and military were highly worried and saw a crisis on the horizon. However, Abbas I was an intelligent young man, and almost immediately he surrounded himself with highly competent advisers from the Royal Council.
In addition, Abbas I knew that Egypt was but a young backwater, and therefore sought to strengthen his nation militarily, politically, and economically. Firstly, a number of reforms in the military were passed during the late 1890s and 1900s, and with the help of new weapons, such as the Eiffel Arms 1893 Bolt-Action Rifle bought from the Tripartite Empire, the Egyptian Military grew to become the strongest army in the Middle East by 1910.
It was also during this era that (as a result of buying weapons from the Tripartite Empire) Egypt became closer with the Empire, and the Empire would become Egypt's main Western ally in the years to come. The reasons for this friendship were that the two nations had many similar goals in the Middle East, the Empire wanted more rights from ports in the Suez, which in turn brought trade to Egypt, and that the Empire's support of Egypt helped maintain a balance of power in the region. Starting in 1898, Egypt under Abbas I underwent a major series of reforms in the government, civil service, city infrastructure and public works, all reforms which were completed by the 1920s. Also, during the 1900s and through to the 1930s and beyond, Egypt looked increasingly to the West for modernization due to all the reforms already going through, those in the military inspired in part by the Empire's military, as well as to a lesser degree, the militaries from a number of other European nations. While the more conservative elements prevented a number of modernization reforms, most of the reforms were still pushed through anyway, due to backing from Abbas I himself, who had most of the authority over the Egyptian Assembly in the first place.
Another one of the biggest developments in Egyptian history during this period was the construction of the Suez Canal. For years, the Western Powers, particularly the Tripartite Empire, had desired to build a canal in the Suez to better connect their far-flung colonial holdings. However France-Spain (later the Tripartite Empire) was too focused on other events in Europe, Africa and Asia to conquer the Suez from Egypt and build the canal. Other major powers just didn't have the influence and power in the region to do so, either. Then, beginning in the late 1910s, Sultan Abbas I saw the creation of a canal as a major business opportunity and a way to increase trade, commerce, and relationships with the west. Abbas I went into an agreement with the Empire's government and the newly established Imperial Canal Company in the 1920s, and construction on the Suez Canal began on October 15, 1922. It was finally completed on December 29, 1931, greatly improving traffic to and from the European nations and their respective colonies, and it also made the Egyptian Empire an increasingly wealthy nation and a crossroads between the Western and Eastern worlds. After all these developments, by the 1930's, Egypt was a fully industrial and modern regional power on the same level as other Western/European Powers.
The next major challenge for Egypt came in the late-1920s through to the mid-1930s, when Arab, Maronite, Assyrian, and Jewish refuges flooded into northern Egypt and Sudan from the Turkish Levant. While Conservative elements in the country called for their expulsion and a few pogroms broke out in some major cities, Egypt was now a modern and nominally progressive power, and in recent decades relations between Muslims and Christians (for example, Coptics) in Egypt noticeably improved. Abbas I had come to side with the more progressive and reform minded elements in the country, and in the past years had openly ordered the protection of Egyptian Christians and other "Peoples of the Book". While liberal social reforms in Egypt would be implemented for years to come, this was a good start. Abbas I openly supported protection and housing for the refugees, and in a speech made in Cairo in 1933 stated his agenda "to free the peoples of the book from Turkish tyranny and a false Caliphate". Terzi Pasha was furious, and after these events, tensions between the Egyptian Empire and the Islamic Republic of Turkey only escalated, with a military buildup going on in both nations during the 1930s. Finally in October of 1938 a series of border skirmishes began on the Eygpto-Turkish border between the two nation's armies. The skirmishes went on and off for months, with Egypt officially declaring war on Turkey on May 12, 1939. Egypt already had a superior army, with recent landships and aeroships being bought from the Empire, but the Turkish Army, using Prussian bought weapons, put up a good fight at first. A stalemate at an ever-changing battle line outside of Jerusalem lasted for almost two years, until Egypt finally broke through in November of 1940. Months later, from February 4-9, 1941, the Egyptian Army marched into Jerusalem and forced the Turkish army to retreat after the grueling-but-climactic Battle of Jerusalem (the event became an inspiration for pop culture the world over, with French director Marcel Laval's 1946 film
Terre Sainte and Virginian director Hubert Stockton's 1952 film
Jerusalem both becoming instant film classics). It was also during the stalemate and famous battle that many foreign troops rallied to the Egyptian cause. "Catholic Brigades" from Europe and the Americas and Russian-led "Orthodox Legions" became the most famous, as well as the International Jewish Bridges (IJB) made up of Jews from Europe, the Americas, and Middle East. Those Jews rallied behind Egypt's increasingly friendly relationship to Jewry to fight for the liberation of the Holy Land, some hoping for an eventual creation of a Jewish state. These brigades captured the world's imagination, with a number of films, novels and comic books based on their exploits being made worldwide during the 1940s and 1950s.
Egyptian Volunteer Infantry in a trench outside of Jerusalem, February 4, 1941
After the Battle of Jerusalem, Egypt now had the upper hand in the war. Through mid-1941 to early-1943, the Egyptian Army gradually conquered city after city in the Levant, with the help of a number of local revolts by minority groups against Turkish rule, some directly supported by Egypt. By mid-1943, the Turkish Army, weakened by the constant loses, had completely lost control of the Levant to either the Egyptian Army or to the variety of different rebel groups. Then on July 1, 1943, came another climactic battle: the Battle of Antioch. The battle itself, between the Egyptian and Turkish Armies, the later led personally by Grand Leader Terzi Pasha, himself a former Army officer, was a brutal and bloody stalemate. However, the battle was significant for the death of Terzi Pasha, who was shot off of his stallion by an Egyptian sniper.
After Antioch, the Turkish government was in near chaos, with Army General Barış Bardakçı coming to power thought a violent coup just a week after the battle. Bardakçı refused to surrender to the Egyptians at first but finally did so on October 30, 1943, seeing no other way out of the war. The Treaty of Damascus, signed on January 1, 1944, officially ended the conflict. The Treaty forced Turkey to cede it's land in the Levant to Egypt as an occupied territory, and for Grand Leader Bardakçı to renounce his title of Caliph of Islam. The Egypto-Turkish war humiliated the IRT, but was a great triumph for the Egyptian Empire, and showed that it was truly a force to be reckoned with. The war also showed the power of new military tactics and technology, and was in many ways a preview for the coming World War.
Abbas I was hailed as a hero back in Cairo, and he was hailed as the "Father of the Modern Egyptian Empire". Abbas I finally died on December 19, 1944 and was succeed by his son, Prince Isma'il Abdel Moneim, who became Sultan-Emperor Isma'il II (*). It was under Isma'il II's reign, in 1948, that the Occupied Levant was restructured. Two new nations were established; the Assyrian Republic, a nation for the Assyrian people, which was militarily neutral but under Egyptian protection, and the Kingdom of Syria, a state created due to the fact that Egypt did not want to risk annexing a large amount of Christian land, and also to create a nation in which both Muslims and Christians, be they Maronite or Orthodox, could co-exist without sectarian violence. The Kingdom of Syria was made an Egyptian puppet state, with Prince Ghazi bin Faisal of the progressive Arabian Hashemite Dynasty being made the nations first King and Ghazi I of Syria (*). The rest of the Levant, the majority Arab and Muslim Palestine, was annexed to the Egyptian Empire.
(* IOTL Isma'l II was named Prince Mohammed Abdel Moneim. His given name is different IITL due to butterflies)
(*IOTL King Ghazi I was the second King of Iraq. Also ITTL, he does not die in 1939 as IOTL, and lives a much longer life)
Sultan-Emperor Isma'il II
Flag of the Assyrian Republic
Flag of the Kingdom of Syria
King Ghazi I of Syria
It was also during Isma'il II's reign that Pan-Arabism grew increasingly popular in Egypt, due to the new Arab land won in the Egypto-Turkish War, and how Egypt was seen as standing up for Arab's living in tyranny under non-Arab rule. A number of successful new Pan-Arabist parties were established during his reign, and in 1951, Isma'il II publicly came out as a Pan-Arabist, giving more strength to the movement. That same year Egypt began to foster a closer relationship with the Arab Republic of Iraq, a relationship which would prove to have vital repercussions in the future. Isma'il II was also one of the many world leaders to attend Napoleon V's Funeral in Paris in 1950. Sadly, his reign would not last for many years longer. On October 16, 1953, Isma'il II was assassinated in Alexandria by Harun Hakim, a crazed Egyptian Anarcho-Socialist.
Ismai'l II's thirty-one year old son succeed him as Sultan-Emperor, and became Sultan-Emperor Isma'il III (*). A crackdown on Anarchists in the country ensued afterwards. Aside from this, Isma'il III was a staunch Pan-Arabist, and continued backing the Pan-Arabist policies his father had begun, with the Arab Republic of Iraq becoming an Egyptian client state. Then in 1955, the World War broke out. Isma'il III kept his country neutral, though favorable towards the League of Nations. However later that year and into 1956, the Russian Republic invaded Persia and was poised to invade more of the Middle East. As a result, Egypt under Isma'il III signed an alliance with Russia. This alliance would later serve to strengthen Pan-Arabism by giving Russia and Egypt their own sphere's of influence in the Middle East, Russia a non-Arab sphere and Egypt an Arab sphere. Things came even more to a head when in 1958, Isma'il III declared himself Caliph of Islam with the support of a number of Islamic Clerics from around the Middle East. In later years, when the Kingdom of Arabia showed signs of further weakness, the idea of a "United Arab Empire" became more and more plausible.
(*Isma'l III is a fictional character, and is not based on any OTL Egyptian pretender in particular)
The Arabian Peninsula
Flag of the Kingdom of Rashidi Arabia
During most of the early to mid-twentieth century, the Arabian peninsula was a war torn, dangerous and all around troubled region of the world. In the late 1890's and early 1900's, one rising and potential power in Arabia was the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. While originally an ally of the Ottoman Empire, under the reign of Muhammed I bin Abdullah and after the Tripolitanian War, the kingdom gradually turned more to Western Powers, especially the Tripartite Empire and Russia. By 1900, Jabal Shammar had a more or less modernized army, made up mostly of Infantry, and at the Treaty of Antioch ending the Russo-Turkish War, Jabal Shammar was, under approval from Western Powers, given the Hejaz region formally owned by the recently defunct Ottoman Empire. However this territorial concession would lead to many more problems in the long run. The main rival to Rashidi Arabia was the Second Saudi State in the region of Nejd in southern Arabia, a strictly conservative Islamic state ruled by the house of Saud in southern Arabia. However they were a troubled and weak backwater due to constant infighting in the Saudi family, and the state was finally conquered by Rashidi Arabia in 1907, by this point ruled by Amir Abdul-Aziz bin Mitab. However the many members of the House of Saud fled to the countryside, and in the coming years started an insurgency against the Rashidi invaders, an insurgency supported by Ultra-Conservative Islamic clerics and leaders who disapproved of the Rashidi's more moderate view of the Islamic faith.
Another insurgency against the Rashidi's was lead by the House of Hashim around Hejaz and Mecca, despite being allowed to have autonomy over Mecca after the Rashidi annexation. The two insurgencies lasted in Rashidi Arabia for decades, and raids, bushwackings and violent surprise attacks were all too common a sight in the barren Arabian deserts and cities alike. This made obtaining oil form Arabia, whether by the Rashidi government or by Western Powers, a dangerous and rarely executed venture. As a result, most of the world's oil had to be bought from no where else but the Republican Union, a fact many European Powers resented. Only in the early 1940's, when the Saudi and Hashemite insurgencies finally burned out, did it become safe to obtain oil from Arabia, but by this point it was too late and the R.U. had profited immensely from the previous and long-lasting turmoil in Arabia. Then, in the late 1950s, signs of instability showed once again, as pro-Saudi and pro-Hashemite militias were established by veterans of the old insurgencies. Not only that, but Beutelist, Distributive Socialist, Anarcho-Socialist, and even Islamo-Socialist rebel groups began to form in the Arabian cities and villages, these ideas themselves coming from years of increasing trade by the Rashidis with the West. A number of Ultra-Conservative Islamic and Pan-Arabist rebel groups formed as well, and Rashidi Arabia seemed poised for another civil war, a war destined to be more brutal then the last. A number of small scale, but violent rebellions soon broke out, and one local power saw an opportunity to invade the country and bring it order to the region once and for all; that power being the Egyptian Empire...
Other states in the Arabian Peninsula, such as Kuwait, the Trucial States, Oman, Yemen, Qatar, and Bahrain, were but quiet backwaters. None of these states ever fell to Western Imperialism, with the possible exception of Oman, which lost a number of Islands and its possessions in Persia to Prussia during the four month long Prusso-Omani War of 1899 (a war waged by Prussia in an effort to increase its power in the Indian Ocean), although it was never conquered by Prussia and remained independent. The ideology of Pan-Arabism spread to some of these states, such as to Yemen and Kuwait in the 1940s, while it simply never caught on in the rest, such is in Oman, which was an Ibadi Islamic state and had no desire to unite with its Sunni neighbors.