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His father was very strict on not sending Swedish or Finnish soldiers to the War of the Grand Alliance and in general, Karl XII maintained his fathers foreign policy - the same advisors also remained in place. The German regiments (professional volunteers) and perhaps a regiment of volunteers...

An easy way out is having Peter recognised and honoured when in Riga, and thus not having the same grudge against Sweden, and/or Patkul getting a pardon when fishing for it 1698, so he does not go to work to bring the anti-Swedish coalition together. I don't think Karl XII would necessarily...

The OTL Soviet attack into Poland in 1939 was a mess - the Soviets expected the German campaign to take 3-6 months, not 3 weeks and scrambled to get something together to invade 2 weeks after the Germans. The Soviet units lacked a lot of their heavy equipment, trucks, organic transport and a lot...

Yeah, finding data for the French rifled guns is hard, but in general it was extremely hard to actually hit small moving targets with smoothbore guns at range. Compare the difference in accuracy between the 3" rifle and the 12pdr Napoleon at max range - the 3" could hit gun-sized targets at that...

The problem with the Monitors is that they are slow and carry smoothbore guns only. They also have thinner armour than the top of the line sea-going ironclads at the time - all the sea-going French ironclads of the era have heavy rifled guns and better speed as well as heavier armour - they can...

The US had a strong economy, but before the Civil War (and immediately after) completely lacked the political will to spend money on building a military establishment capable to taking on a grand power. And while the US build a large fleet during the war, it consisted of coastal ironclads, light...