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Islamic Republic of Egypt
Egypt, officially the Islamic Republic of Egypt, is an African country in the northeast corner of Africa, bordered by the British Sinai to the east, Libya to the west, and Darfur, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea to the south. Across the Red Sea lies Arabia, and across the Mediterranean lie Greece, Anatolia and Syria, although none share a land border with Egypt.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest. Egypt's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which has endured, and often assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman Turkish, and Nubian. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country, albeit with a small Christian minority, against which dozens of human rights abuses have been alleged.
From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers: the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire. Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. However, British military occupation of Egypt continued, and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism. Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation, nationalized the British-held Suez Canal, exiled King Farouk and his family, and declared itself a republic. Following Egypt's loss in the Sinai War in 1956, a coup ousted the pan-Arabist government of Gamal Abdel Nasser, and replaced it with a fundamentalist Islamist government – an anti-Western totalitarian theocracy governed by a "Supreme Guide". Islam is the official religion of Egypt and Arabic is its official language. With over 126 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arab world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, where the only arable land outside the far south can be found. The large regions of the Sahara Desert and the Sahel, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria, Khartoum and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
The sovereign state of Egypt is a considered to be a regional power in North Africa and the Middle East and one of the leaders of the Muslim world. Egypt's economy has historically been strong, however it is now suffering from international sanctions, prompted by its totalitarianism, human rights abuses, and alleged support for terrorist groups. Egypt is a member of the Union of Nations, Islamic Bloc, and Khartoum Pact.
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Egypt, officially the Islamic Republic of Egypt, is an African country in the northeast corner of Africa, bordered by the British Sinai to the east, Libya to the west, and Darfur, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea to the south. Across the Red Sea lies Arabia, and across the Mediterranean lie Greece, Anatolia and Syria, although none share a land border with Egypt.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest. Egypt's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which has endured, and often assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman Turkish, and Nubian. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country, albeit with a small Christian minority, against which dozens of human rights abuses have been alleged.
From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers: the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire. Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. However, British military occupation of Egypt continued, and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism. Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation, nationalized the British-held Suez Canal, exiled King Farouk and his family, and declared itself a republic. Following Egypt's loss in the Sinai War in 1956, a coup ousted the pan-Arabist government of Gamal Abdel Nasser, and replaced it with a fundamentalist Islamist government – an anti-Western totalitarian theocracy governed by a "Supreme Guide". Islam is the official religion of Egypt and Arabic is its official language. With over 126 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arab world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, where the only arable land outside the far south can be found. The large regions of the Sahara Desert and the Sahel, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria, Khartoum and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
The sovereign state of Egypt is a considered to be a regional power in North Africa and the Middle East and one of the leaders of the Muslim world. Egypt's economy has historically been strong, however it is now suffering from international sanctions, prompted by its totalitarianism, human rights abuses, and alleged support for terrorist groups. Egypt is a member of the Union of Nations, Islamic Bloc, and Khartoum Pact.
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