What languages does the Philippines use as a lingua Franca?
Its elites and the government, owing to the diverse languages but pretty much homogenised Catholic “Santo Niño” lowland culture, just heavily use the official language of government and leave the promotion of the local languages to the rest of the populace. IOTL, the American occupation that succeeded the Spaniards and the long Commonwealth years that succeeded therein pretty much erased the need to speak Spanish, so the (affluent) people followed on the new trend to speak perfect English. The 30’s still saw many in the high society having the ability to speak that language, but not in the 60’s and 70’s.
However, the legacy of the Philippine revolution led to a soul-searching for its own nationhood, and nationalistic fucks that we were, it was decided that a national language is needed. A commission to determine one was called upon and agreed that it would be Tagalog, owing that it is the language of the capital and already the lingua franca of the archipelago and even the First Republic (aside from Spanish, of course). As expected intellectuals expressed their displeasure with this set-up up to the present day, but language never became the topic that ever warranted balkanisation even amongst their minds. Moves were supposed to be made to make the national language a reality, but it never did, owing to the great inertia of the documents already being written and still being written in English to this day.
There has been a concerted effort during the Japanese occupation and the puppet 2nd Republic to purge English, and that was when Tagalog really was used even in documents, but it didn’t really catch on with the establishment of the 3rd Republic. “Moves” were supposedly made during the Marcos and Cory years by “giving” the “national language” its “name”, first “Pilipino”, then “Filipino”, respectively. The Marcos Years contented itself maintaining the fiction of “Pilipino” being different enough from Manileño Tagalog. However, since the addition of a provision in the constitution of “further developing the language,” not only this “separate Tagalog and Filipino” language ossified, it also led to what I would call as radicals to advocate and sometimes even successfully insert inane philosophy on Filipino.
Also, that Filipino language philosophy also led to the widespread belief that the regional languages were mere dialects, although moves were being furiously made by both the government and the society to rectify it. I observed many of my teachers held that dismissive belief, and it was only the influx younger teachers and the passionate academics’ preaching in mid-to-late 2010’s that this started to change.
Also, the academia and the government is judiciously studying not only the national languages but also the regional languages as well, leading to sometimes needless and uncalled-for innovations in orthography to reflect for the changing language. All of this (the history, the most formal writing, the changes) are tenaciously taught by Filipino teachers to this day, although an academically unattentive generation prone to code-switching could radically shift the language yet again. The Philippine government opting to remove Filipino as a major subject in college would just accelerate this. Many of the academe were pissed off. I personally vouch for it and make an equivalent to the Normans infusing old English with French words.
In this case, however, Philippines was independent at the outset and the Americans merely pupetted it. The circumstances surrounding it could also be radically removed from us: maybe Manila Chavacano became popular and became the national language itself. Maybe, it was Tagalog that became the official language at the birth of the Republic itself. Or, the disagreements between Manila, Iloilo, and Cebu could lead to the maintenance of Spanish or even opt for English, seeing the strategic advantages after the British conquered much of the Indonesian archipelago. However, determining which happened from which would require the author giving a though about it, of which I doubt him doing so beyond reflecting it on our usually peaceful existence and the Second World War, maybe even leaning on that English solution. However, the largely small stature of the country along with the others in the region (Insulindia, Borneo, Vietnam) do justify the author glossing the region as English-speaking members of the Jakarta pact. Why? As much as Filipinos like to tell about its own culture, much could be drawn from the maps and updates already, hence the last paragraph.