The United States of America is a nation of many tongues. English is the majority language and
lingua franca (85% of the population reported speaking it "very well" on the 2010 Census form) of the country, but over a dozen languages are spoken in vast swathes of the country. This map shows the distribution of these languages. The areas in pink signify areas where no single language is spoken by more than 10% of the population, which means the proportion of English speakers may be under 90% but no one language forms a significant enough proportion. Areas where multiple languages are spoken by over 10% of the population are colored by the most dominant language. Note that there are several other languages spoken in significant numbers, but they are concentrated in municipality and neighborhood-sized areas that would not be geographically significant on this map.
CZECH - Czech Americans are small in their numbers, but are very concentrated in a few counties in Texas and the Great Plains. Several have retained their ancestral language. The town of Praha, Texas is considered to be the center of Czech culture in the United States.
ERSE - Nova Scotia is rather aptly named due to its large Scottish population. The 18th and 19th century saw large-scale immigration from the Highlands, which had a large Scottish Gaelic speaking population, to the state. Over a third of the state's population is of Scottish extraction, and many in the northern regions still speak their ancestral language. The state's Scottish heritage can be seen in many town names, such as New Glasgow, Caledonia, and Dingwall. A community of Erse speakers can also be found on the eastern end of St. John's Island. The language is officially classified as Erse to avoid confusion with its cousin language from Ireland, but Nova Scotians use both Erse and Gaelic to refer to the language.
FRENCH - Of all the secondary languages spoken in the U.S., French is the most spoken, has the longest history within the country, and the widest geographic distribution. American French is comprised of several dialects: Acadian French (spoken in Nova Scotia, New Ireland, Maine, St. John's Island, the Madeline Islands, and the Gaspesian Peninsula), Canadian French (spoken in most of Quebec, northern New Hampshire/Vermont/New York, eastern Canada, and eastern Keewatin), Terreneuvian French (spoken by a small number of French in Newfoundland) Muskrat French (spoken in parts of Michigan and Erie), Louisiana French (spoken in Louisiana, southern Mississippi, Arkansas, and southwestern Missouri), Missouri French (spoken in central and southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, and southwestern Indiana), Metis French (spoken by the Metis people), Lake French (spoken by French settlers in the Prairie States) Rocheuse French (spoken by French settlers in Idaho, Absaroka, Lincoln, and Montana), California French (spoken in the San Joaquin Valley), and Dominican French (spoken in western St. Dominica). French first found itself a major part of the United States when the country bought Louisiana in 1803, and the capture of Quebec in the War of 1812 further increased its numbers. Throughout the 19th century, immigrants from France steadily moved to Quebec, Louisiana, and in smaller numbers, the Boston/Portland belt and California. The other dialects of French largely stem from American-born pioneers settling westward. Louisianans mostly moved to California and the Rockies, while Canadians mostly moved to the Prairies and the Rockies. Three presidents had French as a mother tongue, and six states release bills in both English and French.
GAELIC - The vast majority of Gaelic speakers in the U.S. live in the state of Newfoundland, in addition to a community in St. John, New Ireland. In other concentrated areas of American Irish settlement, like New England and New York, very few people retained their mother tongue- largely the result of anti-Irish sentiment, which discouraged the speaking of Gaelic and very few parents passed the language on to their children. In Newfoundland and New Ireland there was a much smaller existing population, which allowed the language to thrive. Southern and southeastern Newfoundland is popularly nicknamed the "Irish Shore," and the state is commonly referred to as "the most Irish place outside Ireland."
GERMAN - Germans have had a notable presence in America since the 17th century, when they began to settle in Pennsylvania. Many groups of German settlers have largely dropped their tongue, but others have not, especially the old colonial groups (primarily in Pennsylvania, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, and New Bern, North Carolina), German settlers in the Upper Plains, the Amish, and Mennonites. German dialects in the U.S. are influenced by many German regions, such as Switzerland, Alsace, and the Palatinate. German was once much more widespread in the Midwest and was commonly used in public schools in German-speaking regions, but anti-German sentiment in the 20th century during conflicts with Germany discouraged Germans from passing the language on to their children, and many areas no longer have significant numbers of speakers. However, since the 1990s there has been attempts at reviving German in the school system, and many states now offer German as a language course in their public schools.
GULLAH - Gullah (also known as Geechee) is an English creole language spoken by the Gullah, a subgroup of African Americans who inhabit the Lowcountry and Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. It is heavily influenced by African languages and the Gullah culture is significantly influenced by African culture. It was once more widespread, being spoken from Cape Fear in North Carolina to Jacksonville, Florida. Gullah became endangered in the 20th century with increasing development in the area, but efforts to preserve the language have allowed it to live on.
HAWAIIAN - The native language of the Hawaiian people, the Hawaiian language became severely endangered with widespread European and Asian settlement of the islands. There have been efforts since the mid-20th century to preserve the language, which was made co-official with English. Most native Hawaiians can speak the language, as well as smaller numbers of Asians and Europeans.
INUIT - A family of languages (which linguists classify as Eskimo-Aleut) rather than one single tongue, the predecessors to these languages have been spoken in the northern part of the country for thousands of years. Like the Native Americans, the Inuits were decimated by Eurasian diseases, but unlike the Native Americans, the Inuits were left with much of their native land rather intact due to a low desire by Europeans to settle in them. Languages of this group are official in Alaska and the territories of Borealia, Greenland, and Vesperia.
ITALIAN - Italian speakers in America are primarily concentrated in two areas: metro New York and a stretch of coastal California. Italian speakers in the New York area are remnants of immigration to the area in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Italian speakers in Alta California are primarily the descendants of immigrants to Montreal and Boston who moved out west in search of work.
NATIVE AMERICAN - Like the Inuit languages, these are a group of languages rather than a single tongue. Among the original inhabitants of the modern United States, Native Americans were wiped out by European settlement and disease. They survived somewhat longer out west, but still faced the disdain of whites who wanted to use their land for building railroads. Native Americans were placed on ever-shrinking reservations. Fortunately for the natives, attitudes towards them changed in the 20th century, and they have received significant contributions in their efforts to preserve their ancient culture and language. Reservations have significant autonomy within the territory they are made of.
NORWEGIAN - Immigrants from Norway came in large numbers to America in the 19th century. Their story is very similar to the Germans, with many moving to rural regions (especially the Upper Midwest and Prairie States) and conducting life in their native language. Most urban Norwegians eventually dropped their language, but rural Norwegians have kept it living.
PORTUGUESE - Most Portuguese Americans live in the Providence/New Bedford area of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Alta and Baja California, and Florida. Unlike many European groups, Portuguese are still immigrating to the United States in significant numbers, which has led to a high proportion of language retention among Portuguese Americans.
RUSSIAN - Russian immigration to America is primarily concentrated in Alaska, Alta California, and Jefferson, with other sects of Russians immigrating to Boston and New York. It is the former group that retained Russian language the most. Fur traders brought their families to Alaska in the 19th century, most concentrated in the northwest, nearest to their motherland. Most of them stayed when the U.S. bought the area, and although Russian is less widespread in Alaska than it was 150 years ago, western Alaska has significant numbers of speakers and even the monolingual English areas have many Russian-descended people. The West Coast settlements stem from Fort Ross, a Russian military establishment and colony used to supply Alaska with food.
SCOTCH - Also known as Scots or Lallans, the Scotch language was brought to the New World by settlers from the Lowlands of Scotland. Their concentration is highest in New Albion (especially on some of the New Hebrides), which was heavily influenced by Lowlands culture much like Highlands culture influenced Nova Scotia. Small numbers also exist in the Berkshires of Massachusetts and Connecticut, including the town of New Glasgow, Massachusetts.
SPANISH - Spanish has a long history on the American continents, but did not really have a presence in the United States until the 19th century. The cession of Florida by Spain and the conquest of over half of Mexico added significant numbers of Spanish speakers to the United States. The conquest of the independent Dominican Republic and the conquest of Cuba and Puerto Rico from Spain added more Spanish speakers. In the Southwest, Spanish is spoken most in the areas that were already somewhat settled when they were conquered by the United States. Smaller numbers exist in large urban areas, largely the result of international Latin migration (domestic Latin Americans tend to move to other areas that already speak Spanish).
SWEDISH - Swedish speakers have an origin story virtually identical to the Norwegians, largely coming to America in the 19th century and moving to rural areas where their language has lived on.
UKRAINIAN - The majority of Ukrainian Americans live in the states of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Most of these Ukrainians are descended from people who lived in Austrian-ruled Galicia, which was one of Europe's poorest regions at the end of the 19th century. The Prairie States were advertised as an ideal location for impoverished Ukrainian emigres. Their population is heavily concentrated, since early settlers wanted to be with family and people from nearby villages.