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Chapter VIII: Malaya, Singapore and the Java Sea, December 1941-April 1942.
And another update 
.
Unfortunately, the Japanese were very successful elsewhere: Hong Kong had fallen by December 31st 1941, Guam fell in two days, Dutch forces in the Dutch East Indies were overwhelmed, and Rabaul, the Solomon Islands, the Philippines and French Indochina all fell rapidly in late 1941/early 1942. French Indochina, defended only by two brigades and some colonial militia, was conquered by the Imperial Japanese Army in a matter of days (France had stripped it of troops in order to support the Allied effort in Italy). Thailand caved to Japanese pressure without even putting up a fight. Now the Twenty-Fifth Army awaited orders to invade Malaya and take Singapore.
The 5th Division stood poised to invade Malaya from the north – after, on December 8th, the Japanese 18th division had conducted a successful amphibious invasion of the north-eastern town of Kota Bharu. Despite being on alert, the landings at Kota Bharu came as a surprise to the British, who of course immediately counterattacked in an attempt to drive the Japanese back into the sea, in which they failed. The 8th Brigade of the 9th Indian Infantry Division put up a stiff fight, while the 22nd Brigade formed a deeper defence to the rear, but both were compelled to withdraw. By December 9th, both units had fallen back to concentrate as a division, while other British forces had moved 50 kilometres into Thailand to the town of Kroh, encountering weak resistance from Thai gendarmerie and other Thai units. The Indian 11th Infantry Division prepared defensive positions at “The Ledge” near Kroh in Thailand and awaited the arrival of the Imperial Japanese Army’s 5th division.
In the meantime, Force Z steamed north – hugging the coast so they could be covered by land based airpower – and during the evening of December 9th it arrived at Kota Bharu. Force Z was commanded by Admiral Thomas Philips and was composed of battleship HMS Prince of Wales, battlecruiser HMS Repulse and four destroyers. The radar on the ships of Force Z detected Japanese light cruiser Sendai and its escort, consisting of four destroyers. Under the cover of darkness, Philips ordered his forces to close in and open fire at 10.000 yards (~ 9 km or 6 mi). His forces sunk Sendai as well as escorting destroyers Ayanami and Uranami due to superiority in firepower as well as the Royal Navy’s efficiency in night fighting. Though he hadn’t suffered any losses, Philips broke off action just before midnight and steamed south at high speed toward Singapore. He had been too late to stop the Japanese 18th Division from landing, but he had temporarily cut off their supplies. The events of December 9th 1941 have become known as the Naval Battle of Kota Bharu (so it won’t be confused with the fighting around Kota Bharu on land).
The Japanese responded by forming a taskforce of six cruisers around “fast battleship” Kongo tasked to hunt down and destroy Force Z; they also dedicated an entire air flotilla to the task. During the night/early morning of December 10th Force Z luckily remained undetected by Japanese aircraft and remained outside the range of Kongo and its taskforce. That was perhaps a blessing in disguise for the Japanese because Force Z – with ten 14 inch and six 15 inch guns – and its land based air cover could have seriously damaged its pursuers. Also, reinforcements were underway: heavy cruiser HMS Exeter and light cruiser HMAS Hobart were added to Force Z immediately after the Battle of Kota Bharu. Aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable was underway from the Caribbean, with a destroyer escort of three, and would reach Singapore in late January 1942. Battleship HMS Barham, aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, light cruisers Arethusa, Sheffield, Coventry and Calcutta and eight destroyers – all previously a part of the dissolved Mediterranean Force H – were also reassigned from the Home Fleet to Force Z on December 8th 1941. It would, however, take until mid January 1942 for them to arrive at best.
The success of Force Z encouraged General Arthur Percival, the commanding officer in Malaya, to launch a counterattack on the Japanese foothold around Kota Bharu. The Japanese were pushed back and suffered heavy casualties, but weren’t driven out of Malaya. Nonetheless it was a strategic victory for the British because they contained the 18th Division, which should have broken out to advance south together with Japanese forces coming in from Thailand. The Indian 11th Infantry Division, however, also repulsed the Japanese 5th Division at Kroh and therefore the British blunted that component of the invasion of Malaya too.
Lieutenant-General Tomoyuki Yamashita, commander of the Twenty-Fifth Army, was aware that British naval reinforcements were underway and he absolutely wanted to take Singapore before they arrived. Any major British presence in Malaya and Singapore would be a threat to the Japanese position in the Dutch East Indies, a possession that was the cornerstone to Japan’s fuel situation. Yamashita’s 30.000 frontline soldiers had suffered heavy casualties and he unleashed the remainder of his forces, including the elite Imperial Guards Division, and added Thai units to cover his losses, increasing his strength to 70.000 men. His opponents, however, numbered over 200.000 men and had superiority in tanks as well (by the end of January, the invading Japanese had lost almost their entire tank force while the British had lost only 56 tanks out of 440). The Japanese did have an edge in airpower with ~ 500 aircraft opposed to 318, but with the presence of modern planes the British did manage to put up a fight and gain local air superiority from time to time. Even with the aforementioned reinforcements, the Imperial Japanese Army made little headway into Malaya, making negligible gains for serious losses against a numerically superior and motivated foe. By late January/early February 1942, British, Anzac and British Indian forces still held on to most of Malaya. After seven weeks the Japanese had only conquered a few jungle-clad mountains.
The failure of the conquest of Malaya and Singapore forced the Imperial General Headquarters to divert troops, whilst berating Yamashita for his failure. Japanese objectives in Burma had originally been limited to capturing Rangoon, the colony’s capital and principal seaport, which would close the overland supply line to China and bolster Japanese gains in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies. The Fifteenth Army under Lieutenant-General Shojiro Iida, initially consisting of two infantry divisions, attacked the southern Burmese province of Tenasserim. Their attack across Kawkareik Pass was surprisingly successful and they captured the port of Moulmein at the mouth of the Salween River. To Iida’s frustration, most of his forces were transferred and he was ordered to take up a defensive position on the left bank of the river Salween. The Indian 17th Infantry Division commanded by Major General John George Smyth, reinforced by the 48th and 63rd Indian Infantry Brigades, held the Salween’s right bank through January and February. On February 17th 1942, the defending forces of Burma launched an improvised counteroffensive preceded by a short artillery barrage, after which they crossed the river in improvised canoes and almost effortlessly recaptured Moulmein.
In short, the successful defence of Malaya meant that the Japanese had to abandon their conquest of Burma, and Burma indeed remained under complete British control. By February 22nd, British and colonial forces had evicted the Japanese invaders from Burma. Also, by mid February, Malaya and Singapore were still in Allied hands and Force Z had been reinforced to become a formidable force: at this point it consisted of two aircraft carriers, two battleships, one battlecruiser, one heavy cruiser, five light cruisers and fifteen destroyers for a total of 26 ships.
In the meantime, the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies progressed at a rapid pace as they captured bases in Sarawak, Borneo and Celebes. Dutch colonial forces were plainly not ready for war and were easily overwhelmed by Imperial Japanese forces. Troop convoys, screened by destroyers and cruisers with air support provided by swarms of fighters operating from captured bases, steamed southward through the Makassar Strait and into the Molucca Sea. To oppose these invading forces was a small force, consisting of Dutch, American, British and Australian warships. In January a force of four American destroyers unsuccessfully attacked a Japanese convoy in the Makassar Strait and in February the Allies were defeated in the Battle of Palembang, allowing Japan to capture the major oil port in eastern Sumatra. The Allies were also defeated by an inferior invasion force in the Battle of Badung Strait, while air raids rendered Darwin useless as a supply and naval base.
The odds were not great for the Allied forces. They were disunited (ships came from five separate navies) and demoralized by constant air attacks. In addition, the coordination between Allied navies and air forces was mediocre. The Japanese amphibious forces gathered to strike at Java, and on February 27th 1942, the main ABDAFCOM naval force, under Dutch Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, sailed northeast from Surabaya to intercept a convoy of the Eastern Invasion Force approaching from the Makassar Strait. The ABDAF force consisted of one heavy cruiser, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers while the opposing force was composed of two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, fourteen destroyers and ten transports. Doorman’s forces launched pinprick probing attacks throughout the afternoon in what was the early phase of the Battle of the Java Sea, inflicting little damage (while also suffering limited damage). To the Japanese it seemed like Doorman’s Combined Striking Force was aiming for the invasion convoy, but in reality they only diverted attention from the real attack.
Battlecruiser HMS Repulse and her destroyer escort (detached from Force Z) steamed down Karimata Strait and arrived on February 27th around 19:00 hours. Repulse seriously damaged Japanese heavy cruiser Haguro in intermittent night-fighting between 8:15 PM and 00:30 AM, using Allied radar technology to her advantage. She suffered damage herself too as Haguro’s sister ship Nachi and light cruisers Naka and Jintsu engaged at 13.000 yards out, proving that Japanese naval crews too were proficient night fighters. Repulse was hit by several 203 mm (8 inch) and 140 mm (5.5 inch) shells, but one of her own 381 mm (15 inch) shells, cut through Naka’s 29 mm (1.1 inch) deck armour like a knife through butter, exploding in her ammunition magazine. Naka sank in a few minutes, taking all but eight of her crew with her. In the very early morning hours of February 28th, HMS Repulse withdrew back to Singapore under the cover of darkness to avoid air attacks by the Japanese out on patrol looking for her, rejoining Force Z after some repairs.
The Battle of the Java Sea was a tactical victory for the Allies: they had damaged a heavy cruiser, which would likely need a few weeks in dry dock, and had sunk an enemy light cruiser. Strategically, however, it was inconclusive. The Japanese invasion of Java continued with only a few days delay and they sank heavy cruiser USS Houston, light cruiser HMAS Perth and four destroyers, leaving no serious Allied forces capable of stopping the Japanese in the Sunda Strait. Dutch light cruisers HNLMS De Ruyter and HNLMS Java with five remaining destroyers had to withdraw all the way to Perth, Australia. They survived the war and saw some action in the Dutch colonial war in Indonesia between 1945 and 1950. Java was sold to become the Costa Rican navy’s flagship in 1951, in which capacity she served until they sold her for scrap in 1972. De Ruyter was upgraded after the war and was stationed at Netherlands New Guinea, serving in the shooting war against Indonesia in 1961-’62 which resulted in the Dutch keeping this colony as an autonomous country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (being much better of than Indonesia, having an $18.000 GDP per capita compared to $3.500). De Ruyter was eventually decommissioned in 1966 after a thirty year career and became a museum ship at the Dutch naval base of Den Helder, remaining open to the public until the present day. Rear Admiral Karel Doorman was promoted to full Admiral and survived the war. In 1950 he had a part in organizing a NATO naval exercise, he retired from active duty in 1951 and he died in 1964 aged 75. He was given a state funeral.
In the meantime, British resistance in Malaya was starting to buckle as well under the weight of Japanese reinforcements, although they continued to inflict serious losses. The beleaguered Japanese 18th Division managed to break out of Kota Bharu on March 1st 1942. That forced the Indian 11th Infantry Division to withdraw from their long held position at Kroh, Thailand, to avoid being captured in a pincer between the reinforced Japanese 5th Division and the Imperial Guards coming in from the north and the 18th Division threatening their rear. Before Malaya fell, an RAF squadron of De Havilland Mosquito bombers conducted an air raid on Borneo on March 15th, targeting the island’s oil wells and refineries. Their success was moderate: they knocked out oil production for two weeks, but lost a number of bombers that would take more than two weeks to replace.
By March 23rd, the Japanese had overrun Malaya and laid siege to Singapore while Japanese advances in the Dutch East Indies threatened to make this position untenable. 150.000 men were under threat of becoming prisoners of war of the Imperial Japanese Army, a fate one wouldn’t wish for their worst enemy. Force Z kept the fortress city supplied and, but the situation became hopeless as the Dutch defences on Sumatra collapsed. Force Z started to evacuate Singapore’s defenders despite Japanese air attacks aimed at preventing that. While the evacuation was ongoing, Japanese soldiers found out the hard way that British and Imperial forces were more than a match in urban combat. During fierce urban fighting in Singapore, Japanese forces incurred heavy losses. The last defenders of Singapore surrendered on April 5th and Force Z left for Ceylon to fight another day, joining aircraft carrier HMS Hermes, heavy cruisers Cornwall and Dorsetshire and destroyer HMAS Vampire at Trincomalee.
.Chapter VIII: Malaya, Singapore and the Java Sea, December 1941-April 1942.
Unfortunately, the Japanese were very successful elsewhere: Hong Kong had fallen by December 31st 1941, Guam fell in two days, Dutch forces in the Dutch East Indies were overwhelmed, and Rabaul, the Solomon Islands, the Philippines and French Indochina all fell rapidly in late 1941/early 1942. French Indochina, defended only by two brigades and some colonial militia, was conquered by the Imperial Japanese Army in a matter of days (France had stripped it of troops in order to support the Allied effort in Italy). Thailand caved to Japanese pressure without even putting up a fight. Now the Twenty-Fifth Army awaited orders to invade Malaya and take Singapore.
The 5th Division stood poised to invade Malaya from the north – after, on December 8th, the Japanese 18th division had conducted a successful amphibious invasion of the north-eastern town of Kota Bharu. Despite being on alert, the landings at Kota Bharu came as a surprise to the British, who of course immediately counterattacked in an attempt to drive the Japanese back into the sea, in which they failed. The 8th Brigade of the 9th Indian Infantry Division put up a stiff fight, while the 22nd Brigade formed a deeper defence to the rear, but both were compelled to withdraw. By December 9th, both units had fallen back to concentrate as a division, while other British forces had moved 50 kilometres into Thailand to the town of Kroh, encountering weak resistance from Thai gendarmerie and other Thai units. The Indian 11th Infantry Division prepared defensive positions at “The Ledge” near Kroh in Thailand and awaited the arrival of the Imperial Japanese Army’s 5th division.
In the meantime, Force Z steamed north – hugging the coast so they could be covered by land based airpower – and during the evening of December 9th it arrived at Kota Bharu. Force Z was commanded by Admiral Thomas Philips and was composed of battleship HMS Prince of Wales, battlecruiser HMS Repulse and four destroyers. The radar on the ships of Force Z detected Japanese light cruiser Sendai and its escort, consisting of four destroyers. Under the cover of darkness, Philips ordered his forces to close in and open fire at 10.000 yards (~ 9 km or 6 mi). His forces sunk Sendai as well as escorting destroyers Ayanami and Uranami due to superiority in firepower as well as the Royal Navy’s efficiency in night fighting. Though he hadn’t suffered any losses, Philips broke off action just before midnight and steamed south at high speed toward Singapore. He had been too late to stop the Japanese 18th Division from landing, but he had temporarily cut off their supplies. The events of December 9th 1941 have become known as the Naval Battle of Kota Bharu (so it won’t be confused with the fighting around Kota Bharu on land).
The Japanese responded by forming a taskforce of six cruisers around “fast battleship” Kongo tasked to hunt down and destroy Force Z; they also dedicated an entire air flotilla to the task. During the night/early morning of December 10th Force Z luckily remained undetected by Japanese aircraft and remained outside the range of Kongo and its taskforce. That was perhaps a blessing in disguise for the Japanese because Force Z – with ten 14 inch and six 15 inch guns – and its land based air cover could have seriously damaged its pursuers. Also, reinforcements were underway: heavy cruiser HMS Exeter and light cruiser HMAS Hobart were added to Force Z immediately after the Battle of Kota Bharu. Aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable was underway from the Caribbean, with a destroyer escort of three, and would reach Singapore in late January 1942. Battleship HMS Barham, aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, light cruisers Arethusa, Sheffield, Coventry and Calcutta and eight destroyers – all previously a part of the dissolved Mediterranean Force H – were also reassigned from the Home Fleet to Force Z on December 8th 1941. It would, however, take until mid January 1942 for them to arrive at best.
The success of Force Z encouraged General Arthur Percival, the commanding officer in Malaya, to launch a counterattack on the Japanese foothold around Kota Bharu. The Japanese were pushed back and suffered heavy casualties, but weren’t driven out of Malaya. Nonetheless it was a strategic victory for the British because they contained the 18th Division, which should have broken out to advance south together with Japanese forces coming in from Thailand. The Indian 11th Infantry Division, however, also repulsed the Japanese 5th Division at Kroh and therefore the British blunted that component of the invasion of Malaya too.
Lieutenant-General Tomoyuki Yamashita, commander of the Twenty-Fifth Army, was aware that British naval reinforcements were underway and he absolutely wanted to take Singapore before they arrived. Any major British presence in Malaya and Singapore would be a threat to the Japanese position in the Dutch East Indies, a possession that was the cornerstone to Japan’s fuel situation. Yamashita’s 30.000 frontline soldiers had suffered heavy casualties and he unleashed the remainder of his forces, including the elite Imperial Guards Division, and added Thai units to cover his losses, increasing his strength to 70.000 men. His opponents, however, numbered over 200.000 men and had superiority in tanks as well (by the end of January, the invading Japanese had lost almost their entire tank force while the British had lost only 56 tanks out of 440). The Japanese did have an edge in airpower with ~ 500 aircraft opposed to 318, but with the presence of modern planes the British did manage to put up a fight and gain local air superiority from time to time. Even with the aforementioned reinforcements, the Imperial Japanese Army made little headway into Malaya, making negligible gains for serious losses against a numerically superior and motivated foe. By late January/early February 1942, British, Anzac and British Indian forces still held on to most of Malaya. After seven weeks the Japanese had only conquered a few jungle-clad mountains.
The failure of the conquest of Malaya and Singapore forced the Imperial General Headquarters to divert troops, whilst berating Yamashita for his failure. Japanese objectives in Burma had originally been limited to capturing Rangoon, the colony’s capital and principal seaport, which would close the overland supply line to China and bolster Japanese gains in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies. The Fifteenth Army under Lieutenant-General Shojiro Iida, initially consisting of two infantry divisions, attacked the southern Burmese province of Tenasserim. Their attack across Kawkareik Pass was surprisingly successful and they captured the port of Moulmein at the mouth of the Salween River. To Iida’s frustration, most of his forces were transferred and he was ordered to take up a defensive position on the left bank of the river Salween. The Indian 17th Infantry Division commanded by Major General John George Smyth, reinforced by the 48th and 63rd Indian Infantry Brigades, held the Salween’s right bank through January and February. On February 17th 1942, the defending forces of Burma launched an improvised counteroffensive preceded by a short artillery barrage, after which they crossed the river in improvised canoes and almost effortlessly recaptured Moulmein.
In short, the successful defence of Malaya meant that the Japanese had to abandon their conquest of Burma, and Burma indeed remained under complete British control. By February 22nd, British and colonial forces had evicted the Japanese invaders from Burma. Also, by mid February, Malaya and Singapore were still in Allied hands and Force Z had been reinforced to become a formidable force: at this point it consisted of two aircraft carriers, two battleships, one battlecruiser, one heavy cruiser, five light cruisers and fifteen destroyers for a total of 26 ships.
In the meantime, the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies progressed at a rapid pace as they captured bases in Sarawak, Borneo and Celebes. Dutch colonial forces were plainly not ready for war and were easily overwhelmed by Imperial Japanese forces. Troop convoys, screened by destroyers and cruisers with air support provided by swarms of fighters operating from captured bases, steamed southward through the Makassar Strait and into the Molucca Sea. To oppose these invading forces was a small force, consisting of Dutch, American, British and Australian warships. In January a force of four American destroyers unsuccessfully attacked a Japanese convoy in the Makassar Strait and in February the Allies were defeated in the Battle of Palembang, allowing Japan to capture the major oil port in eastern Sumatra. The Allies were also defeated by an inferior invasion force in the Battle of Badung Strait, while air raids rendered Darwin useless as a supply and naval base.
The odds were not great for the Allied forces. They were disunited (ships came from five separate navies) and demoralized by constant air attacks. In addition, the coordination between Allied navies and air forces was mediocre. The Japanese amphibious forces gathered to strike at Java, and on February 27th 1942, the main ABDAFCOM naval force, under Dutch Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, sailed northeast from Surabaya to intercept a convoy of the Eastern Invasion Force approaching from the Makassar Strait. The ABDAF force consisted of one heavy cruiser, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers while the opposing force was composed of two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, fourteen destroyers and ten transports. Doorman’s forces launched pinprick probing attacks throughout the afternoon in what was the early phase of the Battle of the Java Sea, inflicting little damage (while also suffering limited damage). To the Japanese it seemed like Doorman’s Combined Striking Force was aiming for the invasion convoy, but in reality they only diverted attention from the real attack.
Battlecruiser HMS Repulse and her destroyer escort (detached from Force Z) steamed down Karimata Strait and arrived on February 27th around 19:00 hours. Repulse seriously damaged Japanese heavy cruiser Haguro in intermittent night-fighting between 8:15 PM and 00:30 AM, using Allied radar technology to her advantage. She suffered damage herself too as Haguro’s sister ship Nachi and light cruisers Naka and Jintsu engaged at 13.000 yards out, proving that Japanese naval crews too were proficient night fighters. Repulse was hit by several 203 mm (8 inch) and 140 mm (5.5 inch) shells, but one of her own 381 mm (15 inch) shells, cut through Naka’s 29 mm (1.1 inch) deck armour like a knife through butter, exploding in her ammunition magazine. Naka sank in a few minutes, taking all but eight of her crew with her. In the very early morning hours of February 28th, HMS Repulse withdrew back to Singapore under the cover of darkness to avoid air attacks by the Japanese out on patrol looking for her, rejoining Force Z after some repairs.
The Battle of the Java Sea was a tactical victory for the Allies: they had damaged a heavy cruiser, which would likely need a few weeks in dry dock, and had sunk an enemy light cruiser. Strategically, however, it was inconclusive. The Japanese invasion of Java continued with only a few days delay and they sank heavy cruiser USS Houston, light cruiser HMAS Perth and four destroyers, leaving no serious Allied forces capable of stopping the Japanese in the Sunda Strait. Dutch light cruisers HNLMS De Ruyter and HNLMS Java with five remaining destroyers had to withdraw all the way to Perth, Australia. They survived the war and saw some action in the Dutch colonial war in Indonesia between 1945 and 1950. Java was sold to become the Costa Rican navy’s flagship in 1951, in which capacity she served until they sold her for scrap in 1972. De Ruyter was upgraded after the war and was stationed at Netherlands New Guinea, serving in the shooting war against Indonesia in 1961-’62 which resulted in the Dutch keeping this colony as an autonomous country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (being much better of than Indonesia, having an $18.000 GDP per capita compared to $3.500). De Ruyter was eventually decommissioned in 1966 after a thirty year career and became a museum ship at the Dutch naval base of Den Helder, remaining open to the public until the present day. Rear Admiral Karel Doorman was promoted to full Admiral and survived the war. In 1950 he had a part in organizing a NATO naval exercise, he retired from active duty in 1951 and he died in 1964 aged 75. He was given a state funeral.
In the meantime, British resistance in Malaya was starting to buckle as well under the weight of Japanese reinforcements, although they continued to inflict serious losses. The beleaguered Japanese 18th Division managed to break out of Kota Bharu on March 1st 1942. That forced the Indian 11th Infantry Division to withdraw from their long held position at Kroh, Thailand, to avoid being captured in a pincer between the reinforced Japanese 5th Division and the Imperial Guards coming in from the north and the 18th Division threatening their rear. Before Malaya fell, an RAF squadron of De Havilland Mosquito bombers conducted an air raid on Borneo on March 15th, targeting the island’s oil wells and refineries. Their success was moderate: they knocked out oil production for two weeks, but lost a number of bombers that would take more than two weeks to replace.
By March 23rd, the Japanese had overrun Malaya and laid siege to Singapore while Japanese advances in the Dutch East Indies threatened to make this position untenable. 150.000 men were under threat of becoming prisoners of war of the Imperial Japanese Army, a fate one wouldn’t wish for their worst enemy. Force Z kept the fortress city supplied and, but the situation became hopeless as the Dutch defences on Sumatra collapsed. Force Z started to evacuate Singapore’s defenders despite Japanese air attacks aimed at preventing that. While the evacuation was ongoing, Japanese soldiers found out the hard way that British and Imperial forces were more than a match in urban combat. During fierce urban fighting in Singapore, Japanese forces incurred heavy losses. The last defenders of Singapore surrendered on April 5th and Force Z left for Ceylon to fight another day, joining aircraft carrier HMS Hermes, heavy cruisers Cornwall and Dorsetshire and destroyer HMAS Vampire at Trincomalee.
- Onkel Willie
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