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Some Kurds remained pagans and became Yazidis.

During the early-mid Reconquista, there was a pretty constant flow of Christian emigres from the Caliphate of Cordoba to the northern Christian kingdoms. If those northern kingdoms and duchies were Muslim and still imposed the jizya tax, there would be no reason for the emigration. Unlike the...

Catherine the Great had a plan in the 1780s to restore the Eastern Roman Empire after a partition of the Ottoman Empire by the Russian and Habsburg Empires. If this Greek Plan were successful, and the Napoleonic Wars occur on schedule, the French could prop up the restored Roman Empire against...

If the financial capital and political capital are in the same place, it probably leads to more corruption.

What if the French didn't colonize Indochina, and the Kingdoms of Lan Xang, and Dai Viet, survived as independent kingdoms next to Siam/Thailand? Assume no Japanese invasion.

The Greeks were sort of "Eastern", and the Carthaginians and Persians sort of "Western" already. The West-East continuum in the ancient world, and the medieval world was totally different, such that an Achaemenid POD may not really change the relation between West and East in the way intended...

What if a series of storms like the one in 1588 occurred in 1066, forcing the Norman fleet off-course, east and north around England? Scenario 1: William's fleet lands in Yorkshire Scenario 2: William's fleet lands in Orkney or the Faroes. Scenario 3: William has to round Great Britain...

Stalin starts WW3 in 1946. The Soviets occupy much of the west, but the logistical difficulties in Spain and Italy are too great and the exhausted Red Army is pushed back to Russia proper. Continental Europe is devastated after WW3 even more than after WW2, making Britain and America more...

They didn't, but it's a hypothetical possibility with similar occurrences elsewhere. Yazidis preserved the pre-Islamic religion of Kurdistan, for example.

In a scenario where Alexander never conquered the Achaemenid Empire and they survived for at least 300 more years, could this surviving Achaemenid Empire go through a Rome-like development, where the core territory falls but the wealthier, new territory becomes the center of the empire? In other...

Will the Massaliot League invite Greek settlers from the east to civilize the Rhone?

If everything went right for Aragon, how large of a territorial extent could it achieve?

If a massive, intolerant empire like the Almohads still controlled the south, the Christian Spaniards would have continued to allow the Sephardic Jews significant autonomy and privileges, to get that economic/social advantage against the Almohads. Once the Reconquista ends though, it seems...

Rome was too strong then, I think. If Italy loses control over Gaul, the Gallo-Romans (and even Roman Britons, really) are able to defend themselves against the Germans. If the emperor of Rome has control over Italy and Gaul, the Gallic frontier may be weakened, but the emperor can focus on...

Byzantium reconquers the west. While Greek becomes the predominant language, Latin is the second language of administration used primarily in France, Iberia, and northern Italy.

With a POD before 1000, the Byzantine Empire likely doesn't decline to the point where it was by Manzikert.

No stirrups to give them a military advantage.

That would have gone to the French king.

Rus converts to Catholicism instead of Orthodoxy, reunites earlier without the Mongol invasions, then in the Protestant Reformation, creates its own Anglican-like church. Later, Lutheran/Protestant Germans immigrate to the Volga spreading their influence, and British fur traders get involved in...

Notably though, non-Romans could not be emperor, which is why Stilicho and Ricimer never became emperors. At a certain point, there were no more Romans with military or economic power in the west, but Chalcedonian Christianity, the concept of the empire, and Latin remained prestigious.