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Opening
In 1850, the Compromise of 1850 divided North and South to an extreme. Sectionalism was at an all time high. Ten years later, the United States was divided. However, secession was not new. New England threatened to do it in 1814. South Carolina had threatened to in Andrew Jackson's presidency. The next election was won by Democrats only because the Whig party fell apart.
As for the actual Compromise, California got statehood but Northern could not harbor run away slaves. Around the same time, Deseret applied for statehood, which was of course rejected (making US maps in the West just boxes called Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico.) ITTL, the Utah Territory is not created in the Compromise, and in 1851, Utah becomes a state compromising of all of Utah territories initial territory IOTL. In return, a constitutional amendment was passed by Congress that made it impossible to abolish slavery for 100 years. In results, the South and North see new secession movements, and in the election of 1852, Franklin Pierce is elected and at the urging of a Congress made up of secessionist following a mass vote-out, dissolves the United States. Each individual state and territory becomes an independent country.
Of course, not all states can afford independence. The new countries ITTL are shown below:
New England Confederation
Capitol: Boston
Territory: OTL Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
Green Mountain Republic same as OTL Vermont
Republic of Maine same as OTL
Commonwealth of Connecticut same as OTL
Republic of New York same as OTL
Independent State of Pennsylvania same as OTL
Independent State of New Jersey same as OTL
Republic of the Chesapeake
Capitol: Baltimore
Territory: OTL Maryland and Delaware
Commonwealth of Virginia
Capitol: Richmond
Territory: VA, KY and WV
Ohio same as OTL
Great Lakes Confederation
Capitol: Columbus
Territory: OTL OH, IN, IL, MI, WI,