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What if the US only had natural borders, or hypothetically, had hundreds of years of medieval/Renaissance style warfare like in Europe, that created twists and turns in its borders? I'm mainly referring to the international borders with Canada and Mexico, but state borders would also be...

If the king of France was elected as HRE in 1519 against Habsburg domination, what would happen?

If the Byzantine Empire had survived and essentially taken the role of the Ottomans as an eastern Gunpowder Empire, how would they react to a Reformation (similar to the OTL Protestant Reformation) occurring in the Catholic world?

What if at the time of the expansion of the Roman Republic, the Greeks had managed to Hellenize both the west (through Massilia and perhaps an Alexander conquest of Carthage) and the east (through diadochi states as historically)? In a Greek dominated Mediterranean, where would Latin expand...

If the Mali Empire remained rich and powerful for a couple of centuries longer, could they have developed indigenous gunpowder manufacture and had arquebusiers?

Genoa and Venice had a huge presence in the Mediterranean--how many traders and settlers would there have been outside of Genoa and Venice itself, and how does this compare to the populations of Genoa and Venice at the time?

If the medieval/Renaissance kings of England had successfully conquered France and held it for a century, with the two countries united under the same king for multiple generations, what would the combined realm be called?

If the Spanish converted Japan to Christianity, could westernized Japan then conquer the Spanish Empire, or at least the Philippines?

If alternate Mongols were perhaps 60% Nestorian at the beginning of their conquests, and all the leaders of the Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Chagatai, Yuan Dynasty, and other hordes were Christian, how well could they spread the religion during the few centuries that Mongols ruled?

If the Fatimids had survived until the Ilkhanate, and were as capable as the Mamluks, how would the relations between Sunnis and Shias change?

Of the countries that tried to remain neutral, which was most likely to explicitly join the Allies, Axis, or get invaded? POD can be any time after September 1939.

What medieval/Renaissance kingdom or empire had the largest chance of conquering at least 80% of the Mediterranean basin, effectively reforming the Roman Empire's "Mare Nostrum" trade? Edit: 900s to 1500s is the point of divergence.

What if Chandragupta Maurya reunited the Diadochi states, first taking down the Seleucids and then making his way into Egypt and Macedonia? Would he then style himself as a Greek monarch, Persian monarch, or try to impose a Sanskrit ruling class over the former Achaemenid Empire?

With a POD of 1035 and end date of 1800, how could an empire of roughly this size form in Central and Eastern Europe? The borders don't have to match these ones exactly, it's just a general area. Basically a cavalry based "counter-Roman empire" with the main trade routes being overland, instead...

With religion being the "opiate of the masses" according to Marx, could the Soviet Union create a new religion and make it the state religion? If so what would that religion look like?

With the Black Sea lowering travel times, and the center of the later empire being Constantinople, could the Romans have conquered the Caucasus region for a long period of time and Romanized the area?

If the Spanish Empire adopted Bartolomé de las Casas' plan, that is, settling Spanish peasants in the New World, and giving Natives self-governing townships, then Latin America would probably be higher populated (both due to immigration from Castile, and less disease spreading to Native...

With a POD any time from 1939-1945, what is the westernmost hypothetical extent of Soviet occupation? Easternmost extent of Allied occupation? If the Soviets had occupied half of France, northern Italy, and the entirety of Central Europe, how would that affect the Cold War? Or if the Soviets...

What if Ancient Egypt during/after the New Kingdom, as it began to lose control over the Levant and Assyria became more powerful, decided to build a great wall roughly where the Suez Canal is today, to prevent invasion from the east?

If the Soviet Union weren't starved by Lysenkoist ideology, devastated by the Great Purge, or ruled by a Stalinist dictator (even if ruled by a Leninist dictator), how would its relations with the United States be in the 1940s/1950s?