Operation MI, The Battle of Midway
A flight of TBD Devastator torpedo bombers preparing for take-off from the deck of the aircraft carrier
USS Hornet, circa 1941.
Following the declaration of war by the Empire of Japan against the United States of America on September 2, 1941, only a small number of engagements between the navies of the two countries would ever occur. But in October of that year, the Japanese Naval High Command under Admiral Yamamoto would start to draw up plans for a major naval offensive against the Americans at the island of Midway. The initial plan for what would become known as Operation MI would call for a force of carriers, capital ships, and their support units to bombard the Union garrison before launching an amphibious assault against to capture it. Within weeks of the Operation being drawn up, the American Office of Naval Intelligence would receive word about this plan thru decrypted messages (which was referred to as JN-25 by the Yankees.) They would also learn that the Japanese were planning to attack sometime in the early part of December, in which, the US Navy would begin to fortify their garrison and creating an ad-hoc naval force to defend the atoll.
A photo of the
USS Remembrance taken from the heavy cruiser
USS Manchester sailing toward Midway with her battlegroup, early December 1941.
A pre-war photo of the commander of Task Force 17, Admiral Frank J. Fletcher. Fletcher was a veteran of the First Great War, having commanded the destroyer,
USS Gridley, during the First and Second Battles of the Virginia Capes against the Confederate Navy.
When the war broke out, the garrison at Midway Atoll initially comprised of 450 marines, 4 coastal defense guns, 8 AA machine-guns, 2 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 12 F2B Buffalo fighter planes, 14 SB2U Vindicator scout bombers, 21 Catalina Flying Boats, 2 patrol boats, and a single minesweeper. But in the months leading up to the battle, the garrison would be bumped up to 530 marines, 9 coastal defense guns, 19 AA machine-guns, 6 larger caliber AA guns, 20 F2B fighters, 20 SB2U scout bombers, 16 SBD Dauntless dive bombers, 6 TBD Devastator torpedo bombers, 32 PBY Catalina flying boats, and 10 B-17 bombers. The American Naval forces in the fight were part of the ad-hoc Task Force 17, which would comprise of the recently refitted
USS Remembrance as well as the
USS Hornet, the battlecruiser
USS Lexington (which was the half-sister to
Remembrance), the battleships
USS Kansas and
New Mexico, 4 heavy cruisers, 5 light cruisers, 14 destroyers, and 8 submarines. Between the carriers and the airfields at Midway, the two would wield a total of 251 aircraft of all types.
An aerial photograph of the Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi, circa 1939.
The Japanese Order of Battle was comprised of the main vanguard forces which comprised the First Fleet under Admiral Yamamoto, which would be comprised of the aircraft carriers
Akagi, Kaga, Soryu,
Hiryu,
Shokaku, and
Zuikaku of the Kido Butai formation, the fast battleships
Kii and
Owari, the battlecruisers
Kongo, Hiei, Takao, and
Atago, 7 heavy cruisers, 5 light cruisers, 16 destroyers, and 7 submarines. A second force called the Second Fleet under Vice-Admiral Kondo, would serve as the invasion force, being comprised of the battleships
Ise and
Hyuga, the light aircraft carrier
Ryujo, 4 heavy cruisers, 4 light cruisers, 16 destroyers, and 9 troopships all carrying 2,100 SNLF marines. The total combat aircraft strength for the Japanese would 451 aircraft from all of the carriers that they have at their disposal.
A structure aflame following an air attack by Japanese dive bombers.
A post-war artist's rendition of Midway coming under Japanese air attack.
On November 29, 1941, the Japanese Fleet that was to take part in the operation would depart from their home base at Yokosuka and make their way toward Midway Atoll. By December 5, the fleet's planes would be within striking distance from the American base, in which a force consisting of A6M Zeros and D3A1 dive bombers would take off to make their strike against the enemy garrison. Above Midway Island, they would be greeted by intense anti-aircraft ground fire and the USMC F2B fighters that got quickly scrambled to engage them. Despite their best efforts, the Americans were unable to stop the Japanese assault on their holding, which saw the destruction of many of the island's fortifications and other infrastructure on the island. For loss of 15 F2B's, the Flying Leathernecks shot down 6 D3A1s and a single Zero, in addition to three D3A1s being shot down by the ground-based AA guns. Hours later, a PBY Catalina that was doing reconnaissance would spot the Japanese fleet, and a large airstrike against that fleet would be mounted using the strike aircraft remaining on the island. However, none of them would cause any significant damage to the Japanese warships and would suffer heavy casualties to both AA fire from the ships and to the Zeros patrolling the skies. On the following day, the Japanese would launch yet another airstrike which would cause more damage to the island's facilities and to its defenses while losing seven more aircraft in the process. Later that night, Task Force 17 would be within range of the Atoll, where they would drop off supplies and reinforcements to the island in the form of 10 F3A fighters and more Marines.
USS Remembrance as seen from the decks of
USS Hornet on the morning of December 7, 1941.
In the early morning hours of December 7, the aircraft from both
Remembrance and
Hornet would both be launched from their respective carriers to attack the Japanese fleet. Within two hours, the aircraft would reach the Japanese fleet and would immediately commence their assault. Greeting them were the intense anti-aircraft fire from both the carriers and their escorts, and the patrolling A6M Zero fighters. The TBD Devastator torpedo bombers would get slaughtered by the Japanese defenders as their slow speed made them easy targets for the Japanese gunners. On the other hand, the SBD Dauntless dive bombers had more luck as the Japanese gunners were more focused on the torpedo bombers, and thus, would largely avoid casualties until they reach their targets. At that point, the Dauntlesses dive toward their targets, drop their bombs, and turn in the direction of their carriers, in which two aircraft carriers would be left burning, which was the
Akagi and
Soryu along with taking out a light cruiser. Within hours, the
Soryu would slip beneath the waves, while the
Akagi, though surviving the ordeal, would be out of action for 6 months. The aircraft aboard the carriers
Kaga, Hiryu, Shokaku, and
Zuikaku would be readied for a counter-attack against the Americans, and within an hour, would be launched (by that time, scout aircraft from the cruiser
Mikuma would spot the Union fleet.)
A Japanese propaganda postcard depicting the sinking of the
USS Remembrance.
The
USS Hornet on fire following a bomb strike.
At around 11:45 hours, the first elements of the Japanese air armada would reach Task Force 17, where the fighters from both
Hornet and
Remembrance would be scrambled and the anti-air defenses from them and their escorts would open fire. Despite suffering losses, several of the Japanese bombers would slip past the defensive screen and would initiate their attacks on the American carriers. First, two aerial bombs would penetrate the flight deck of the
Remembrance, which would cause some catastrophic explosions below decks. Next, a formation of B5N bombers would drop their torpedoes, in which two would strike the
Remembrance with another hitting the escorting destroyer
USS Sims. Several D3A1 dive bombers would also make an attack run on the
Hornet, where they would score several hits on her, and causing severe damage to her flight deck. In addition, the destroyer
USS Hamman would suffer a direct hit and would sink with heavy loss of life, and the light cruiser
USS Topeka would be hit by a torpedo and would be disabled. Not long after the Japanese attackers left, the damage control parties aboard the two carriers would work hard to put out fires and to patch up holes. At 14:22 however, the Japanese planes would return and began their attack, in which a third torpedo would strike the
Remembrance, in which she started to list heavily to port, which prompted her captain to order an abandon ship. Within minutes, the carrier would capsize and then would sink into the depths of the Pacific. Likewise,
USS Hornet would suffer damage but would survive this attack, albeit now out of action, and her remaining aircraft together with
Remembrance's forced to fly to Midway Atoll. At this point, Admiral Fletcher (now aboard the battlecruiser
Lexington) would order the
Hornet along with the battleship
New Mexico, the cruisers
Indianapolis, Topeka, and 5 destroyers to withdraw back to the Sandwich Islands. When nighttime fell, Admiral Yamamoto would order a detachment with the capital ships
Kii,
Takao, and
Atago, the heavy cruisers
Rakko, Chokai, Maya, Mikuma, and
Mogami, the light cruisers
Kitakami, Oi, and
Sendai, and 8 destroyers to prepare for a night action and move to finish off Task Force 17.
A post-war painting of US Navy warships engagement during the Night Engagement of December 8th.
At 3:38 in the morning on December 8, the Japanese forces would be the first to spot their enemies (in spite of some of the American ships being equipped with primitive search radar.) In which, flares would be fired from the cruiser
Sendai, which would illuminate the battlefield, thus beginning the night action and catching the Americans by surprise. The battleship
Kii and the battlecruisers
Takao and
Atago would open fire on
USS Kansas and
Lexington while the cruisers and destroyers started launching their Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes at the Union ships. This engagement would be fought over a period of several hours until at dawn, the surviving Union vessels would withdraw from the area. During this engagement, the battleship
Kansas would suffer heavy damage from the Japanese capital ships, and if not for the gallant efforts of her damage control probably would've been sunk. Other ships such as the cruisers
Northampton,
Quincy, and
Fort Wayne have not been as fortunate as they either been sunk by heavy Japanese gunfire and/or at the hands of the Japanese torpedoes. With the withdrawal of the American forces, it was only a matter of hours before the Japanese would commence their naval and air bombardment of Midway Island. And by December 10th, the Japanese would commit their marines into the fight by landing them on the islands and within hours, the island would fall.
A Japanese propaganda poster depicting SNLF Marines capturing Midway.
The Battle of Midway would prove to be the US Navy's worst defeat since the War of 1812, with the loss of the aircraft USS Remembrance, 2 heavy cruisers, 1 light cruiser, 5 destroyers, 2 submarines, 217 aircraft shot down, and 158 Marines dead. In addition, the aircraft carrier
Hornet, the Battleship
Kansas, the cruisers
Topeka* and
Detriot, and 3 destroyers were badly damaged. Likewise, the Japanese would lose the aircraft carrier
Soryu, the light cruiser
Yura, 3 destroyers, 153 planes shot down, and 52 SNLF marines dead. In addition, the battlecruiser
Atago, the aircraft carrier
Akagi, 2 heavy cruisers, and 1 destroyer would be left badly damaged from the engagement.
* =
USS Topeka was sunk by the Japanese submarine
I-58 off the Sandwich Islands on December 11, 1941.