The Hungarians lost their last chance when Kossuth dithered too much before intervening after the 2nd insurrection of Vienna, in october1848. The slow progress of the Hungarian army allowed von Windisch Graetz to mousetrap them on the march with the support of the Croats of Jelacich. If Kossuth...
Of course these conditions were pre-existing, but the formulation adopted by the insurgents was certain to be unacceptable to all the other ethnic components under the Crown of St. Stephan, and facilitated the work of the Imperial government in creating dissension and strife. As late as 1908...
It was a major factor, since it alienated all the minorities under the crown of St. Stephan and allowed the imperial government to play the role of protector of minorities and in general of the common people. Add to this that the majority of the lands were owned by Hungarians even in places like...
The original sin which ultimately doomed the Hungarian insurrection in 1848-49 was their insistence on Magyarization of all the different people under the Crown of St. Stephan. Unfortunately, the Magyars were just around 40% of the population and the other 60% spoke different languages and in...
Do you have any idea how many big rivers an invader has to cross to invade Italy from the east? And after the rivers, there are the Appennines to cross. Logistics to reach Rome would be a nightmare.
That's exactly the point I was making. Italy cannot afford to lose the decade of the 1850s, which means that must be set up earlier, as a result of a more successful 1848
Quite true. This alternate unification would be achieved by Italians without the support of any other European power. It's quite different from OTL 1859 or 1866, and there would be a significant and well justified boost in self-esteem . Couple years ago, @Tarabas and I wrote a TL trying to...
IMHO, I believe there is only a single event which can result in an "Italy" capable to confront "Austria" face to face and win: a successful campaign in 1848, which leads to some form of unification (most likely a kind of confederation or federation) and takes Austria down two or three notches...
Venice was already a walking corpse at least since the unsatisfactory outcome of the 1st war of Morea (but I'd go back to the war of Candia, or even to the defeat at the battle of Sapienza, which ruined the chances of Antonio Grimani to gain the camaura). Since then, the path of Venice was...
IMHO, there is no republic whatsoever which could have a reasonable (or at least a mildly unreasonable) chance to unify Italy between the fall of the Roman empire and the post-WW2 referendum when Italians voted for a republican form of government.
I would add that many cities tried to set up...
I think you're overestimating the experience and the cunning of the princely governments. 30 years of Carlsbad decrees had not taught them anything but to react immediately to the directives of Vienna, and in 1848 Metternich was out of the picture. If the liberals and the dem-socs can find a...
All the provinces of Two Sicilies voted for the union with the (future) kingdom of Italy in the plebiscite on 21 October 1860.
The plebiscites (same as all the other plebiscites of the same period) did not feature multiple choices, there was just the option to accept or refuse the union with...
The 13 "Demands of the People" published in Offenburg during the rally on 12 September 1847 were as follows
[from Wiki]
Note that the Demands did not include the request to turn Baden into a republic (but at the same time called for progressive income taxation as well as an obligation for the...