This world diverged from our own with the untimely death of President Andrew Jackson in the year of 1830 after a fatal trip down the White House stairs. John Calhoun ascended to the presidency after a bit of panicked deliberation in Congress, just in time to avoid his OTL fall from power, and by siding with the South Carolinians during the Nullification Crisis, set the unfortunate precedent of effectively legalizing nullification, a precedent that would end up causing the near-dissolution of the Union in 1841.
Following Calhoun's slim reelection and subsequent second term came William Henry Harrison, the product of a Whig Party that was able to organize enough to
not run four candidates in 1836. The Panic of 1837 occured largely as IOTL, but the Whig administration's willingness to push more interventionist economic policies lead to the accompanying recession being rather less severe. Indian removal was also delayed and in several cases stopped altogether, as President Calhoun was far more interested in pushing his decentralizing and pro-slavery agenda than in negotiating treaties with the natives (which he figured was a matter for state governments, anyways); Harrison saw no good reason to disturb the status quo.
The election of 1840 saw a radicalized and moralistic Martin van Buren win the presidency, heavily exploiting the Whigs' "incompetent" (still better than he would have IOTL) handling of the recession. In his years out of office (Calhoun never liked him much and chose a different veep), his antislavery views had expanded and matured, though he took great care to hide them during his campaign, so as to secure the Southern vote. And so it's no surprise that the South felt absolutely backstabbed when van Buren and a cabel of sympathetic Congressmen, Whig and Democrat alike, pushed through law after law regulating and limiting the slave trade, with the unspoken goal of eventual total abolition. This gradual erosion of the peculiar institution, combined with van Buren's infuriating apathy with regard to Indian removal, wildly inflamed tensions. But the straw that broke the camel's back was the issue of Texas.
The Republic of Texas had declared its independence from Mexico in 1837, and repeated petitions for aid were recieved lukewarmly at best by the Harrison administration, which rather preferred to pretend that Texas didn't exist. Van Buren continued this policy, right up until Southrons began streaming across the Texian border, taking their slaves with them, to escape "restrictions on their freedom" in America and help Texas in its territorial struggle against Mexico. Van Buren declared these volunteers to be violating the sovereignty of both Texas and Mexico, and to most definitely not represent the wishes of the American government. Soon federally-controlled troops began to patrol the western Lousianian border; the American Civil War began May 21, 1841, when Lousiana militiamen turned on their federal counterparts and Baton Rouge declared the State of Louisiana to be a free and independent nation.
Van Buren responded with overwhelming force, which of course only served to agitate the rest of the South, which seceded in turn. What followed was the bloodiest war in American history to this day: marked by huge, unsubtly Northern-organized slave riots, mass mutinies on both sides, a Northern policy of emancipation-at-gunpoint from the very beginning, reluctant Mexican participation, and the evacuation of the American government after slaveowners in the capital itself rose in rebellion. The war lasted well into van Buren's second term, and ended with a radical and spitefully egalitarian Reconstruction, in which plantations were dissolved and distributed among their former slaves, Black Americans were not only granted the right to vote but vigorously encouraged to, there occurred a mass exodus of white Southrons to the Western territories and Midwestern states, Indian nations were carved out of Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia with vicious and great gusto, and military rule in many parts of the South lasted over a decade.
The repercussions of the war, both in America and worldwide, were incredibly vast and wide-reaching. America found itself preaching a doctrine of radical and religiously-charged egalitarianism that would have seemed completely alien to any American not two decades before. Mass migrations of whites to the Northwest left the South majority Black and with significant Amerind minorities, which it remains to this day. The War in America allowed the Mexican government to unite the country under a common cause and generally stabilize its institutions. Washington flipped from isolationism to enthusiastic interventionism far earlier than IOTL, establishing a web of protectorates stretching across Africa and meddling heavily in the bits of Central America Mexico couldn't get its hands on. Brazil nearly fractured in a copycat civil war started by a decade-later Malê revolt. Britain fought another war with the United States in the 1850s, winning in Oregon and the Red River Valley but losing much of their Carribean empire, which would lead to far more investment in India and Central Asia...
The Great War raged from 1892 to 1898, toppling countless regimes and profoundly changing the world order. It started with yet another Russo-British conflict, which quickly spiralled into something much greater: France and Prussia quickly jumped in on the Russian and British sides, respectively, each seeking vengence; Prussia's entry brought in Austria, whose own entry brought in Italy; Japan and China both took the opportunity to settle scores against the Russians, forming an alliance that would result in China's rapid industrialization with Japanese help; the States launched a grand invasion of British Canada only to be blindsided by newly-imperial Mexico; the Ottomans blitzed through Hungary only to be sidelined by a difficult advance through the Russian Caucasus; in South America, the war became a matter of "everyone (American-sponsored republics) vs. (monarchist, if no longer imperial) Brazil".
It was a profoundly ugly war, with both sides debuting excruciatingly painful new ways of killing. Emergency governments became the norm, with even America stripping its citizens of their liberties. Restrictions led to discontent, which lead to protests and strikes, which lead to rioting and from there to revolution... The British Civil War started in 1896 and didn't end until 1901, as republican revolutionaries forced the monarchy out of the isles themselves only to collapse into infighting. The King went to Canada, first, but soon Bytown had fallen to the masses. From there he went to Halifax, then to St. John's, and then in a final, desparate measure, managed to travel through the vast northern wilderness to take up a final, permanent residence in Victoria, capital of the Dominion of Oregon (split off from the rest of BNA for governability's sake). The newly-christened
Kingdom of Oregon (to which the majority of the British Navy soon defected) reopened the North American front in 1898, only months before peace negotiations were to take place, smashing through the awkward Canadian-American truce lines and beseiging both nations' ports, and only the combined forces of Canada, the States and (republican again) Mexico could prevent them from taking any more than the prarie provinces. To this day, the anglophone world is divided into bitterly-rivalled republican and monarchist factions.
Sub-Saharan Africa fared quite well throughout this period: it was the only region of the world where no substantial fighting took place, and so African resource-extraction and manufacturing companies made it big selling to both sides. Many states had also had substantial American, French and Portuguese investment and the installation of (typically free Black) "advisors" before the outbreak of the war, to the point where they were stable enough to not fall immediately apart following the retraction of this support. Liberia absorbed British Sierra Leone; the reinvigorated Bornu subdued and incorporated longtime rivals the Ouaddai; the Kingdom of Kongo penetrated deep into the continent, growing rich in its own right off of the interior's great mineral wealth. Native kingdoms flourished throughout Guinea; Zanzibar held and expanded their hegemony over the Swahili Coast. Only the handful of directly-colonized regions (British South Africa, Franco-Portuguese Cameroun, Angola and Mozambique) were greatly affected when the fighting began, as mass conscription strained its population and exasperated racial tensions.
The twentieth century was one of near-constant revolution, as the Great War's shockwaves reverberated across oceans and continents. The fragmented, unstable German Empire (formed after Prussian forces took Vienna in 1896) was among the first of the regimes to fall, replaced by the German Council Republic, a *council communist state that would grow to be a continental power. The Russian Empire likewise was overtaken by revolutionaries, though these were simply radical republicans of the British variety; Russia has since become the world's democratic superpower, sponsoring regime changes across the Middle East and South Asia and cozying up to the less-authoritarian *socialist states. The Qing lasted well into the thirties with Japanese assistance, but soon their time came as well: they were replaced with the Chinese Fraternal Republic, a decentralized and democratic-communalist state tied together with a healthy dose of Chinese nationalism; Fraternalism has since found loyal adherents in the Bolivarian Union of South American states, lead by a Peru on a powerful "native roots" kick. India fragmented on ethnic lines after British authority dissolved, but much of its Gangetic heartland was reunited under the Bharati People's Republic, a right-wing populist regime that may or may not be on the verge of falling apart. South Africa became the Syndicracy of the Cape after the Black and Coloured combined majority threw off *apartheid and wage-slavery alike, spawning a regime governed by its workers' unions but unfortunately disposed to strongmanism.
Blocs:
The
Transatlantic Free Trade Association (originally "Transatlantic Alliance") was formed in the aftermath of the Great War and the British Civil War, as the United States and Britain, once fiercest of enemies, found themselves blood-bonded allies against the forces of fraternalism and council-republicanism on the left, and populism and monarchism on the right. Since the initial shaky mutual defense treaty, negotiated in the new Republican capital of Oxford, transatlantic ties have grown enormously, and the TFTA has blossomed into a mutually beneficial relationship that has become largely economical, rather than military, in nature. Autonomous Quebec is a compromise measure intended to sate the appetites of Québécois nationalists who otherwise threatened to recognize the King in Oregon, and Newfoundland never sank low enough for Oxford to consider selling it outright to Canada.
The
Pan-Pacific Alliance is, naturally, British monarchists' direct and nigh-instantaneous reaction to the TFTA, right down to the name. Oregon and the Australian states (Australian federation never quite made it ITTL) have found loyal allies in the other monarchies of the Pacific, all of which are actually pretty much constitutional and sensible. The Empire of Japan never let its military take over; Vietnam and Siam continued as they had for years, hill tribes placated and French protectionism but a distant memory; Havaiyi (renamed from the "Kingdom of the Sandwich Isles" by popular referendum) is awash with tourists, but her native culture and language still thrives; the various Polynesian and Melanesian states are just glad to have a sponsor. The Oregonian "associate republic" of New Iceland was formed after Mt. Askja blew its top and made the island nearly uninhabitable; Icelanders migrated en masse to the shores of Lake Winnipeg, and nowadays the city of New Reykjavik is a bustling and modern trade hub of nearly 900,000.
The
Union of Aryavarta is what Bharat calls itself and its economic satellites, and is informally allied to the People's Republic of Indonesia and a handful of other subcontinental states. The lot of them are right or centre-right populist states, heavily nationalistic, and prone to political antics and tomfoolery that make OTL America look sane. Bharat is an industralized power and manufacturing centre, heavily polluted, and exports cheap trinkets and electronics alike to much of the world. It's rather prone to ethnoreligious tension, which the government tries its hardest to shove under the proverbial rug of pan-Bharati nationalism, but will probably be alright and relatively wealthy for the foreseeable future. Indonesia is much the same, though less industrial and more religiously homogenous (having kicked out Bali for being Hindu already).
The
Managua Pact is made up of Mexico and friends. Mexico itself is a lefty federation and manufacturing powerhouse, and Mexico City is even larger and more sprawling than IOTL. It lost its furthest north a few decades after the War in America, with the republics of Costanoa (Anglo-Spanish and Asian goldrushers) and Colorado (filled not with Mormons but with Sephardic Jews) breaking off relatively amicably: Mexico really didn't want a repeat of the Texian Mess. Speaking of Texas, by war's end the Mexican government really didn't want it anymore, and so it stayed independent, if territorially reduced, and has since fallen into close Mexican orbit. Mexico's close ties with Venezuela are a blatant response to America's with Colombia, though the oil certainly doesn't hurt. It's built a transoceanic canal through Lake Nicaragua, which, as in so many worlds, competes with the American one in Colombian Panama. Its relationship with the TFTA is a sort of "frenemies" situation: America's pride was wounded severely with the Mexican invasion during the Great War, and in turn Mexico is not a fan of Costanoa and Colorado's membership, but they do work together on most accounts and trade heavily, along with being politically similar in a world full of radicalism.
The
Bolivarian Union is what became of that "everyone vs. Brazil" alliance from the Great War. It's lead by Peru, which has renamed itself the Qhitsuan Fraternal Republic and is kind of creeping everyone out with its overenthusiastic adoption of native culture, and Chile, which is a fairly moderate democratic socialist state that has been very, very lucky. Autonomous Mapuchea is the product of Chile really not giving that much of a rat's ass about settling its southern fringes, what with Britain having claimed all the good bits of Patagonia anyways, and so neither it nor Argentina came anywhere close to pulling a "Conquest of the Desert". The Bolivarians have a bit of a presence in the islands of Micronesia, notably in the form of the Tahitian Republic, but try their best not to clash with the Pan-Pacifics further west.
The
Shanghai Pact is China and friends, and is closely allied and affiliated with the Bolivarians. China is the birthplace of Fraternalism, an ideology with tentative roots in a synthesis of Confucian social teaching with German-inspired Marxism. Chinese society is organized into a series of nested groups. Most basic is the family unit, which belongs to a commune comprised of a varying number of other families, directly-democratically governed, and usually all with the same sort of job (whether it be industrial or agrarian). Communes run themselves as worker-governed small businesses, and (lightly regulated) intercommunal trade is the basis of the economy. Communal leaders represent their constituents in regional councils, who elect from among themselves a regional leader, and similarly regional leaders elect provincial governors. Governors are responsible for the physical and economic well-being of their home provinces, and also gather to draft the rare piece of nationwide legislation when that proves necessary. This whole thing is tied together by a strong, overarching current of Chinese patriotism or "positive nationalism": the whole nation is like family, bound together by a spirit of brotherhood.
The
Eurasian Security Council is lead by the Russian Republic, the eastern hemisphere's great democratic juggernaut, its bastion of freedom, and basically functioning like a more flamboyant and centrist OTL United States, complete with sponsoring the overthrow of other countries' belligerent governments. The *Bolsheviks were kicked out early, mostly to Germany and Poland, and the monarchists "voluntarily" retreated into Alyaska. Russia's
victims allies include the Iranian Federation, whose newborn socialist government was bribed into compliance with the handover of Turkmenistan and northern Azerbaijan, and which has since managed to peel off Afghanistan and Balochistan from the Indians and the Trucial States from the Arabs to form its own little bloc (Russia is very proud). Another notable is the Union of Nejd-Ahasa, which was formed after the Saudis were unsubtly assassinated by Russian special forces in the 1950s, and its friends in the Arabian League, all Islamickish (but liberalized, through a hell of a lot of cultural pressure) republics save Hejaz, which is under the wise guidance of the Hashemites.
The
Soudanese Community was formed by a resurgent Empire of Bornu after a lot of French handouts allowed it to subdue and conquer the Ouddai Threat (and in doing so give Ottoman Nubia a lot of grief). It has since bonded beautifully with a collection of various other native kingdoms (and also dropped the "Empire" bit itself), notably once-enemy Hausaland (the Sultanate of Sokoto to you!) and the Kingdom of Kongo, a masterpiece of Portuguese investment. Also around is the Republic of Ngalaland, which stands as one of the few profoundly artificial states on the continent, being formed as a Franco-Portuguese co-protectorate and governed from their bases in Cameroun and Comoya. It's now fabulously wealthy, as the government is actually competent enough to fully exploit its rich mineral resources (no matter what the environmentalists whine about).
The
Mombassa Accords were formed by a treaty between the newborn Zanzibari Directorate (a militarist, business-dominated collection of kingdoms and principalities and emirates and republics all united by trade) and the Somali National Congress (refreshingly stable, if a bit nationalistic and belligerent). They also include the more recent addition of the Kingdom of Ndebeleland, which skillfully outmanoeuvered Portuguese colonial authorities and played them and the British off of each other until colonial authority collapsed entirely. They are hardly ideological, and are mostly just a way to keep Swahili Coast and Horn of Africa trade flowing smoothly (no Somali pirates here!!).
The
South African Union is kind of a massive embarassment to leftists worldwide, having an authoritarian quality all too familiar to OTL's Dengist China or post-Stalinist Russia. The Cape's government, as well as those of its mini-mes to the north, is lead by the Chairman of the Unionist Party, a position typically only handed to paranoid ideologue types. Despite this, its operation has been remarkably efficient, with very few still languishing in poverty, and the unions themselves are at least nominally democratic. The "ruling ethnicities", so to speak, are Coloured people and Xhosas; the Swazis and Sothos and their lot have "national free states", which operate basically the same as the rest of the Cape except for their language of government and their cultural and linguistic protections.
The
Guinea Coast Association is a trade league and mutual defense treaty of mostly liberal capitalist republican types, with strong ties to the United States and unofficially lead by the Ashanti Republic (though Yorubaland and Benin share the spot for a close second). More peripheral members are Liberia (which got over that "Amero-Liberian colonialist ruling class" thing rather quickly) and the Kingdom of Jollof (another Portuguese Production, and the only monarchy to have joined the Association). Its origins lie in the various European coastal colonies/inland protectorates, which were able to cast off colonial rule quite handily in the midst of their metropoles' revolutionary collapses.
The
Union of the Maghreb is made up of the Kingdom of Barbary and the other kingdoms of the Maghreb, all of which are in perpetual dynastic union with it. As evident by the name, it's quite fixated on its Berber roots, mainly to distance itself from the disaster in Egypt and the decadent Nejdis, and Berbers are legally Arabs' full equals; Tamazight and Maghrebi Arabic are both accepted languages of government, and the king is fluent in both. The Kingdom of Barbary was formed after Morocco, an enthusiastic modernizer, steamrolled over French Algeria and Spanish Sahrawiland, to its east and south. Sahrawiland retains its autonomy, because quite frankly it's a bunch of awful barely-habited desert anyways. The Barbarese (don't call them barbarians), over the years, installed cadet branches of its royal family in neighbouring post-colonial states, and the Kingdoms of Tunis, Tripolitania and Azawagh have basically become part of Barbary, open borders and shared currency and all, albeit with their own parliaments more independent than Sahrawia's.
The
Mitteleuropan Socialist Community is co-led by the German Council Republic and the Yugoslav Confederation, the both of them having been born of post-war *Marxist (Marx was born before the POD, and still wrote, but his ideology was a tad divergent from OTL Marxism) revolutions and both quickly settling on a democratic and market-socialist form of council communism. Unofficially, they're allied to hold back Russia, which isn't
that much of a threat but is also by no means a country to turn your back upon, lest your government be toppled and your economy be taken over by Russian corporations. Other members, most notably Poland, just have a serious grudge against Russia (a hundred and thirty-something years is a bit long for a grudge, but the Poles keep it up as a point of national pride). Also members of the Community are the Piedmontese Worker's Republic and the Republic of Naples, neither of which are quite orthodox but both of which are good enough for Berlin.
Coloured and otherwise notable neutrals:
- The
Kingdom of Brazil has fairly crap racial relations, and still resents the loss of Rio Grande do Sul to the Piritini Republic, but is otherwise a fairly sleepy but peaceable South American kingdom, with a prosperous and diversified economy and a large ecotourism sector.
-
Paraguay has won a war against every one of its neighbours besides Bolivia, and is maybe a little overly proud of that fact. It tries its best to stay out of Brazil's shadow.
- The
Sultanate of Oman and
Emirate of Yemen (also Hadhramout, uncoloured, between them) are the three of the four remaining Islamic absolute monarchies (the last being Brunei), and a grumpy little trio.
-
Abyssinia never really had a
sugar daddy European sponsor, and began its long decline with the secession of the Oromo-majority south. It's turned since to Indian-style nationalist populism, but not nearly to the extent of...
- The
Egyptian Popular Republic, which hates everyone, including its own people, and has been lead by a string of incompetent leaders resulting in the humiliating loss of Sinai to the Dastardly Zionist Menace as well as sanctions from most everyone. Revolution may be in its future.
-
Mossiland and the
Malian Republic, a pair of quiet, isolationist native states. A tad poorer than much of the rest of the continent, but nowhere near the humanitarian disaster that is an uncomfortable amount of OTL Africa.
- The
Portuguese Syndicate, which even the Afrikaaners think is trying too hard. Despotic and poor, it's the closest thing this world has to a North Korea.
- The
United Kingdoms of Spain are a rather novel sort of elective monarchy, born in the beginning of the twentieth century as a way to placate nationalists and republicans alike. Each constituent kingdom of Spain is reigned over by a separate branch of the House of Bourbon, and every time a monarch has finished their twenty-year term, an election is held to determine which of the five branches' heirs will become the next king or queen. The current Queen is Navarrese and the first to speak Basque as a first language.
- The
French Seventh Republic is pretty nasty. Wracked with corruption and fierce interparty war-on-yon-streets, it's been a powder keg waiting to burst for the past half-century.
- The
Christian-Collectivist State of Rome is a bizarre presidential Christian communist state, the product of a socialist revolution in the Papal States that kicked out the pope to Toledo (where his successors remain) and took leftist Bible interpretation to a whole nother level. The president claims spiritual authority not over all Catholics, but only those in socialist countries; German, Polish and Croatian Catholics are understandably skeptical.
- The
Turkish State is a revanchist and dictatorial hellhole that expelled all its Jews, Armenians, Kurds, Greeks, and Circassians, in that order, in the first twenty years of the twentieth century. Since then it's been stewing in its own juices, threatening war with anyone who so much as looks at it funny. That it's lasted this long without Russian intervention is a miracle.
-
Judaea is a multiethnic and technically secular federation that is nonetheless full of Maghrebi, Mizrahi and Sefardi Jews. It's friendly with both Germany and Russia, but feels it has a responsibility, as caretaker of the Holy City of Jerusalem, to stay neutral in all non-existential conflicts.
- The
Tsardom of Alyaska (uncoloured) is a pleasant little constitutional monarchy that would be besties with Oregon if not for the "our parents hated each others' guts" thing.
-
Camwyland (uncoloured, in Patagonia) is a more-successful *Y Wladfa that Britain managed to wrest away from Argentina once it had been suitably filled with Welshmen (with a healthy Tehuelche minority to boot). There was no Conquest of the Desert ITTL, and Euro-Indigenous relations are healthier than perhaps anywhere else in the ex-British Empire. It recognizes the Republican government of Britain as the legitimate one, but has stayed out of TFTA for practicality's sake.
-
Kurdistan (uncoloured) is only neutral because Turkey still claims the country in its entirety and would probably declare war on whichever supranational organization Kurdistan tried to join. Nonetheless, it is for all intents and purposes in the Russian sphere, and profits nicely from its position as the convenient central hub of Russian/Iranian/Arabian overland commerce.