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Are the Jews still present in large numbers throughout Carthage? Prior to conversion their relationship with the polytheist ruling class was complicated to say the least so if they remain in a pagan Carthage I anticipate a very restive population. But to prevent them from being there entirely...

This is only sometimes the case, see the polytheist Roman approach to Celtic religion and the Druid priests in Gaul which were functionally exterminated. Pagan religions are good at coopting and syncretizing local traditions but if worship of Quetzalcoatl threatens Visigothic Wotanist/Jupiterian...

Does the slave trade still occur? The West African slave trade was extremely destabilizing for the countries there, it essentially caused a version of the Dutch Disease where a sole resource becomes overwhelmingly profitable at the expense of others - with the additional magnifying harm that the...

I'd be really curious how this would affect the Crisis Summer of '65. Instead of the US countering the Soviet nukes in Nicaragua with their own in friendly Alyeska, the US will already have bases and siloes there. Maybe the Soviets never dare and don't even try it? But the Crisis Summer and the...

If there is a historical basis for the Exodus, it would be as a minor flow of Semitic-speaking migrants and slaves from Egypt making their way into Canaan where they assimilated into the local Semitic-speaking culture and transmitted their story. To send this trend westward, rather than east...

I selected other for Benjamin Butler, though Hamlin would have been good too.

As people have mentioned it depends a lot on the specific conditions - which countries, how did the revolution occur, etc. However as a general principle formal decolonization is most likely, though expect the colonizer state to encourage/enforce socialist rule in the newly independent nations.

Prevent the Protestant Reformation, which ultimately led to a focus on the individual's ability to interpret the world rather than have it interpreted for them by authorities. Sola scriptura meant that the truth of scripture was determined by a person's witness of the Holy Spirit rather than...

Having an actual Amerindian state will likely give the US (and the Confederacy, but they have less territory and thus opportunity) an excuse to be harsher in their ethnic cleansing of the American west. Rather than the reservation system, I'd expect lots of Trail of Tears in miniature as various...

Russia could be Ruthenia or Great Ruthenia, especially if it is Catholic or ruled by Catholics (Poland-Lithuania?) for a period of time.

The League of the Just was a very Christian communist secret society that basically recruited Marx to write the Communist Manifesto. Just removing Marx from history or changing his background probably creates a communist movement which is less hostile if not deliberately trying to ally itself...

Decades, if ever, and it will likely transform into a system of debt and land peonage more brutal and static than OTL's sharecropper system. The Confederate Constitution protected slavery as an institution more than the US Constitution did. Article IV prevented individual States from limiting...

American support would be interesting but difficult. The US was initially in favor of an open door policy that would have less explicit territorial concessions to western powers in favor of free trade throughout the country. This failed. By the time of the Boxer Rebellion the US was tied...

In addition to what Mad Bad Rabbit said, I assume that being sandwiched between muslim Alarbia to the south and catholic Saint-Richard to the north meant being orthodox presented a way to receive the protection of not being pagan whilst not formally picking a side in the religious conflict.

What about an earlier/extended Christianization of sub-Saharan Africa? This could be either through a surviving Christian kingdom in North Africa or a medieval Norman state in the Maghreb that contacts sub-Saharan kingdoms through trade. Though European Christians eventually made peace with...

I selected other, because I think in a BNA (just like the early USA) the main settlers in the early "west" are still likely to be the Scotch-Irish folks described in Albion's Seed by historian David Hackett Fisher. These border folks were culturally self-reliant and independent, and...

A US that includes more of Mexico might give New Orleans greater importance due to its more central location and increased cross-Gulf sea traffic.

North Macedonia is unlikely to arise absent a specific series of contingent historical circumstances. Slovakia probably ends up as part of another state most of the time.

In addition to what people have said, the Ottomans were involved in the Indian Ocean spice trade primarily by assisting the Aceh Sultanate (in modern Sumatra). They fought with the Portuguese for control over Yemen and Oman. If you can make them more successful here (which probably requires a...

I haven't seen much of this, but what about a surviving Goryeo or even a Balhae-unified Korean peninsula. Goryeo had trade contacts as far as the Abbasids, though you need to relieve the pressure on them from northern nomadic tribes and give them a reason to expand in that direction. Goryeo and...