Princess Eliza Radziwiłł
(1840-1915)
The eldest Radziwiłł daughter, the Princess was named after her late aunt, the Princess of Prussia. She was born in New York City at her parents’ Summer Palace, a city where she spent much of her childhood and that would, throughout her youth, change dramatically, in ways that saw her family and their vast estates in the city become extremely influential as the population, and the Catholic population in particular, increased spectacularly.
From an early age, the Princess seemed to be set on defying every expectation that was set for her. Rather than be content in playing with the girly toys that her mother provided, and playing alongside her in the lady-like activities she had always wanted to do with her daughter, she insisted on breaking her mother’s heart and flee instead to go find her adored older brother and go pester him to play with her any of his own games, which she insisted were quite more fun than anything allotted to her.
Perhaps it was this early closeness to her brother that made her resent, at an early age, her cousin, the Prince Louis Napoleon Murat, who came to live with her family when she was seven years old and who quickly dislodged her as the closest companion of Prince Augustus, the most coveted position in the house. He would keep her away from their own games and tattle on her when he saw her sneaking away from her own girly duties. The childhood animosity between the two was legendary.
Princess Eliza seemed to always have resented her sex or, better yet, resent the position to which she was allotted because of it. She decried the treatment she was given in comparison to that of her brother and cousin, just because they were boys and she was a girl, from the time she was old enough to be aware of those differences, and she had never grown to make peace with that. Particularly bothersome for her was the matter of higher education. They had been raised under tutors, the best money could afford, and taught the same subjects, at the insistence of the Princess, who made it clear she wasn’t going to receive any less of an education at their hands than the boys. But when it came time for them to go to university and pursue a bachelor’s degree, she was told that there was no place for her in the colleges they would be attending. This, understandably, left her furious, especially as the Princess had been described by her tutors as being “smarter than the two of them put together”, referring to her brother and cousin.
It might seem odd that the way the Princess chose to rebel against her parent’s mandate of preparing her to a life of marriage and children by marrying in secret, and odder still that she would choose to marry none other than the detested boy of her childhood, who tattled on her and gatekept her from playing with the boys. Starting with the latter, matters had changed since they were kids and, especially once Augustus departed for West Point, their main point of contention, the attention of the elder brother, ceased to be an issue and, being the closest people in age and stature to each other in the city, they became close and would eventually form a romantic attachment known to everyone around them, everyone in New York City in fact.
As for why marriage seemed like a good way to rebel, it was perhaps the fact that her parents had already once rejected her cousin’s request for her hand, despite she having agreed to it herself, making it seem like it was their decision, rather than her own, when and with whom she could marry, and the fact that, obviously, her parents would expect for a grand and lavish wedding, thoroughly prepared by themselves, that would be the event of the year, if not of the decade, in New York City. Sweeping the wedding from under their feet and taking charge of it for herself was an act of rebellion that might seem less meaningful for us than for a princess birthed and raised under the spotlight, when every life event was a matter of status.
The subsequent ruckus might have been everything she had been expecting, and more, with her parents being furious at her, and blaming her for the ordeal, which is quite likely to have been the case, as her now husband was much less prone to incite such incidents than to follow along with them, threatening to disown her altogether and seeking an annulment even. The only problem in all of that was, of course, that her plan involved the newly-wedded couple, now with a valid excuse to abandon her parents’ house, to flee to their southern holdings, but now that proved impossible as the South rose in revolt.
That made for some rather awkward living arrangements at the Radziwiłł palace, and it is said only the commotion of the war, and the need to take decisive action during it, led to, if not a full reconciliation, to at least a truce between the two generations, with the younger princes taking important roles in maintaining the stability in New York City. Of course, this sometimes still came with arguments, such as when an attempt to have her husband run for Mayor was vetoed by her father, but working together made things more bearable.
After the war, the Princess and her husband finally departed southwards, to the devastated Murat estates, where they found a country trying and struggling to rebuild itself and find a new identity. The Princess immediately took up an interest in Southern affairs, and she was responsible for much of the land purchases her husband would sign over the following years, enriching her family’s patrimony handsomely and managing it rather well too. She was also the mind behind her husband’s flirtation with becoming Governor of Florida, but that idea never came to be.
She also took great interest in the matters of New Orleans, another important Murat residence, and a city she found most delightful. There, she was particularly remarkable for becoming the face and most ardent support of the Francophone community and French education in schools and in the legal code. Her efforts are a major reason why the Cajun language, an official language in Louisiana, is still widely spoken, as a first or second language, in the State. This has made her memory remarkably popular in Louisiana, given her the title of “Princess of Louisiana” to go alongside her husband, the “Prince of New Orleans”, whose lack of interest on the matter of the French language always did disappoint the community who had so cherished his birth.
Her greatest interest, however, and the pursuit that most seized her life, was for the cause of female emancipation and education. Inspired by her own struggles with getting an education for herself, or to just live her life more or less freely, she put a lot of effort towards building the institutions that would allow for other women to have the options she never had had, for higher education, for a life outside marriage. She was an important patron of various higher education institutions, both for women only and co-educational, sponsoring a very complete curriculum that would allow her students to pursue their fullest ambitions. Several colleges dotted around the country, but especially in the South, owe their existence to the efforts of the Princess.
The Princess’s investment in women’s rights went beyond education, however, and she would be an important advocate of women’s suffrage as well. In fact, even before the war she had been corresponding with suffragette legend Susan B. Anthony, and considered the older woman a mentor and an inspiration for herself. During and after the War, the Princess was an important bridge trying to bring the cause and organization of female suffrage to the platform of the Nationalist Party which, after the war, rose uncontested and pursued remarkable legislative achievements for the cause of black suffrage. Female suffrage in particular, however, and universal suffrage in general, which Anthony and other suffragettes advocated through their work with labor unions. Ultimately, female suffrage would not be able to express itself during the short gap of reform that followed the Civil War, much to the dissatisfaction of both women.
Princess Eliza’s relationship with Susan B. Anthony would continue to be fruitful, however, as the Princess became the main patron of “The Revolution”, the weekly newspaper Anthony would be published with the motto “Men their rights and nothing more; women their rights and nothing less” and serve as a driving vehicle for exposing their cause. The paper would have a profound impact of the suffragist movement and would, in time, become one the most widely read political papers in the country. Princess Eliza even wrote some articles for the paper, under various pseudonyms, exposing the cause of women’s education with particular ferocity.
The Princess sided with her friend during the split on the suffragette movement. This split came due to divergences on whether or not to support the constitutional amendment that would enfranchise racial equality, that is, allowing black men to have the same requisites as white men to vote, while still excluding women, and poorer classes, of course, altogether. Susan B. Anthony actually opposed the amendment. Not that she was against black suffrage in itself, with Anthony having been a fierce abolitionist and advocate for equality, but she wanted to see a more thorough amendment passed, that would see blacks, women and workers enfranchised. Not that Anthony and her allies wouldn’t use racial fearmongering to support their cause, and this episode is one of the most controversial in suffragette history.
As for Princess Eliza’s role in all of this, it is worth pointing out that, in her agreement with Susan B. Anthony regarding opposing the amendment, it has often been claimed that, unlike her mentor, the Princess genuinely opposed black suffrage thoroughly. This is often backed by the fact that, despite having spent so much of her life in the South, the Princess did very little to help enhance the lives of the black community there, who struggled in the aftermath of the war and emancipation, and supported female universities that restricted their admissions to white students. This is, unfortunately, one of the sadder parts of the Princess’s legacy, as it is often felt that, at the very least, she could have done more for the black Southern community than she actually did.
Princess Eliza would remain involved in politics for all of her life and, in the early 1890s, she was an important supporter of the formation of the Christian Social Party, a political organization that based itself on the nascent Catholic social teaching from the Rerum Novarum encyclical published by Pope Leo XIII. Bringing to its fold the Catholic urban working classes of various American cities, the organization became an important political force in the following years. The Princess was particularly active in the founding of the Women’s Trade Union League, an organization of working and middle class women to bolster labor unions and eliminate sweat shop conditions, that linked itself to the Christian Social Party during its early days. Her influence would be crucial in making the Party heads support women’s suffrage, despite some opposition from the more conservative heads of the Catholic clergy and laity. But a Radziwiłł matriarch was no force to sneer at.
The Princess’s political legacy was thoroughly demonstrated during the 1902 elections, when a coalition, which she herself helped bridge the gap to form, between the Christian Social Party and the Populist Party, a western political force that had been an early supporter of female suffrage, overthrew for the first time the Nationalist Party from government, and led to an opposition candidate to take the role of Secretary. Although this coalition would break in less than two years, the impact of a Nationalist defeat would forever change American politics.
As for her personal life, the Princess, after such a passionate wedding, suffered through a marriage where love dissipated very quickly. She doesn’t seem to have resented her husband’s infidelities, although she did resent how public they could be, and to have endured them gracefully and to never have made a fuss among family.
Widowhood did treat her much better, and although the Princess had never thought ill of her husband, no longer having to concern herself with the headaches he could create in the press allowed her to more freely engage in politics and in her own work without fearing being discredited by the latest gossip on her marital affairs making a mockery of her. Although she did admit to miss his more gregarious ways, and the life he would bring to a room whenever he was in it. At his side for all of his life, she had taken this energy for granted, and only when it was snuffed out did she truly understand its presence.
Princess would die in 1915, barely missing the fulfillment of the great goal of female suffrage and universal suffrage that she and her companions in the movement had struggled to see for so long.
The Princess is, of course, a curious figure, being perhaps the most politically active royal in American history, and having been so in the postbellum period, when the country in general seemed to turn away from royal involvement in politics. Having embraced one of the most progressive causes of her era, her legacy was, during her lifetime and nowadays, controversial, albeit for radically different reasons. Her contemporaries often thought poorly of her interventionist approach to politics and suffrage (compared to say, her cousin Empress Charlotte), while nowadays, her lack of commitment to black issues has given a reason for criticism on the part of some historiographies.
Ultimately, Princess Eliza was a deep and complex woman, whose role in the shaping of modern American politics cannot be ignored.