沒有國民黨就沒有中國, Without the Kuomintang there would be no China, A Republic of China Story
- Thread starter CELTICEMPIRE
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Jackie Chan was born after the PoD, but there is an alt version of him that's very similar to OTL Jackie Chan.
I can word it a bit differently, as I meant that the party wasn't the actual ruling party.
There will be something, I plan on getting some chapters out about other countries before I take a long break from writing, which is coming soon.
一百七, Tibet Revisited
Tibet, in many ways, was a lot different from the rest of China. It was an autonomous region within the country. By the early 90s Tibet and Macau were the only places in China specifically exempt from much of Chinese law. Some visitors to China would say, upon going to Tibet, that it was like a different country. This was especially the case outside of Lhasa. It remained relatively insulated from social and cultural changes in the rest of China through most of the 20th century. In a country known for both its big cities and farmland, Tibet was and still is characterized by wide expanses of sparsely populated land, mostly covered by mountains. New ideas would take longer to take hold here.
The Tibet Improvement Party, while strongly opposing any political separation from China, supported Tibetan culture (albeit with some changes, they did away with feudalism). While they believed in the separation of church (or temple) and state, they were not hostile towards Buddhism (many of their early members were monks). By the 1970s most of the religious establishment had made peace with Chinese rule. The TIP helped persecute the Enlightened Path in the province. The party also was in favor of the Tibetan language, making it co-official with Mandarin. Tibetan schools were exempt from the requirement to teach Mandarin, though most would eventually require it anyway. Tibetan language TV stations helped keep the language dominant. Outside of Lhasa, it is not uncommon for people to forget most of the Mandarin they learned within a few years of graduating from high school.
Tibetan education would encourage a sense of pride in Tibetan heritage. At the same time, Tibetan students were taught that China was a force for good in the world, and that Tibet was better off as part of China. They were taught that the years between 1911 and 1954 were a mistake. A cabal of greedy, cruel, reactionary, tyrannical elites created an illegal separatist regime after the democratic revolution in China in 1911. Chiang Kai-shek liberated Tibet by putting the Tibet Improvement Party in power. Much space was given to the sufferings of the Tibetan people under feudalism. TIP members and others persecuted by the Tibetan regime before 1954 were held up as heroes. The KMT and TIP were praised for land reform.
From the 1950s to the 1990s, Tibet only had three governors. The first was Thubten Kanphela. Kunphela was known for secularizing the government and pursuing land reform. He was installed as governor by the Chinese Army in 1954 and remained in his position until his death in 1963. He was succeeded by Pandatsang Rapga, who served until his death in 1974. Rapga would continue to modernize Tibet. He was succeeded by Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme. Ngapoi was known for his unwavering loyalty to Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Lifu, Chiang Ching-kuo, and Wang Sheng. He convinced Nanking to spend more money on government projects in Tibet. He opposed separatism and democratic reforms. He ran for Vice President in 1990.
(Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme)
Tibetan separatism was illegal. Hundreds of people were arrested over the decades for promoting separatist ideas. The police would crack down on pro-independence protests. When Li Ao became president, Tibet’s previous exemptions from democratic reforms were revoked and the Tibet Improvement Party faced its first real challenge to its rule. In 1992 the China Democratic Socialist Party won many elections in Tibet, including a Legislative Yuan seat. Ngapoi won reelection 1993 with 57% of the vote, this was the first time he had received a serious challenge for his position. That same year, the Tibet Freedom Party (TFP) was founded, which advocated for increased autonomy for Tibet. Lee Teng-hui of Taiwan, who had just left the KMT, was a big supporter of the TFP.
The increased liberalism in China emboldened supporters of Tibetan independence. Arrests became a lot less common by the 1990s. Pro-independence political parties or publications were still actively suppressed by the government. In 1994, the Tibetan government tried to shut down the TFP as a supposed crypto-separatist party. This led to protests, which spiraled into anti-Chinese riots. Han Chinese (and others) and their businesses were targeted. The police in Lhasa and Shigatse were overwhelmed and unable to control the situation. Li Ao ordered the military to restore order. He also called upon governor Ngapoi to resign, which he refused to do. Ngapoi compared Li to a Qing Emperor, referencing his origins in Northeastern China. Li called Ngapoi a petty tyrant. Ngapoi would not seek reelection in 1997, and the TIP gradually lost popularity as younger Tibetans drifted towards other parties. Today, the TIP’s main base of support comes from Han Chinese and older Tibetans.
The Tibet Improvement Party, while strongly opposing any political separation from China, supported Tibetan culture (albeit with some changes, they did away with feudalism). While they believed in the separation of church (or temple) and state, they were not hostile towards Buddhism (many of their early members were monks). By the 1970s most of the religious establishment had made peace with Chinese rule. The TIP helped persecute the Enlightened Path in the province. The party also was in favor of the Tibetan language, making it co-official with Mandarin. Tibetan schools were exempt from the requirement to teach Mandarin, though most would eventually require it anyway. Tibetan language TV stations helped keep the language dominant. Outside of Lhasa, it is not uncommon for people to forget most of the Mandarin they learned within a few years of graduating from high school.
Tibetan education would encourage a sense of pride in Tibetan heritage. At the same time, Tibetan students were taught that China was a force for good in the world, and that Tibet was better off as part of China. They were taught that the years between 1911 and 1954 were a mistake. A cabal of greedy, cruel, reactionary, tyrannical elites created an illegal separatist regime after the democratic revolution in China in 1911. Chiang Kai-shek liberated Tibet by putting the Tibet Improvement Party in power. Much space was given to the sufferings of the Tibetan people under feudalism. TIP members and others persecuted by the Tibetan regime before 1954 were held up as heroes. The KMT and TIP were praised for land reform.
From the 1950s to the 1990s, Tibet only had three governors. The first was Thubten Kanphela. Kunphela was known for secularizing the government and pursuing land reform. He was installed as governor by the Chinese Army in 1954 and remained in his position until his death in 1963. He was succeeded by Pandatsang Rapga, who served until his death in 1974. Rapga would continue to modernize Tibet. He was succeeded by Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme. Ngapoi was known for his unwavering loyalty to Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Lifu, Chiang Ching-kuo, and Wang Sheng. He convinced Nanking to spend more money on government projects in Tibet. He opposed separatism and democratic reforms. He ran for Vice President in 1990.
(Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme)
Tibetan separatism was illegal. Hundreds of people were arrested over the decades for promoting separatist ideas. The police would crack down on pro-independence protests. When Li Ao became president, Tibet’s previous exemptions from democratic reforms were revoked and the Tibet Improvement Party faced its first real challenge to its rule. In 1992 the China Democratic Socialist Party won many elections in Tibet, including a Legislative Yuan seat. Ngapoi won reelection 1993 with 57% of the vote, this was the first time he had received a serious challenge for his position. That same year, the Tibet Freedom Party (TFP) was founded, which advocated for increased autonomy for Tibet. Lee Teng-hui of Taiwan, who had just left the KMT, was a big supporter of the TFP.
The increased liberalism in China emboldened supporters of Tibetan independence. Arrests became a lot less common by the 1990s. Pro-independence political parties or publications were still actively suppressed by the government. In 1994, the Tibetan government tried to shut down the TFP as a supposed crypto-separatist party. This led to protests, which spiraled into anti-Chinese riots. Han Chinese (and others) and their businesses were targeted. The police in Lhasa and Shigatse were overwhelmed and unable to control the situation. Li Ao ordered the military to restore order. He also called upon governor Ngapoi to resign, which he refused to do. Ngapoi compared Li to a Qing Emperor, referencing his origins in Northeastern China. Li called Ngapoi a petty tyrant. Ngapoi would not seek reelection in 1997, and the TIP gradually lost popularity as younger Tibetans drifted towards other parties. Today, the TIP’s main base of support comes from Han Chinese and older Tibetans.
I think China might end up flooding the region with Han Chinese soon anyway.
It got a lot of attention from the government when it came to pork barrel spending due to being the home province of the president from 1928 to 1988. Right now it has a KMT-turned independent governor named Chen Li-an (the son of Chen Cheng, who served as premier under Chiang Kai-shek) who is the president of the Buddhist Anti-Communist League. As of now it's uncertain if he'll support Li Ao in 1996 or return to the KMT.
For Tibet, they could go for an Autonomism route. That and in Quebec, we have the CAQ (Future Quebec Coalition) in charge of the Province. The CAQ is Quebec Nationalists; however, they believe in staying in Canada because Canada is a Union between Ontario and Quebec. While the CAQ are Nationalists; however, they aren't Separatists but Autonomists.
In Quebec, the Quebec Nationalist Movement is split between Quebec Separatists, who want Quebec to leave Canada entirely. At the same time, the Quebec Autonomists believe in staying in Canada, but Quebec gets to maintain political autonomy.
I could see the TIP promoting a more Autonomist route, which would mean adopting Tibetan Nationalism under the Chinese Boot (Read: Tibetan Nationalism with Pro-Chinese Characteristics). I could see Tibetan Nationalists being split into two camps, the Pro-Independence Separatists and the Pro-Chinese Autonomists (Who wanted to stay under China and compromise with the overall Independence Movements).
In Quebec, the Quebec Nationalist Movement is split between Quebec Separatists, who want Quebec to leave Canada entirely. At the same time, the Quebec Autonomists believe in staying in Canada, but Quebec gets to maintain political autonomy.
I could see the TIP promoting a more Autonomist route, which would mean adopting Tibetan Nationalism under the Chinese Boot (Read: Tibetan Nationalism with Pro-Chinese Characteristics). I could see Tibetan Nationalists being split into two camps, the Pro-Independence Separatists and the Pro-Chinese Autonomists (Who wanted to stay under China and compromise with the overall Independence Movements).
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Tibet already has a form of autonomy, though the nationalists are still split between those who want more autonomy and those who want independence. TIP pretty much supports the status quo.
一百八, The Philippines
The Philippines was granted independence from the United States in 1946. Upon independence, the country remained an ally of the United States. The country would be a founding member of the Organization for East Asian Cooperation, and Philippine Prime Minister Jorge Vargas would eventually serve as the second president of that organization. Ramon Magsaysay became President in 1953, a strong American ally. Pro-China politicians were present in the country, though they were less organized than their pro-American counterparts. Magsaysay would serve as president for eight years. He was succeeded by Carlos Garcia who governed the Philippines for the next four years. From the 40s to the 60s, the Philippines was a democracy, one of the few in the region at the time.
(Ramon Magsaysay)
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos Sr. was elected president of the Philippines. He was a member of the Liberal Party. His rule would not be consistent with liberalism, however. He very popular in the United States throughout his presidency, especially during the presidency of Paul Laxalt. Carlos Garcia was a nationalist who appeared to be moving the country more towards China. America had interfered in the 1965 Presidential Election, and this was a cause for China to be upset with the United States. However, as time went on, Marcos would develop closer relations with China. America and China both liked his anti-Communism. His opposition to Communism allowed America to look the other way when he established a dictatorship.
(Ferdinand Marcos)
The Philippines had to deal with internal conflict both before, during, and after the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. There were two major rebellions going on. One was the Moro insurgency where many of the Muslim inhabitants of the Western part of the island of Mindanao rose up against the government. Over 100,000 would die in the separatist conflict. In 1979 a Communist rebellion broke out. Tens of thousands would die over the next decade before the rebellion was finally extinguished. Marcos himself died shortly after the rebellion ended in 1989. He was succeeded by Arturo M. Tolentino. In 1990 free and fair elections returned to the Philippines. The standard of living in the Philippines today is similar to Vietnam, higher than much of Southeast Asia but significantly lower than China or Japan.
(Ramon Magsaysay)
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos Sr. was elected president of the Philippines. He was a member of the Liberal Party. His rule would not be consistent with liberalism, however. He very popular in the United States throughout his presidency, especially during the presidency of Paul Laxalt. Carlos Garcia was a nationalist who appeared to be moving the country more towards China. America had interfered in the 1965 Presidential Election, and this was a cause for China to be upset with the United States. However, as time went on, Marcos would develop closer relations with China. America and China both liked his anti-Communism. His opposition to Communism allowed America to look the other way when he established a dictatorship.
(Ferdinand Marcos)
The Philippines had to deal with internal conflict both before, during, and after the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. There were two major rebellions going on. One was the Moro insurgency where many of the Muslim inhabitants of the Western part of the island of Mindanao rose up against the government. Over 100,000 would die in the separatist conflict. In 1979 a Communist rebellion broke out. Tens of thousands would die over the next decade before the rebellion was finally extinguished. Marcos himself died shortly after the rebellion ended in 1989. He was succeeded by Arturo M. Tolentino. In 1990 free and fair elections returned to the Philippines. The standard of living in the Philippines today is similar to Vietnam, higher than much of Southeast Asia but significantly lower than China or Japan.
Hurrah!
Glad to see Magsaysay got the full eight years. He was a real-stand up guy from what I read.
Not too sure with the US interfering with the ‘65 election. They didn’t do something like that as far as I know OTL. I do remember Nixon did give Marcos Senior his blessing before Martial Law was declared.
So Marcos Senior gets an extended reign of terror. Did Ninoy Aquino still get assassinated?
And how did Marcos Senior handle the Reform the Armed Forces Movement? Or were the would-be members of that group too busy during/killed during/rewarded for helping put down the ten year rebellion?
FYI: The RAM were a would-be junta who sort of kicked off the OTL People Power Revolution by the way: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement
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Yeah, I decided to not have him die like he did OTL.
No. He remains in exile while Marcos is in power and he comes back in 1990.
Butterflies made the RAM much less relevant than they were OTL. There were several assassination attempts on Marcos and he dealt with them brutally.
Arturo Tolentino, Miriam Santiago, and Salvador Laurel were the main contenders, and Tolentino won.
Surprised Aquino didn't run for President in 1990, though yeah, I imagine quite a few of the more radical opposition politicians boycotted the election on grounds of them not trusting Tolentino to organize a free and fair election.
There was one supposed plot on him, OTL actually! That might have been a false flag op though.
Also, by ‘81 we had a Prime Minister in Cesar A. Virata instead. So I assume either the Prime Minister experiment never took off or Tolentino became PM instead.
And what happened to Enrile and Ramos?
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Tolentino was vice president when Marcos died in office. The office of Prime Minister also exists.
Enrile and Ramos are still around, and still in the army.