Princess Anna Alexandra Radziwiłł
(1830-1910)
Anna Alexandra was born without a mother, but also with a great amount of wealth. The mother who died giving life to her was one of Poland’s greatest heiresses, with all her property descending to her through right, while her father, Prince William Radziwiłł, was the scion of one Poland’s wealthiest and most prestigious noble families and the son of an American Princess, not to mention brother to two Prussian Princesses.
Her family would become all the wealthier not long after her birth, in the midst of the November Uprising of 1830. Her father, an active participant in the uprising, was nevertheless spared the pain of exile due to his Prussian and American connections, and this would lead to many of their family members to transfer their own lands to him, so as to avoid having them confiscated while they themselves headed for Siberia, making her particular branch of the family all the more wealthy still.
The Uprising, however, also did cost the Princess her father, who despite making it relatively unharmed through the ordeal, was nevertheless invited by the Russian authorities to go take a trip of Europe, the farthest away from Poland the better, leaving his daughter to the care of her maternal grandfather, Aleksadr Potocki, who unlike many in his country and even in his family, had not joined in the Uprising. They lived in the Natolin district, named after her mother, where the family had great estates and where she became accustomed to the ways of the Polish nobility, for whom it was the vacation destination of choice. She would spend her youth hearing tales of Napoleon Bonaparte and the November Uprising that had happened when she was just a babe.
Being a great heiress in her own right, nothing was spared in regards to the education of the Princess, even if, sometimes, her more conservative grandfather would have preferred she hadn’t turned out so willful and opinionated. But considering the legacy she had been living towards, it was also not surprising that the girl born in the eve of the November Uprising would prove to be a rebel in her own right. She was known to, from an early age, being an open advocate of Polish rights and restoration, a supporter of liberalism and an avid reader of the most controversial authors of the time.
There had been talk of marrying her to a Russian prince, in order to consolidate the Russian position in Poland, but she would hear none of that, hating Russian autocracy with all her fiery heart and so the proposition, already on shaky grounds, had to be dismissed entirely by her more loyalist relatives. Even so, considering her wealth, the Princess was one of Poland’s most coveted brides, despite her infamous character.
With the death of her grandfather, in 1845, the custody of the girl passed to her Radziwiłł uncle, Prince Michael, who had been exiled for some years after the November Uprising but who had since then returned home. She would only stay at her uncle’s house for a few months, before vanishing from her family’s estates, causing great consternation among her family, only for her to appear, months later, across the border in the Prussian part of Poland, being arrested by the police in connection to a planned uprising in Greater Poland against the Kingdom of Prussia. One can imagine the surprise and the scandal when a princess, last seen across the border, was found among 255 arrested revolutionaries, with very good evidence of having been just as guilty as the rest of them of the crime of fomenting revolt, and with as militant of a rhetoric.
And were that not enough to cause scandal, the Princess was also visibly pregnant. That she had also secretly married might have been a relief then, were her husband no other than Ludwik Mierosławski, leader of the would-be revolutionaries and one of the most renowned radical Polish thinkers of the time, and someone who the Prussian court had just sentenced to death. Princess Anna Alexandra was also brought before the court but, being a woman, pregnant, a princess, and related to the Queen of Prussia to boot, avoided any judge from even considered punishing her, and so she was released to the care of her family in Berlin, where she lived essentially under house arrest.
This nevertheless proved better than a jail cell, especially as the latter months of her pregnancy proved very difficult to the young princess. She would give birth to her daughter in Berlin, in what was a very bloody birth that almost cost the Princess her life and certainly cost her the ability to even dream of having more children of her own. She named her daughter Emilia, after Countess Emilia Plater, a revolutionary woman from Poland’s November Uprising who, by then, was already an icon of Polish literature and a personal hero of the young princess who too had ambitions of revolution.
As it turned out, those ambitions proved closer than she might have imagined, as, in 1848, the Spring of Nations bloomed, from Paris to Berlin, and in the case of the latter, forcing her cousin, King Frederick William IV, to amnesty all the political prisoners in his dungeons, including her husband and many of their comrades, who proceeded to return to Poland and, from there, launch yet another, this time more successful, or at least more fiery, uprising against the Prussian government, who was already facing quite the commotion at the hands of the German peoples of the realm.
The Uprising, at first, had some successes, with her husband leading the Polish military formations that were assembled to defend their interests in the face of both a Prussian and a Russian threat and counted with thousands of armed men. It was he who held the most stalwart defense of the gains obtained during the Uprising and defeated the Prussian Army in the battle of Miłosław, a glorious victory for the revolutionary Poles against the Prussian Army in the field. However, as the revolution in Germany petered out and order regained its hold over Berlin, the two of them saw the writing on the wall and, by May 1848, they were preparing to leave Poland, to fight another day. To add insult to injury, the death of their revolutionary hopes was followed by the death of their only daughter, further cementing a feeling of loss.
It was a sad thing, to depart for exile, but as it turned out, the bravery of the Poles had not gone unnoticed by the rest of Europe, and for many of the revolutionaries still holding on to a dream of spring. The Italian people of Sicily, in particular, called for their help, inviting the legendary strategist Ludwik Mierosławski, who had defeated the Prussians in the battlefield, to come lead their own uprising, a task he gladly accepted.
They arrived in Palermo in December 1848, and the Princess would live there for the following five months, while her husband ascended to Commander-in-Chief to a beleaguered revolutionary army, 10 thousand strong but very ill-prepared for combat. Struggling to hold back the royalist armies, and facing injuries both to his body, having been wounded in combat, and to his reputation, as the Sicilians, dissatisfied the legendary commander hadn’t turned out to be their salvation, blamed him for their defeats. On 20 April, 1849, he resigned his post and, two weeks later, they were in Paris, the one great city where Revolution reigned supreme.
Even then, her husband still had another role to play in the Spring of Nations as, despite the lackluster in Sicily, he was still the renowned Pole who had held the Prussians back and, as it so happened to be, the Baden revolutionaries, the most radical and really the last standing of the German revolutionaries, needed his leadership to have a hope of withstanding the rising power of the Reaction. As it turned out, not even his presence was enough to prevent the tide from sweeping the last vestige of the German Revolution over.
Princess Anna Alexandra remained in Paris during this last adventure, enjoying cultivating an apartment that was quickly becoming a pilgrimage point for the revolutionary youth of Europe, with her husband’s reputation somehow surviving all the defeats and receiving only credit for his victories during 1848. Among the guests who they received in their home were the young Karl and Jenny Marx, and Friedrich Engels, who had fought alongside her husband in Baden. Another close friend of the family was the great Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Garibaldi would later name her husband head of his International Legion, and the two of them would return to Sicily, this time successfully taking the island in the Expedition of the Thousand, that ultimately saw the Risorgimento fulfilled, a dream the Polish couple could only dream of for their own homeland. They would move to this new country, with her husband taking the role of director of the Polish Military School in Genoa, but soon enough, they would pack once again, this time rather euphorically, as they were headed for Poland.
The January Uprising of 1863 was the event of a lifetime, the great conflagration Princess Anna Alexandra had dreamed all her life that she would get to see. The two of them, alongside many other exiled Poles throughout Europe, rushed back to the motherland, hoping to see it once and for all free, and many internationalist supporters from across Europe as well. It seemed to be the great moment for the Polish Nation, with all of Europe looking to see how it would unfold, and even the Pope ordering prayers for the victory of Poland over its foes. It was now or never.
Being the most famous of the Polish revolutionaries in Europe, and with the legacy of his military victories over Prussia in the 1848 Uprising still being fondly remembered, Mierosławski was the first choice for leading the Uprising, and the Central National Committee offered him the Dictatorship a few days the uprising was to start, when he was still in Italy. He arrived at Poland to a hero’s welcome, with very little opposition to his leadership at first.
However, his stardom quickly started to dissipate. The wonder general who had defeated the Prussians in battle quickly began losing ground and battles against the Russian Army. As it seemed clear that classical military combat wouldn’t cut it against a professional military force, the Poles began resorting to guerrilla warfare, using their own qualities against the Russians. At which point it started to become quite clear that their Dictator couldn’t really be relied upon to direct such a campaign or to fully understand the realities of guerrilla warfare, his mentality still firmly within the Napoleonic scheme of things he had written about decades back.
As opposition to his leadership continued to grow, her husband seemed ready to once again bolt and return to the West, disillusioned with the prospects of the Uprising. It was Anna Alexandra, however, who convinced him to stay, going as far as threatening to remain behind and fight even if he himself did leave the battlefield.
By the end of the year, however, things looked much bleaker than before, both for the Uprising as a whole, and for their position within it. Polish unity was crumbling as divisions between the more radical and more conservative factions that composed it, and although at first they had had a role as mediators between the two, as time went by and animosities increased, it was all the harder to square the circle of a united front, and the couple found itself all the more isolated. Seeing only darker days ahead, and having lost much of the energy that had once inflated her spirit, Anna Alexandra finally ceded to her husband’s request and left Poland, once and for all.
They had walked into Poland as heroes, but had left it defeated and marginalized. The luster of her husband’s reputation had finally taken a blow that it couldn’t survive, and he found himself with fewer friends than he had before departing. Lacking much in the way of support in Paris, the couple decided instead to retire to Rome, where Anna Alexandra’s father, Prince William, a widower for the third and final time, lived his final days.
Anna Alexandra had never really met her father, even if they had corresponded sparingly throughout the years, and never too warmly. Living together for the first time, however, they soon found a way to reconciliation. She would be in Rome to witness the city’s takeover by Italy, the final step towards the Risorgimento campaign she had held so close to her heart, and to witness the death of Prince William, who had, in last days of life, truly become a father to her. It was also in Rome that her husband died in 1878 and was buried, no longer the hero he had once been for the Polish people, but still respected by many.
Having lost the little family she had, Anna Alexandra would then live for some years with a dear friend, Giuseppe Garibaldi, who received her in his farm on the island of Caprera, where the two reminisced about the old days of adventuring throughout Europe. But Garibaldi too was not the young man he once was and, after his death in 1882, Anna Alexandra was once again without an anchor to her life. And so, she decided to set sail.
America had always been a distant idea for her. She knew her father had been born there, but he was still a Pole, as was their family. America was, for her, a strange diversion from that idea. She had followed the news of some of its developments, such as the Civil War, and was aware that she had kin there, but she had never pondered to visit, at least until then, when she departed Europe once again, looking for a new place to call home.
She was well-received in New York and Havre de Grace, with her American kin being more than happy to host a long-lost cousin among their midst, especially one with such a fantastic background as hers, but ultimately, she found the life in either of the cities as too alien to ever feel like home to her. But it didn’t take long until the Princess made an amazing discovery – her Radziwiłł kin possessed, beyond their New York Palace, some country estates to the West, in the States of Illinois and Wisconsin, where not only were their cities named after their common ancestor, Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, but that these booming towns were surrounded by a country where many Polish émigrés lived and prospered, speaking their ancestral tongue and retaining as much of their culture as they could.
This Polonia-by-the-Sinnissippi was not the spitting image of the Old Country. It was better – it held itself to an idealized version of it, to the Poland they had fought for, where the misery suffered by their people was not present, but where all the good things and happiness flourished. Princess Anna Alexandra adored the region from the moment she set foot on it, and she immediately decided she would not again set foot from it. And that she did not. Her Radziwiłł cousins would return east soon after and leave her there, to warden their estates and live, contently, amongst the people she had always dreamed to have. Although she was still without family, the occasional visits to her estates by an American princeling aside, she never did feel lonely, and was a well-known and beloved foundation of Polish society in the region. She sponsored their cultural events and even some of the more political projects of Poles in the region, enjoying every moment of it.
Princess Anna Alexandra lived the rest of her days, up to 1910, a few weeks after her 80th birthday, in this Polonia across the ocean where things were simpler and people were kinder. Where liberty was something given, not something to be gained. So beloved was she by her people that, when the attempt was made to have her buried in the Imperial Crypt back in Havre de Grace, great protests took up in the region, demanding she be buried there, so they could better care for her memory. And so she was. The tomb of Princess Anna Alexandra is still a precious site in the city of Radziwiłł, and many a street, park and even statue are dedicated to this Princess.