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What if the First Crusade failed, let's say that the crusaders fail to take Antioch and are crushed by Kerbogha's army. Would this kill the crusading spirit outright or would more crusaders arrive and try again. What sort of effect would this have on the Kommenian Restoration and on Fatimid Egypt?

During the 17th century, specifically at accession of Sultan Ibrahim the Mad, the Sultan was the sole surviving male member of the Ottoman dynasty. What if shortly after Ibrahim took the throne he were to die without any sons, who is the new Sultan. My guess would be someone who is either...

In the 1968 Presidential election, Alabama Governor and ardent segregationist ran for president as a third party candidate in the hopes of winning enough Electoral College votes to play kingmaker against Nixon and Humphrey. What if he had won enough Southern States to deny either candidate a...

Shortly after 9/11 the US cooperated with the Iranian government to overthrow the Taliban. However, the Bush Administration alienated the Iranian government in the run up to and shortly after the Invasion of Iraq. What if the Bush Administration hadn't alienated the Iranian government by amongst...

In OTL the printing press didn't catch on in the Islamic world until well into the 19th century which likely proved disastrous to development in that part of the world as the societies that had developed the printing press tended to have higher literacy rates. With a POD no later than 1750 have...

What if the Mamluks had lost the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260? Could the Mongols have advanced into and conquered Egypt? Given how devastating the Mongol invasions were for Central Asia, Persia, and Iraq, I imagine Egypt would have been equally devastated. Also what would this have meant for the...

What if the Soviets were able to land on the Moon before Apollo 11?

Basically during the 19th century most of the countries of Middle East (Which for the sake of discussion includes North Africa) tried to modernize their countries by reforming their militaries along Western lines and making investments in infrastructure in order to avoid European expansion...

What if Charles Guiteau had missed President Garfield and he was able to serve out his full term? How different would his policies be from Chester A. Arthur's? Also, since he is unlikely to duck out of running for a second term like Arthur did, what are his chances of winning reelection?

What if the 1807 coup by the Janissaries against Sultan Selim III failed? Could it had allowed the Sultan to disband the Janissaries and implement the Tanzimat reforms a decade or two earlier then OTL?