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My bad, yes. Though those event make me wonder what would be a good time where China is in a situation its spontaneously appealing to change directions and in a state to make such a huge change in orientation- not just as far as individual traders finding profits elsewhere, but that trade...

A POD in 1880 means China has experienced the Opium Wars (with major concessions), the Taiping Rebellion, and the Dungan Revolt among other woes, That seems like an uphill battle in my (to be honest, limited) reading, especially if it's not just "not weakened further" but a significant power...

Interesting map, thank you.

Do you have a source on this? Not trying to question its accuracy, but that sounds like something worth looking into.

That's not just down to the length of time it takes to learn to "use a musket" (however that compares to a bow), though, especially if the threshold for "able to use a musket" doesn't require you to be able to reload quickly. That seems to have been one of the bigger obstacles to quick gun...

Conquering them seems fairly simple, other than the part about crossing the sea to get there. Holding them seems like it might be more problematic, in the sense of "That's a fair amount of troops held down here." It doesn't seem like they'd be popular.

True that. Though backing rivaling claimants seems like it would be a different dynamic than Ottoman expansionism - especially with Hungary as "only one priority" as opposed to "the frontier of Christendom/Dar al-Islam". Interesting, but different.

When would you say Hungary was particularly contested between the eastern empire and the western one? Italy seems to have been a lot more attractive in my reading. So far as any Martin Luther type figure, you might see that influenced by the ERE, you might see them see the ERE as even worse...

I would agree on the subsidies being overrated, but that seems to emphasize that most of Europe's rulers were not really happy with "Napoleon dominates Europe." -as in not just "France is ruled by Napoleon" or "France is a Great Power which might be a useful ally against one's other rivals."...

Still lots of pike-armed infantry, it should be noted. Though without cannons, sieges change a lot (or rather, stay closer to late 13th century weaponry).

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matilda-of-Canossa The Popes securing that would be something else, but... And they did claim that the kings of Sicily were their vassals, so I'm not sure what you're looking for there. I think the tricky part would be "How is the Pope exercising control...

Not technically an emperor (never crowned by the Pope), but... https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-German-king Adolf was killed in battle, not executed, however.

Do you mean just reaching Antioch, or Acre? IRL, part of the army (under Barbarossa's son) went to Antioch and spent two months there (June 21-August 29), this part may have suffered worse losses than the rest of the army. I ask because if Barbarossa is operating on Saladin's northern flank...

How much effort are they willing to put into it? The Mongols took out the Song, so it's not out of the question. But it's not a given, either.

OTL we see most interested emperors campaigning or otherwise leaving the capital without any particular problem in most periods of the empire's history, though. There's no "inevitable corruption and rot will eventually eat away at the empire" more than any other state, and the succession as of...

Trying to get a constitutional amendment that guarantees "the right of secession" passed or some other means of "with the agreement of all the members who agreed to the terms of this" before seceding is probably the closest to "legal means". But seceding and then trying to argue that it's...

Even if you don't have Normandy outright butterflied away just by the factors of chance and circumstance - anything that would cause western Britannia to be much more Romanized is going to have fairly significant effects on the island in general, which is going to have fairly significant effects...

I don't know enough about John to compare him as far as "all kings of England", but I would say his weaknesses seem to have been ones particularly ripe for exploitation by someone like Philip. Killing Arthur - or even being someone who people would believe might have killed his nephew - is not a...

Being Richard's undisputed heir, as opposed to prevailing over John by luck/John dying before him, definitely improves Arthur's situation a bit. This, though, is still a problem. Philip is going to exploit anything he can in Arthur situation for all it's worth, and the Angevins/Plantagents are...

Oh, absolutely. At worst he's unlikely to do worse than OTL (in that OTL is a pretty bad outcome) John, although that's not a 100% given. But whether that's significantly better - that's where it gets complicated. My guess off hand is that Arthur is likely to lose at least part of Normandy...