alternatehistory.com

Introduction

Canada is an incredibly large country which is home to a vast array of cultures from all over the world. Thus has been accelerated since the adoption of the official multiculturalism policy, but in many ways this just reinforced the existing diversity which had accumulated since first contact.
From the amazon jungle just above the equator to the arctic tundra at the north pole, from Hawaii to Newfoundland, Canada's diversity cannot be overstated.
The indigenous inhabitants of what was to become Canada were as diverse in culture as the climates they inhabited. The settlers from the west coast of France during their colonial era included a wide variety of regional dialects, in addition to Basques, Bretons, and others as well.
The European settlers evolved cultures which were reminiscent of the indigenous inhabitants they dwelt beside, giving rise to regional identifiers like "Canadien" or "Acadien".
The British conquest of New France, and ensuing loss of the American colonies, brought new settlers, soldiers, freedmen and former slaves. Scottish, Irish, English, and African, but also Prussian, Russian, and Polish.
All these new arrivals participated to some degree in the fur trade, where they encountered the hybrid Métis who came before them, creating a patchwork of ethnicities in the Upper West before even the arrival of the railway.
Chinese railway contractors and miners, Welsh language separatists, religious dissenters, Polynesian sailors, Indians, Slavs, Scandinavians and Jews, fleeing want, war, plight and persecution were all part of the fabric of Canadian society before the official adoption of a multicultural policy.

Chapter I: Structures of Government

...Canada is composed, at the highest tier, of six regions. These represent broad cultural and geographic areas with historical connections, and correspond generally with the pre-contact cultural zones.
The regions form the basis of Senate and Supreme Court apportionment, as well as corresponding to the Federal District Courts.

The six regions are: the West Indies, Atlantic, St Lawrence (or Saint-Laurent), Great Lakes, Prairies, and Pacific & Arctic, which is currently treated as one region but with population growth their is anticipation one day the North may be a region of it's own.
Each region is composed of several provinces and territories. Each region is allocated 60 Senators, apportioned between the provinces and territories of each region by the principal of degressive proportionality, with each province being guaranteed a minimum of 3 Senators and each territory (or Regional District, autonomous counties within provinces) guaranteed 1.
Each region is also represented by 2 Supreme Court Justices on the Supreme Court, no province or territory may have more than one justice.

The next tier of government is that of the provinces and territories...

...a special kind of county are the regional districts. In some circumstances, certain regions developed ethnic, linguistic or religious identities, but were not on their own large or populated enough to become provinces or territories. Under the multiculturalism policy, it became possible for counties to officially establish "third languages", and in so doing establish semi-autonomy in some areas from the provincial government. This is most common in Western Canada...

Gzowski, Our Cultural Mosaic