Operation Sea Lion: The Invasion Itself

I like the Alexcoppo remarks.

Trying to disable the Home Chain is a good example in terms of attacking a system:

The masts can be replaced within hours, and are hard to hit and disable (lattice masts are not fun to hit).

The controller huts and the central points underground are hard to find, but can also be replaced.

The telephone lines will also need to be hit and that is a hard task with 1940 technology.

The staff is of course critical.

Ivan

All they had to hit was the power source. There were two masts, a sending mast made out of metal, and a receiving one made out of wood. It would surely have been easy to destroy the receiving mast. Alternatively they could just jam the radar either electronically (which they did do, apparently, later in the BoB) or with Window (which the Germans knew about but were afraid to use, lest it be used on them - a stupid argument if the Germans had won). Anything can be repaired, including the dams broken by the dam busters, are you saying that the dam buster raids were a waste of lives and resources because the dams were repaired during the war? All they had to do was knock out the radar masts or huts and control rooms in the SE of England, not the whole system, and if they were knocked out for most of the daylight hours then that was sufficient.
 
Apparently you missed the fact that they tried to knock them out, but it wasn't a great success because the things were hard to hit, and doint that meant not hitting at airfields, which is where the enemy actually base from.
 
I think the controller stations were located next to the bigger air fields, which makes the the task a bit easier.

However, it is difficult to identify one single component in this system which is easy to hit and difficult to repair.

The towers were easy to put back in operation (as proven).

Hitting runways is easy (if you can get past the defense), but also easy to repair (sort of). There are no real cratering bombs yet.

The power supply is a good one, but I am not up to speed on battery power/generators for the stations.

It will require a determined effort of Germany to try to think in systems, which was not prevalent in 1940.

It was hard enough for the Allies to identify the key oil targets in 1944.

Attacking airfields and home chain was the best option, but the key questions are: how? and at what cost?

Ivan
 

Saphroneth

Banned
I think the controller stations were located next to the bigger air fields, which makes the the task a bit easier.

However, it is difficult to identify one single component in this system which is easy to hit and difficult to repair.

The towers were easy to put back in operation (as proven).

Hitting runways is easy (if you can get past the defense), but also easy to repair (sort of). There are no real cratering bombs yet.

The power supply is a good one, but I am not up to speed on battery power/generators for the stations.

It will require a determined effort of Germany to try to think in systems, which was not prevalent in 1940.

It was hard enough for the Allies to identify the key oil targets in 1944.

Attacking airfields and home chain was the best option, but the key questions are: how? and at what cost?

Ivan
Guess who it was who had the techniques of Operational Analysis. (Indeed, one argument is that OpAn was the big difference between the Western Allies and the Axis. They knew how to think about problems, even if they didn't always get the right results from it.)
 
Guys, this has devolved into the classic rehashing of old, old, old arguments. The Germans should destroy Fighter Command bases... the Germans should destroy the radar stations... I know this is unsympathetic to newbies, but think about it for a minute; do you really think this was not addressed a couple thousand times before?
So go read the old threads. There is a a reason for the consensus on this topic. As for myself, I'll beg your pardon and bow out of this thread, I really see no point in reposting here the same very obvious considerations that were made again and again and again in the past, for someone who can't be bothered to look them up in the threads where they were made.
 
Please illuminate us as to any specific examples of how the Sandhurst war-game failed to meet these standards? If anything it was wildly generous to the Germans by supposing they got ashore.

I don't know that much about Sandhurst beyond the Wikilink. Can you provide a link to the precise rules of play used? I see here a bare bones outline -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion_(wargame)

The game was played using a scale model of southeast England, the English Channel, and northern France. Available troops and resources were based on known plans from both sides, and weather conditions were based on contemporary British Admiralty records that had, until then, never been published. The scenario assumed that the German military had taken until September to assemble the shipping necessary for a Channel crossing, and that the Luftwaffe had not yet established air supremacy. The Luftwaffe also had to continue to bomb London. As happened historically, in the main the Germans had only river barges available as transport ships.

Provided neither team knew the weather data, then only the bolded part is unsound. The rest is fine.

The German attack was launched at dawn on 22 September 1940 and consisted of 8,000 airborne troops and 80,000 infantry landed in amphibious operations. The attack went reasonably well for the first 24 hours, although the Germans lost about 25% of their (unseaworthy) barges which were being used to ferry the forces across the channel.

25% losses of barges to weather - what's the source for that assumption? The weather conditions on 22 September 1940 do not seem bad enough to warrant 25%.

During this 24 hour period the Royal Air Force lost 237 aircraft (about 23% of its fighting strength), the Luftwaffe losses amounted to 333, also about 23% of its aircraft.


What were the assumptions about the air battles that caused this outcome? How exactly did the fighting go that the Germans lost 333 aircraft in one day and the British 237? These are huge losses for one day of combat.

Naval engagements were indecisive at this stage as the Royal Navy was still assembling its main destroyer fleet to attack. The larger ships of the Home Fleet (including battleships, heavy cruisers and aircraft carriers) were not to be committed due to the risk of air attack.

Both of those would be player, not umpire, decisions.

Over the next two days the Germans managed to advance a dozen or so miles inland and even captured the port of Folkestone but the docks had been thoroughly demolished by the British and so it was more or less unusable. However, once the British and Commonwealth forces were moved to fully engage in the battle the Germans' advance halted.

Which player(s) made the decision to commit the counterattack forces? What information did they have (situational awareness)? How were the invasion forces halted operationally? What units were committed and why were they victorious? What units remained uncommitted to the fighting? No details.

At this stage the Germans had few tanks and only light artillery, furthermore an increasing shortage of ammunition was slowly forcing them back towards the sea.

Where's the detailed description of the logistic model used by the umpires to underpin this narrative? What caused the German logistics to fail in the game so catastrophically in the first 48 hours with no RN involvement?

Germans asked "Hitler" if the bombing of London could stop and the planes used to attack British ships instead but the request was denied.

This again would be a player, not an umpire decision, and no wargame of Sealion would assume a bombing campaign against London going on simultaneously to a sea invasion.

At dawn on 24 September the second German landing, which was to include tanks and heavy artillery as well as supplies and men, was intercepted by the Royal Navy's destroyers—65% of the barges were sunk. After this the final German surrender was inevitable.

Where are the full details of this air-sea engagement? 65% of how many barges? How many RN destroyers engaged out of how many dispatched? What were the exact game rules/planning assumptions that caused the umpires to rule 65% sunk? Why did the German command attempt a reinforcement landing in daytime?

The German navy`s relative weakness, combined with the Luftwaffe's lack of air supremacy, meant it was not able to prevent the Royal Navy from interfering with the planned Channel crossings. The Navy's destruction of the second invasion wave prevented resupply and reinforcement of the landed troops, as well the arrival of more artillery and tanks. This made the position of the initially successful invasion force untenable; it suffered further casualties during the attempted evacuation. Of the 90,000 German troops who landed only 15,400 returned to France. 33,000 were taken prisoner, 26,000 were killed in the fighting and 15,000 drowned in the English Channel. All six umpires deemed the invasion a resounding failure.

The assumption of the invasion being defeated is logical from the elmination of the 2nd wave. But where are the details of the evacuation phase? 15,000 evacuated to 75,000 killed or captured seems spectacular game play by the British team - how did they manage it?
 
The game is wrong to say they only had barges when there were many types of transport ships as well as barges, and the initial invasion fleet for beach "E" didn't have any barges at all. There's also mention of a panzer division arriving on the second day, which the final plan didn't allow them to do until possibly S+10. There's mention of Folkestone being totally wrecked but the British orders were to wreck it only so much that it could be repaired in a week after the British recapture it.

by the way, here's a link to a swathe of interesting documents, including the Luftwaffe plans for the support of Sealion: http://www.afhra.af.mil/studies/numberedusafhistoricalstudies151-200.asp

You can re-read a religious text any number of times and hear people say on line that it is the literal truth over and over again but that doesn't mean that it can't be incorrect or disagreed with. Jehovah! Jehovah! He said Jehovah!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYkbqzWVHZI

Reading a previous Sealion thread is often pointless as it often reads like the high priests of Sealaam repeating sacred texts (e.g. the Gospel According to Brooks and the Book of Fleming) and using it as an opportunity to bully and be rude to the blaspheming minority. There has also been valuable new research done and published that negates many of the arguments used on older threads which makes reading older threads futile.
 
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Okay, since the Luftwaffe couldn't even overcome the RAF, what bloody chance do they have of keeping down the RAF, and the RN at the same time?
 
Okay, since the Luftwaffe couldn't even overcome the RAF, what bloody chance do they have of keeping down the RAF, and the RN at the same time?

Whilst also substituting for mobile artillery, given difficulty of bringing heavy weapons across for some time.
 
And that the RN sat out for an unrealistic amount of time.
If you look at the plans for operation Purge... the RNs reaction plan to an invasion it isn't an unrealistic amount of time to be honest. Invasion was expected along the East Coast not the South Coast and as far as I can tell there was no coordinated RN plan for the defence of a south coast invasion. You can only assume that the delay in the RNs reaction was due in part to the expectation that the invasion was just a diversion and that the destroyer flotillas were, in the main, positioned to repel an attack from the East.
 
The only Operation Purge I can find anything about is the post-millenium one in Afghanistan. Also, I'm not sure why the RN expected an invasion from the east, they knew the Germans had limited landing capabilities, namely the barges, and thus, that would put limits on where the germans could actually land. Also, there appears to have been no German plans to spoof the British into believing the attack would come from elsewhere, and since it would take probably several days to get everything into position (mines, u-boats, etc.) I have trouble believing that the RN could really be caught by surprise that badly.
 
The only Operation Purge I can find anything about is the post-millenium one in Afghanistan. Also, I'm not sure why the RN expected an invasion from the east, they knew the Germans had limited landing capabilities, namely the barges, and thus, that would put limits on where the germans could actually land. Also, there appears to have been no German plans to spoof the British into believing the attack would come from elsewhere, and since it would take probably several days to get everything into position (mines, u-boats, etc.) I have trouble believing that the RN could really be caught by surprise that badly.

Did they? I dissertated on Sea Lion and IIRC there was enough to fill a chapter on German deceptions and big plans - like the concrete crocodiles - that British intelligence seemed to be believing were a threat IOTL.
 
Er... so one of the arguments against the wargame is that it gave the Germans a panzer division eight days early?

Actually, no, the game didn't 'give' the Germans a panzer division, it appears it was ruled as crushed by the RN at sea.

I asked where Sandhurst got its numbers for 333 German and 237 British aircraft destroyed in one day. These numbers look absurd. What is the basis for them?
 
A (apparently quite detained) summary can be found in 'Paddy Griffith Sprawling Wargames' available on Amazon.

Sorry for the miscommunication.

You are the one saying that Sandhurst is the definitive exercise so that we need not bother with another one. Yet, when asked a simple question like what was the model for 65% of barges sunk in the naval action of Day 2?, or how did the RAF shoot down 400% more Luftwaffe planes in one day than it ever scored on any day in the Battle of Britain, no one seems to know.
 
Something I've been curious about is what forces could the British bring in from overseas in response to an invasion? The nearest reinforcements are in Canada and the Caribbean.

Another question is, what might the USA have done? I can imagine FDR ordering the Navy in to protect Americans. If they free up British garrisons and ships for the front, oh well, that happens. I also like the idea of US cruisers loaded with Canadian and other Empire troops making high speed runs across the Atlantic.
 
More detailed version of the Game, from the official logs

Operation Sealion - summary of an exercise held at the
Staff College, Sandhurst in 1974.

The full text is in 'Sealion' by Richard Cox. The scenario
is based on the known plans of each side, plus previously
unpublished Admiralty weather records for September 1940.
Each side (played by British and German officers respectively)
was based in a command room, and the actual moves plotted
on a scale model of SE England constructed at the School
of Infantry. The panel of umpires included Adolf Galland,
Admiral Friedrich Ruge, Air Chief Marshal Sir Christopher
Foxley-Norris, Rear Admiral Edward Gueritz, General Heinz
Trettner and Major General Glyn Gilbert.

The main problem the Germans face is that are a) the
Luftwaffe has not yet won air supremacy; b) the possible
invasion dates are constrained by the weather and tides
(for a high water attack) and c) it has taken until
late September to assemble the necessary shipping.

Glossary
FJ = Fallschirmjaeger (German paratroops)
MTB = Motor Torpedo Boat (German equivalent, E-Boat)
DD = Destroyer
CA = Heavy Cruiser
BB = Battleship
CV = Aircraft Carrier

22nd September - morning
The first wave of a planned 330,000 men hit the beaches
at dawn. Elements of 9 divisions landed between
Folkestone and Rottingdean (near Brighton).
In addition 7th FJ Div landed at Lympne to take the airfield.

The invasion fleet suffered minor losses from MTBs during
the night crossing, but the RN had already lost one
CA and three DDs sunk, with one CA and two DDs damaged,
whilst sinking three German DDs. Within hours of the landings
which overwhelmed the beach defenders, reserve formations
were despatched to Kent. Although there were 25 divisions
in the UK, only 17 were fully equipped, and only three
were based in Kent, however the defence plan relied on
the use of mobile reserves and armoured and mechanised
brigades were committed as soon as the main landings were
identified.

Meanwhile the air battle raged, the Luftwaffe flew 1200
fighter and 800 bomber sorties before 1200 hrs. The RAF
even threw in training planes hastily armed with bombs,
but the Luftwaffe were already having problems with their
short ranged Me 109s despite cramming as many as possible
into the Pas de Calais.

22nd - 23rd September
The Germans had still not captured a major port, although
they started driving for Folkestone. Shipping unloading
on the beaches suffered heavy losses from RAF bombing
raids and then further losses at their ports in France.

The U-Boats, Luftwaffe and few surface ships had lost
contact with the RN, but then a cruiser squadron with
supporting DDs entered the Channel narrows and had to
run the gauntlet of long range coastal guns, E-Boats
and 50 Stukas. Two CAs were sunk and one damaged. However
a diversionary German naval sortie from Norway was
completely destroyed and other sorties by MTBS and DDs
inflicted losses on the shipping milling about in the
Channel. German shipping losses on the first day
amounted to over 25% of their invasion fleet, especially
the barges, which proved desperately unseaworthy.

23rd Sept dawn - 1400 hrs.
The RAF had lost 237 planes out 1048 (167 fighters and
70 bombers), and the navy had suffered enough losses such
that it was keeping its BBs and CVs back, but large
forces of DDs and CAs were massing. Air recon showed a
German buildup in Cherbourg and forces were diverted to
the South West.

The German Navy were despondant about their losses,
especially as the loss of barges was seriously
dislocating domestic industry. The Army and Airforce
commanders were jubilant however, and preperations for
the transfer of the next echelon continued along with
the air transport of 22nd Div, despite Luftwaffe losses
of 165 fighters and 168 bombers. Out of only 732 fighters
and 724 bombers these were heavy losses. Both sides
overestimated losses inflicted by 50%.

The 22nd Div airlanded successfully at Lympne, although
long range artillery fire directed by a stay-behind
commando group interdicted the runways. The first British
counterattacks by 42nd Div supported by an armoured
brigade halted the German 34th Div in its drive on Hastings.
7th Panzer Div was having difficulty with extensive
anti-tank obstacles and assault teams armed with sticky
bombs etc. Meanwhile an Australian Div had retaken
Newhaven (the only German port), however the New Zealand
Div arrived at Folkestone only to be attacked in the
rear by 22nd Airlanding Div. The division fell back on
Dover having lost 35% casualties.

Sep 23rd 1400 - 1900 hrs
Throughout the day the Luftwaffe put up a maximum effort,
with 1500 fighter and 460 bomber sorties, but the RAF
persisted in attacks on shipping and airfields. Much of
this effort was directed for ground support and air
resupply, despite Adm Raeders request for more aircover
over the Channel. The Home Fleet had pulled out of air
range however, leaving the fight in the hands of 57 DDs
and 17 CAs plus MTBs. The Germans could put very little
surface strength against this. Waves of DDs and CAs
entered the Channel, and although two were sunk by U-Boats,
they sank one U-Boat in return and did not stop. The German
flotilla at Le Havre put to sea (3 DD, 14 E-Boats) and at
dusk intercepted the British, but were wiped out, losing
all their DDs and 7 E-Boats.

The Germans now had 10 divisions ashore, but in many
cases these were incomplete and waiting for their
second echelon to arrive that night. The weather
was unsuitable for the barges however, and the decision
to sail was referred up the chain of command.

23rd Sep 1900 - Sep 24th dawn
The Fuhrer Conference held at 1800 broke out into bitter
inter-service rivalry - the Army wanted their second
echelon sent, and the navy protesting that the
weather was unsuitable, and the latest naval defeat
rendered the Channel indefensible without air support.
Goring countered this by saying it could only be done
by stopped the terror bombing of London, which in turn
Hitler vetoed. The fleet was ordered to stand by.

The RAF meanwhile had lost 97 more fighters leaving only
440. The airfields of 11 Group were cratered ruins, and
once more the threat of collapse, which had receded in
early September, was looming. The Luftwaffe had lost
another 71 fighters and 142 bombers. Again both sides
overestimated losses inflicted, even after allowing for
inflated figures.

On the ground the Germans made good progress towards Dover
and towards Canterbury, however they suffered reverses
around Newhaven when the 45th Div and Australians
attacked. At 2150 Hitler decided to launch the second wave,
but only the short crossing from Calais and Dunkirk. By
the time the order reached the ports, the second wave
could not possibly arrive before dawn. The 6th and 8th
divisions at Newhaven, supplied from Le Havre, would not
be reinforced at all.

Sep 24th dawn - Sep 28th
The German fleet set sail, the weather calmed, and U-Boats,
E-Boats and fighters covered them. However at daylight 5th
destroyer flotilla found the barges still 10 miles off
the coast and tore them to shreds. The Luftwaffe in turn
committed all its remaining bombers, and the RAF responded
with 19 squadrons of fighters. The Germans disabled two
CAs and four DDs, but 65% of the barges were sunk. The
faster steamers broke away and headed for Folkestone,
but the port had been so badly damaged that they could
only unload two at a time.

The failure on the crossing meant that the German
situation became desperate. The divisions had sufficient
ammunition for 2 to 7 days more fighting, but without
extra men and equipment could not extend the bridgehead.
Hitler ordered the deployment on reserve units to Poland
and the Germans began preparations for an evacuation as
further British arracks hemmed them in tighter. Fast
steamers and car ferries were assembled for evacuation
via Rye and Folkestone. Of 90,000 troops who landed
on 22nd september, only 15,400 returned to France, the rest
were killed or captured.
 
A better summary, but still no explanation for any of the gaming results. It's not clear if the judges imposed restrictions on the British players to clear the Channel for the first assault, but it looks like they forced them to go for the diversionary force. It seems apparent that the judges interfered with the German players in the guise of "Hitler" - preventing them from properly employing their available airpower, and then imposing a delay on the 2nd wave to time it to arrive at dawn straight into the arms of the waiting RN CL/DD forces when it appears the German players did not want to do it that way.

No explanation of combat modelling - how air losses are about 300% higher than they should be, how more ships got sunk in 24 hours than were sunk in the entire Tunisian campaign of 1942-1943, etc. The modelling looks to have been something like 1 bomber sortie = 1 barge sunk and 2 fighter sorties = 1 aircraft shot down - if so, this is too crude.
 
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