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I think that the impact would be negative. Once Jerusalem becomes an appanage of one medieval kingdom, it will no longer attract volunteers from the others to the degree it did in OTL. Nor is it likely to gain significantly in added security: all of the European kingdoms faced threats...

Because every daughter gets an X chromosome from each parent, and all of Alexei's X chromosomes had the defective gene. It's different when the mother (like Victoria) is the carrier: half of her X chromosomes have the haemophilia gene, the other half don't.

Instead of fighting its eastern neighbors in the War of the Triple Alliance, Paraguay invades Bolivia instead and absorbs it completely. Bolivia still had a Pacific coastline in the 1860s.

But all her daughters would have been carriers.

Depends how long Alexander lives. He was only 49 when he died.

He would have been an excellent war president; you need to find a suitable foe.

634. Cadwallon of Gwynedd had defeated and killed Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase the year before. He has to win the Battle of Heavenfield, too, then restore permanent British rule in the North. It's the last meaningful opportunity and a lot more things would still have to go in...

In OTL Tancred desperately wanted to be on good terms with Richard the Lionheart because he was a natural, potential ally. Unfortunately for both, Richard made this impossible. This was a mistake because when the time came to return to England, Richard could have used the help of the excellent...

The French and British battle plan in 1940. The Dieppe Raid.

Picts, Saxons and Scots all attacked during the crisis in the 360s. They were repelled, but came again. Ammianus Marcellinus is the most detailed source. The Scots were still based in Ireland then. Part of the East coast was called the Saxon Shore during the later Empire, I assume because of...

I understood that Rome obtained most of its grain from North Africa. Britain was frequently a headache. In rebellion under Boudicca; Postumus-Tetricus; Carausius-Allectus; Magnentius; Magnus Maximus; and Marcus-Constantine III. And Constantine I was proclaimed emperor there in opposition...

Alexander had been a child king himself. Henry III of England had tried to take advantage of this by demanding homage for Scotland when Alexander married one of Henry's daughters. Alexander was only 10 at the time. He didn't pay homage and nothing came of it. If even a useless English...

Cefn Digoll, Hatfield Chase and Heavenfield in the early 630s. Caer Greu and the Siege of Lindisfarne were major battles, but they came before Chester. The POD makes this challenge difficult.

There ought to be significant changes in the Muslim states in the East, but it's not easy to predict what they would be. At the time of the First Crusade, the Seljuq empire was fragmenting, with separate branches in Persia, Anatolia and Syria and with significant separatist emirates forming in...

Hard to see them holding off Persia. Even if they were allowed some sort of semi-independent status under the Persians, there is no way they could hold off Alexander the Great. Politically it more or less gets you to OTL by 323 BC, but with some wiggle room for the preceding 400 years...

There's another alternative claimant, Nicholas, son of Duke Richard III the elder brother of William's father. Nicholas was very young when his father died and was shunted aside. In later life he became a bishop. I can't tell you whether he was legitimate or not (modern sources are...

The Antipope Felix V had previously been Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy. He came close to being counted as a real pope: he was elected in 1439 by a Church Council at Basel whose authority was recognized by a substantial number of countries. The schism was eventually ended by him standing down...

A curious manifestation of this was that when James II had landed in Ireland at the head of an expedition financed by Louis XIV, on his Irish coins he continued to claim that he was the rightful king of France.

Two late PODs are (i) no, or delayed, WWI so Home Rule is implemented; (ii) no executions of the Easter Rising participants. The latter is an easy call because it turned into such a public relations disaster. The consequences of the former are uncertain; my guess is that it improves relations...