TL-191: Pax Romana - Neutrality for the Kingdom of Italy (1914-1944)

Well, it is interesting, as an half Italian (actually live and one parent is "full blooded" Brazilian-born Bolognese ) to see so many of non-Italians, taking an interest in a TL involving the Bel Paese. If anybody needs help, I am here.

I wonder where/how this guys will end up in our timeline. They were the best Italian politicians in OTL :

Aldo Moro


View attachment 560703

I am minimally familiar with Aldo Moro due to his friendship with then-Substitute of the Secretary of State Montini. The future of Socialism or Communism in Italy may not be the same as it was in real-life, since the world still lacks a recognizable Marxist-Leninist State (except for, maybe, Spain).

I know that he was killed by the Red Brigades, but I don’t know the causes behind that event.
 
Last edited:
I am minimally familiar with Aldo Moro due to his friendship with then-Substitute of the Secretary of State Montini. The future of Socialism or Communism in Italy may not be the same as it was in real-life, since the world still lacks a recognizable Marxist-Leninist State (except for, maybe, Spain).

I know that he was killed by the Red Brigades, but I don’t know the causes behind that event.

The real target was Andreotti...and considering Andreotti was mafia involved I can see why he was originally intended.
 
I am minimally familiar with Aldo Moro due to his friendship with then-Substitute of the Secretary of State Montini. The future of Socialism or Communism in Italy may not be the same as it was in real-life, since the world still lacks a recognizable Marxist-Leninist State (except for, maybe, Spain).

I know that he was killed by the Red Brigades, but I don’t know the causes behind that event.

Also when they kidnapped Moro, even the Red Brigades, even the kidnappers admitted they were really lucky (and they don't say it straight, but perhaps it was too easy) because the protection was barely trained and their guns were in the trunk...by specific orders.
 
I'm sorry, usually I don't write about something that is not the thread topic but when I read such things about my country's history I need to correct them.

Well, it is interesting, as an half Italian (actually live and one parent is "full blooded" Brazilian-born Bolognese ) to see so many of non-Italians, taking an interest in a TL involving the Bel Paese. If anybody needs help, I am here.

I wonder where/how this guys will end up in our timeline. They were the best Italian politicians in OTL :

Aldo Moro


View attachment 560703

Enrico Berlinguer

View attachment 560704

Giorgio Almirante

View attachment 560705

Bettino Craxi

View attachment 560708


They had all flaws but compared to what Italy has now... an authoritarian government headed by businessmen, a parliament run by a showgirl (probably Berlusconi lover) and a foreign affairs minister who use to sell beverages at the football stadiums...who comes from a movement who betrayed all its values as soon as they were power (or maybe when Casaleggio died, who knows).

@Alterwright I think they could all pretty active :

Aldo Moro , born in 1916, Christian Democracy, assassinated by murderous thugs in 1978, his party probably let him die.

Likely a "conservative" with leftist sympathies in TL191

Enrico Berlinguer, born in 1922, Italian Communist Party, died in 1984 , he is the reason why Communism was very popular back then but he was more a libertarian socialist/democratic socialist. Apparently he talked a lot (and pleasantly) with his "theorically" adversary below, so much so that he visited his grave when the ICP leader died. Likely socialdemocrat IN TL191

Giorgio Almirante, born in 1914, Italian Social Movement, neofascist (although I have my reasons to not consider him such), is party at one point managed to gather 26% of the vote. He even voted in favor of the divorce law. He was the "left wing" of the Italian Social movement despite in his latter life he was more akin to a Red World mod nationalconservative. If Mussolini stays a socialist, he will most likely be one also. Otherwise just a decent / optimal journalist in TL191

Bettino Craxi, born in 1934, Italian Socialist Party (not to be confused with the one above guys), people might rethink his history considering we just found out that the judiciary has been politically motivated just recently and must have been during Tangentopoli (Kickbacksville).

More social democrat?

The real target was Andreotti...and considering Andreotti was mafia involved I can see why he was originally intended.
Also when they kidnapped Moro, even the Red Brigades, even the kidnappers admitted they were really lucky (and they don't say it straight, but perhaps it was too easy) because the protection was barely trained and their guns were in the trunk...by specific orders.

First, you cannot compare Aldo Moro and Enrico Berlinguer with Giorgio Almirante and Bettino Craxi.
Moro was a Catholic left-wing with a strong devotion to Church Social Doctrine, who tried to reach reconcilition during the bloody years of the 1970s with his Historical Compromise with the Left. He was kidnapped and killed in 1978 by Red Brigades terrorists, who aimed to take down a big target to boost their popularity and viewed Moro's pro-left position as a way to put the Communist in goverment and transform them in a bourgeois party.
Berlinguer was the popular reformist secretary of Communist Party, founder of anti-Soviet pro-Western "Euro-Communism", open to dialogue with Moro and a genuine democrat.
Together Moro and Berlinguer tried to push for peace and collaboration above political lines during one of the worst period of Italian History.
Giorgio Almirante was fascist, who during the dictatorship headed the infamous "The Defense of the Race" newspaper, collaborated to the Racial Laws writing and push to execute everyone refuse to be drafted "voluntarily" in the Saló Republic army. After the war he founded the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement, with which he defended the neo-fascist terrorists in the Seventies and cover the neofascist hitters who terrorized Italian street during this period. He openly hoped for a Franco-esque Regime or a Greek Colonel's coup for Italy. His allengendly romantic imagine of the "good fascist" is a revisionist position pushed by rightwing Italian parties who tried to paint the extremist communists as having the only responsibility of the Lead Years.
Bettino Craxi was the leader of Socialist Party who accept to disown Socialism in order to pursue center-right policies (as abolishing many welfare programs and pro-workers regulations) and making an alliance with Andreotti and his mob-linked clique. He was then caught in the middle of the Bribestown (as was called Milan, the main Italian financial hub and the headquarters of Craxi political machine) Scandal and became the face of corrupted Italian political class before escaping in Tunisia to avoid arrest. The idea that a group of leftist judges conspired to bring him down is a enormous lie part of the revisionist approach taken by the Italian Right under Berlusconi (and his television, who he obtained thanks to political favors from Craxi) , as he was a Craxi friend and an ally and wanted to discredit the judicial system due his own many trials for corruption, tax evasion and minors prostitution.
So trying to portray Almirante as nice leader and Craxi as a persecuted victim is not only against every history book but also part of a noted rightwing partisan attempt and cultural battle in order to rewrite them for political gain (that started with the more infamous even "Mussolini did also very positive things...") .

Second, of course existed big shadows of Moro Kidnapping, especially about the role of CIA and Italian Secret Services in the entire affair, but, please, avoid the mistakes: the Moro protection men were not some bad trained beginners, they were entitled of his protection many years before and Moro was personal friend with his protection head, Oreste Leonardi. Also it's not true that their guns were in the truck "for specific order": in fact the policeman Raffaele Iozzino, who was in the second car, was able to exit from his vehicle and open fire with his Beretta before being quickly killed by the superior terrorist forces.
So, I understand that using historical falsities can make easier promoting some political positions but this an Alternative History forum, so avoid that because it's anti-historical.

PS and don't worry, frankly no one here cares about your personal opinion about what politicians you dislike but, if we want to be sincere, the right-to-center Confindustria (the Italian business owner national association) is strongly and almost partisanly critical of the current Italian goverment (you know, all pro-poors policies, brrrr) so saying the latter is run by businessmen sounds me a little incorrect. For the rest, if I want speak about current politics I go in a pub or in the Chat, this is about Alternative History, so please limit yourself.
 
I'm sorry, usually I don't write about something that is not the thread topic but when I read such things about my country's history I need to correct them.








First, you cannot compare Aldo Moro and Enrico Berlinguer with Giorgio Almirante and Bettino Craxi.
Moro was a Catholic left-wing with a strong devotion to Church Social Doctrine, who tried to reach reconcilition during the bloody years of the 1970s with his Historical Compromise with the Left. He was kidnapped and killed in 1978 by Red Brigades terrorists, who aimed to take down a big target to boost their popularity and viewed Moro's pro-left position as a way to put the Communist in goverment and transform them in a bourgeois party.
Berlinguer was the popular reformist secretary of Communist Party, founder of anti-Soviet pro-Western "Euro-Communism", open to dialogue with Moro and a genuine democrat.
Together Moro and Berlinguer tried to push for peace and collaboration above political lines during one of the worst period of Italian History.
Giorgio Almirante was fascist, who during the dictatorship headed the infamous "The Defense of the Race" newspaper, collaborated to the Racial Laws writing and push to execute everyone refuse to be drafted "voluntarily" in the Saló Republic army. After the war he founded the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement, with which he defended the neo-fascist terrorists in the Seventies and cover the neofascist hitters who terrorized Italian street during this period. He openly hoped for a Franco-esque Regime or a Greek Colonel's coup for Italy. His allengendly romantic imagine of the "good fascist" is a revisionist position pushed by rightwing Italian parties who tried to paint the extremist communists as having the only responsibility of the Lead Years.
Bettino Craxi was the leader of Socialist Party who accept to disown Socialism in order to pursue center-right policies (as abolishing many welfare programs and pro-workers regulations) and making an alliance with Andreotti and his mob-linked clique. He was then caught in the middle of the Bribestown (as was called Milan, the main Italian financial hub and the headquarters of Craxi political machine) Scandal and became the face of corrupted Italian political class before escaping in Tunisia to avoid arrest. The idea that a group of leftist judges conspired to bring him down is a enormous lie part of the revisionist approach taken by the Italian Right under Berlusconi (and his television, who he obtained thanks to political favors from Craxi) , as he was a Craxi friend and an ally and wanted to discredit the judicial system due his own many trials for corruption, tax evasion and minors prostitution.
So trying to portray Almirante as nice leader and Craxi as a persecuted victim is not only against every history book but also part of a noted rightwing partisan attempt and cultural battle in order to rewrite them for political gain (that started with the more infamous even "Mussolini did also very positive things...") .

Second, of course existed big shadows of Moro Kidnapping, especially about the role of CIA and Italian Secret Services in the entire affair, but, please, avoid the mistakes: the Moro protection men were not some bad trained beginners, they were entitled of his protection many years before and Moro was personal friend with his protection head, Oreste Leonardi. Also it's not true that their guns were in the truck "for specific order": in fact the policeman Raffaele Iozzino, who was in the second car, was able to exit from his vehicle and open fire with his Beretta before being quickly killed by the superior terrorist forces.
So, I understand that using historical falsities can make easier promoting some political positions but this an Alternative History forum, so avoid that because it's anti-historical.

PS and don't worry, frankly no one here cares about your personal opinion about what politicians you dislike but, if we want to be sincere, the right-to-center Confindustria (the Italian business owner national association) is strongly and almost partisanly critical of the current Italian goverment (you know, all pro-poors policies, brrrr) so saying the latter is run by businessmen sounds me a little incorrect. For the rest, if I want speak about current politics I go in a pub or in the Chat, this is about Alternative History, so please limit yourself.

So, we have different opinions.


  1. So let's start with your first sentence : "you cannot compare..." they were all great politicians, each in its own merit. It is not like they were perfect human beings, but you seem one to judge the events of yesterday with they eyes today, especially in a reductive way and it seems your sore point is Almirante for some reason.
  2. Regarding Moro, is a problem that hypothesize about him being a Conservative in TL191 ?
  3. Regarding Giorgio Almirante, he made is position clear regarding what he wrote in the "La difesa della razza" :
    I wish I had English sub on this video but so far haven't found any. Regarding the fact that he threatened people with death who didn't join the army of Italian Social Republic , you treat him like he was particulary unique in all of history. Which he clearly wasn't. And yes, he , together with the other 3 I mentioned , was a nice leader. Was he a saint ? No. Was Bettino Craxi one? Also no. As a far leftist, I think were objectively good politicians.
  4. Using the word fascist after the 28th of April 1945 is futile, it has the same value nowadays of Conservatives calling someone "commie" after 25 December 1991 : useless.
  5. You forget that Giorgio Almirante and Berlinguer did talk in order to collaborate and to avoid bloodshed , it was an hidden fact until much later. GA also went to the burial chamber of EB, a deed that surprised everyone. There is also a book discussing it which I read , in Italian only so far, https://www.amazon.it/gesto-Almiran...erlinguer&qid=1593793174&sr=8-1&tag=slhyin-21 that discusses the relation between the two.
  6. Considering that we just found out many in our judiciary were politically motivated to take out two of our most political figures (honestly I would rather vote for the devil than them) , I am very doubtful on how those events were narrated to us and have my own view on the matter . Is that being anti-historical? No, also I never said leftist judges. But considering that judge Palamara and his clique were found out to have done sentences for political favors, the "conspiracy theory " is no longer a valid excuse to defend one of the reviled institutions in Italy (you forgot to mention that some cases here can take decades to be "over") . And said "conspiracy" wasn't exclusive of Berlusconi.
  7. About the Moro escort : tell me, how is that possible that an insurgent group was able to take out one of the most well known VIPs ?
  8. Limit myself ? Yeah, fat chance of that happening. I am not denying a genocide or similiar , I am not partaking into historical revisionism of the sort.
 
So, we have different opinions.


  1. So let's start with your first sentence : "you cannot compare..." they were all great politicians, each in its own merit. It is not like they were perfect human beings, but you seem one to judge the events of yesterday with they eyes today, especially in a reductive way and it seems your sore point is Almirante for some reason.
  2. Regarding Moro, is a problem that hypothesize about him being a Conservative in TL191 ?
  3. Regarding Giorgio Almirante, he made is position clear regarding what he wrote in the "La difesa della razza" :
    I wish I had English sub on this video but so far haven't found any. Regarding the fact that he threatened people with death who didn't join the army of Italian Social Republic , you treat him like he was particulary unique in all of history. Which he clearly wasn't. And yes, he , together with the other 3 I mentioned , was a nice leader. Was he a saint ? No. Was Bettino Craxi one? Also no. As a far leftist, I think were objectively good politicians.
  4. Using the word fascist after the 28th of April 1945 is futile, it has the same value nowadays of Conservatives calling someone "commie" after 25 December 1991 : useless.
  5. You forget that Giorgio Almirante and Berlinguer did talk in order to collaborate and to avoid bloodshed , it was an hidden fact until much later. GA also went to the burial chamber of EB, a deed that surprised everyone. There is also a book discussing it which I read , in Italian only so far, https://www.amazon.it/gesto-Almiran...erlinguer&qid=1593793174&sr=8-1&tag=slhyin-21 that discusses the relation between the two.
  6. Considering that we just found out many in our judiciary were politically motivated to take out two of our most political figures (honestly I would rather vote for the devil than them) , I am very doubtful on how those events were narrated to us and have my own view on the matter . Is that being anti-historical? No, also I never said leftist judges. But considering that judge Palamara and his clique were found out to have done sentences for political favors, the "conspiracy theory " is no longer a valid excuse to defend one of the reviled institutions in Italy (you forgot to mention that some cases here can take decades to be "over") . And said "conspiracy" wasn't exclusive of Berlusconi.
  7. About the Moro escort : tell me, how is that possible that an insurgent group was able to take out one of the most well known VIPs ?
  8. Limit myself ? Yeah, fat chance of that happening. I am not denying a genocide or similiar , I am not partaking into historical revisionism of the sort.

Yep, I agree: we have different opinions, the only difference is that mine ones are History, yours ones are partisan talking points.
First, why you cannot compare? Well, because a neo-fascist who made repeatedly supportive comments in favor of Black (Neo-Fascist) Terrorism because this remembered him the joyful crimes of his past when he was a loyal and zealous collaborator of Hitler and Mussolini and a ruthless politician who never did a good reform in his life and buildt the greatest corruption machine of Italian history betraying his party's ideals to ally himself with Andreotti and his Mafia friends (I don't know you, but I see an incoherence calling "great leader" a man who ally himself with an other me that you defined a Mafia-man...) were not really in the "Great Leader" category, but they can fill the criminal one.
Oh, and I'm not speaking reductively about Almirante: he was never at goverment, so the only things we can judge are his post-war rhetoric and his past. Maybe you heard about that: Italian towns burned to ground, people executed, Jews packed on trains,... It's called Second World War and yes, Almirante was on the bad side: he was one of more zealous journalist of "La Difesa della Razza", he wrote the first article, not the second, not the third, the first! He collaborated to the Racial Laws and then, when the country was invaded by Nazis he choose the Hitler's side and became one of heads of the Culture/Propaganda Minister of Mussolini's puppet regime.
The video is laughable: a (probably Israelian) journalist asks what is his opinion about Israel, considering his past; he says that he is pro-Israel because, in all his past, the only thing that he doesn't disown but maybe reconside is his position when he was a journalist. No a word about collaboration, no a word about his activities as loyal agent of Mussolini, no a word about Holocaust, he never say the word racism or anti-semitic. So the only thing we get is that now he is pro-Israel: credibility under zero, no doubts.
Was he a nice leader? Oh yeah, if you are a Fascist or like castor oil surely you can get along with him.

"Using the word fascist after 1945 is useless": this is an other typical talking point of Italian (far) right trying to make people forget about their past crimes or to hidden their openly far-right positions. But speaking about Almirante it was not me to introduce the word "Fascism" about him but Almirante himself: he was always proud of his Fascist past and often he boasts his Fascist positions and credentials, especially during his rallies full of Roman salutes and Fascist songs. So I can agree to not use the word Fascism after 1945 only if the Fascists accept their defeat and renounce to Fascist policies and to call themselves in this way. But you know many people love living in the past...

I didn't forget the Padellaro's book, I read about it and I know about the "secret channel", a sort of Red Line, between Almirante and Berlinguer to avoid a full escalation. But this is the minimum and doesn't cancel the Fascist past and Neo-Fascist present of Almirante and his links with Black Terrorism, coup plotters (especially Junio Valerio Borghese) and P2 Masonic Lodge conspiracy. His gesture at Berlinguer funeral was touching but all his life was devoted to destroying all what Berlinguer believed: Freedom, Democracy, Socialism, National Unity, the same Republic's existence. Almirante was a Fascist because he wanted to be one and the Fascism is enemy of everyone in every times, in every countries. Plain and simple.

Man, you need really to read the papers: never and I say never an investigation has found that some judges jailed someone for political reasons, never. There we are some cases of corruption and some of incompetence, of course, as in all countries, but the idea that a secret cabal of judges suddenly decided to take down Craxi (after more then ten years in goverment, they are really slow, you are right!) and Berlusconi (I imagine they are the two figures you mentioned. No one other started crying about judges conspiracies after they were caught with their bribes) is a total partisan falsity, spreaded by rightwing media. But, please, I'm sure you have some prove about that, I don't know, maybe papers, witnesses, sentences, even a graffito in a toilet who says the judges did that. Oh right, there is nothing but rhetoric, nevermind.
You need to read the Palamara Case papers too: yep, this is a big corruption scandals about judges but the bribes were to get nomination for some roles, as prosecutors or supreme judges, not to influence the sentence, so this is not the case (and I can't find a good reason to link a corrupt judge in 2020 to Craxi indicted in 1992 and I'm creative, believe me).
The "judges conspiracy" is not an excuse or a my invention, but a rallying cry created by the right to defend themselves by numerous corruption, Mafia-linking, prostitution scandals. Of course, the left has scandals too but they didn't scream about conspiracies everything.
Yep, the trials are slow in Italy, you know, after decades of defunding and cuts we're lucky to have even the trials, but again you are in fault: every polls show that the most reviled group in Italy is not the judicial system but the political class. Can you found why? Yes, corruption...
About the Moro kidnapping, I don't know: how was that possible a stupid single guy called John Hinckley was able to arrive to few steps from Reagan and almost kill him 19 years after JFK? And how was that possible the same year a Turkish terrorist almost take down the Pope in Saint Peter's Square? These things simply happen: they planned accurately that, found a weak point, blocked the street, made a surprise attack, killed the escort and kidnapped Moro. If you want to speak about the dark points of Moro deaths there are many (for example the Interior Ministry refused an armored car for Moro few days before, for example the police had a whistle about terrorist shelter but they didn't follow it) but about escort really I can't see anything of what are you saying.

PS when I asked you to limit yourself I intended to limit your comments on the topic, as speaking of Current Politics or about your personal opinion about Almirante are matter of Chat, not of the AH Forum. I never intended suggesting you were using violent words or something like that.
 
Yep, I agree: we have different opinions, the only difference is that mine ones are History, yours ones are partisan talking points.
First, why you cannot compare? Well, because a neo-fascist who made repeatedly supportive comments in favor of Black (Neo-Fascist) Terrorism because this remembered him the joyful crimes of his past when he was a loyal and zealous collaborator of Hitler and Mussolini and a ruthless politician who never did a good reform in his life and buildt the greatest corruption machine of Italian history betraying his party's ideals to ally himself with Andreotti and his Mafia friends (I don't know you, but I see an incoherence calling "great leader" a man who ally himself with an other me that you defined a Mafia-man...) were not really in the "Great Leader" category, but they can fill the criminal one.
Oh, and I'm not speaking reductively about Almirante: he was never at goverment, so the only things we can judge are his post-war rhetoric and his past. Maybe you heard about that: Italian towns burned to ground, people executed, Jews packed on trains,... It's called Second World War and yes, Almirante was on the bad side: he was one of more zealous journalist of "La Difesa della Razza", he wrote the first article, not the second, not the third, the first! He collaborated to the Racial Laws and then, when the country was invaded by Nazis he choose the Hitler's side and became one of heads of the Culture/Propaganda Minister of Mussolini's puppet regime.
The video is laughable: a (probably Israelian) journalist asks what is his opinion about Israel, considering his past; he says that he is pro-Israel because, in all his past, the only thing that he doesn't disown but maybe reconside is his position when he was a journalist. No a word about collaboration, no a word about his activities as loyal agent of Mussolini, no a word about Holocaust, he never say the word racism or anti-semitic. So the only thing we get is that now he is pro-Israel: credibility under zero, no doubts.
Was he a nice leader? Oh yeah, if you are a Fascist or like castor oil surely you can get along with him.

"Using the word fascist after 1945 is useless": this is an other typical talking point of Italian (far) right trying to make people forget about their past crimes or to hidden their openly far-right positions. But speaking about Almirante it was not me to introduce the word "Fascism" about him but Almirante himself: he was always proud of his Fascist past and often he boasts his Fascist positions and credentials, especially during his rallies full of Roman salutes and Fascist songs. So I can agree to not use the word Fascism after 1945 only if the Fascists accept their defeat and renounce to Fascist policies and to call themselves in this way. But you know many people love living in the past...

I didn't forget the Padellaro's book, I read about it and I know about the "secret channel", a sort of Red Line, between Almirante and Berlinguer to avoid a full escalation. But this is the minimum and doesn't cancel the Fascist past and Neo-Fascist present of Almirante and his links with Black Terrorism, coup plotters (especially Junio Valerio Borghese) and P2 Masonic Lodge conspiracy. His gesture at Berlinguer funeral was touching but all his life was devoted to destroying all what Berlinguer believed: Freedom, Democracy, Socialism, National Unity, the same Republic's existence. Almirante was a Fascist because he wanted to be one and the Fascism is enemy of everyone in every times, in every countries. Plain and simple.

Man, you need really to read the papers: never and I say never an investigation has found that some judges jailed someone for political reasons, never. There we are some cases of corruption and some of incompetence, of course, as in all countries, but the idea that a secret cabal of judges suddenly decided to take down Craxi (after more then ten years in goverment, they are really slow, you are right!) and Berlusconi (I imagine they are the two figures you mentioned. No one other started crying about judges conspiracies after they were caught with their bribes) is a total partisan falsity, spreaded by rightwing media. But, please, I'm sure you have some prove about that, I don't know, maybe papers, witnesses, sentences, even a graffito in a toilet who says the judges did that. Oh right, there is nothing but rhetoric, nevermind.
You need to read the Palamara Case papers too: yep, this is a big corruption scandals about judges but the bribes were to get nomination for some roles, as prosecutors or supreme judges, not to influence the sentence, so this is not the case (and I can't find a good reason to link a corrupt judge in 2020 to Craxi indicted in 1992 and I'm creative, believe me).
The "judges conspiracy" is not an excuse or a my invention, but a rallying cry created by the right to defend themselves by numerous corruption, Mafia-linking, prostitution scandals. Of course, the left has scandals too but they didn't scream about conspiracies everything.
Yep, the trials are slow in Italy, you know, after decades of defunding and cuts we're lucky to have even the trials, but again you are in fault: every polls show that the most reviled group in Italy is not the judicial system but the political class. Can you found why? Yes, corruption...
About the Moro kidnapping, I don't know: how was that possible a stupid single guy called John Hinckley was able to arrive to few steps from Reagan and almost kill him 19 years after JFK? And how was that possible the same year a Turkish terrorist almost take down the Pope in Saint Peter's Square? These things simply happen: they planned accurately that, found a weak point, blocked the street, made a surprise attack, killed the escort and kidnapped Moro. If you want to speak about the dark points of Moro deaths there are many (for example the Interior Ministry refused an armored car for Moro few days before, for example the police had a whistle about terrorist shelter but they didn't follow it) but about escort really I can't see anything of what are you saying.

PS when I asked you to limit yourself I intended to limit your comments on the topic, as speaking of Current Politics or about your personal opinion about Almirante are matter of Chat, not of the AH Forum. I never intended suggesting you were using violent words or something like that.



Lad, it is not a conspiracy anymore, and it is clear as day it is no longer a rallying cry after Palamara was found actually trying to sabotage someone's career because they didn't like him (I also detest him,but wouldn't abuse my power if I am I were in the same position) , but you are fine with that because it supports your worldview and because you judge as black (bad) and white (good) with a perspective based on today's worldview. Almirante and Craxi , together with Berlinguer and Moro, are perhaps the best politicians the Bel Paese ever had.

There are no good guys in history. Real or alternate.

The only laughable and criminal thing is your reductive, simplistic view of history hidden by a text wall and the fact that you consider random (and some most likely manipulated, to paraphrase W. Churchill) polls as an indication of opinion of sixty million individuals .

Cheers mate 🍺
 
Lad, it is not a conspiracy anymore, and it is clear as day it is no longer a rallying cry after Palamara was found actually trying to sabotage someone's career because they didn't like him (I also detest him,but wouldn't abuse my power if I am I were in the same position) , but you are fine with that because it supports your worldview and because you judge as black (bad) and white (good) with a perspective based on today's worldview. Almirante and Craxi , together with Berlinguer and Moro, are perhaps the best politicians the Bel Paese ever had.

There are no good guys in history. Real or alternate.

The only laughable and criminal thing is your reductive, simplistic view of history hidden by a text wall and the fact that you consider random (and some most likely manipulated, to paraphrase W. Churchill) polls as an indication of opinion of sixty million individuals .

Cheers mate 🍺

You know, at the beginning I was not sure but now I have to ask: are you kidding me?
I wrote a damned 125-lines post, aswering to every your objection, pointing to every flaws of your position and enumerating literally a bunch of reasons why you're wrong and all you are able to answer is starting to babble about "Your reductive, simplicist view...". Unbelievable.
Then you try to smears me saying I'm in favor of Palamara's corruption?!? You lose your dignity quickly, I see.
I never said I'm fine with Palamara Case: again, a profession is not a guarantee of being corrupted or being incorruptible, there are bad people and good people in every place. Clearly the judges are not superheroes and I hope this corruption case will be addressed with severity. But, again, the entire case is about Palamara bribing to get more high-ranking positions, as General Prosecutor of the Republic or President of Judges Union, not about ruining someone (who then? He was 23 during Craxi trial, he had to leave yet university, and he was never involved in Berlusconi trials) for political reasons.

Then you call me "criminal": you know, I was very educated and I payed great attention to avoid becoming vulgar or writing insults, but clearly you don't share the same opinion. Ok, now I will take off my gloves:
- Number One: you're not speaking about Emperor Caligula or Henry VIII, you're speaking about people who lived few decades ago: when Craxi died I was just pretty alive and breathing. So playing the card of "You cannot judge them with today's view" it's a double bullshit: first, they lived at less then one generation from now and second, what they did was WRONG even in their times! Commiting treason in favor of an invading power, defending bombers and conspiring with coup plotters was ILLEGAL in the Seventies as corruption was ILLEGAL in the Eighties, so your argument doesn't work: they knew what they did was wrong (and both of them boasted themselves about their fascist and corrupted activities!) and nevertheless they did it. There is a reason why Almirante never got more of 9% and Craxi had to escape in a foreign country: Nazi-friends and corrupted were never pretty popular.
And it's not a "black and white" playbook: the successor of Almirante, Granfranco Fini, who leads the MSI after 1988 and transformed it in the more successful National Alliance, was a good politician, although rightwing, as he repudiated the party's Fascist past, commemorated the Holocaust, admitted the Nazifascists crimes and fully accepted the Republican principles and I respected him highly for that.
- Number Two: if you believe there are not distinction between good people and bad people maybe you lives in an other history. Surely existed complex historical figures who had to be judged for their times and for the entirety of their actions, good and bad ones, as is for Churchill or Lyndon Johnson for example. Then there are good people with no doubts: Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Martin Luther King are clearly in this category. And then there are evil people: Hitler, Mussolini, Pol Pot, Leopold II of Belgium an many others. Saying "enough, no more good guys and bad guys" usually is a way trying to rehabilitate the bad ones (and that seems the case, as associating Almirante and Craxi to some giants as Moro and Berlinguer have the only effect to trying to elevate the formers to the latter's status, a rightwing trick). If your point is that Almirante and Craxi are not monsters, yep, clearly it's so and I'm not pretending that, but your point is that they are "great leaders". Here I strongly disagree and I pointed why, but you didn't answer and started to insult me. So I want to give you a second chance: please, explain this stupid boy what such wonderful reform/law/war victory/incredible event they made to be considered "great leaders"? I'm waiting.
- Number Three: if you thinks judges are more hated then politicians in Italy clearly you don't live in Italy and if you think that your word counts more then thousands of polls since Bribestown clearly you are a megalomaniac. At the opposite a large part of public opinion supported a more active judicial system and hoped the judges can arrest and purged the political class from corruption ("Giustizialismo" or "Judicial Vigilantism"): the last election winner, the populist Five Stars Movement, won greatly running on this platform. But again you prefer to escape in you little conspiracy world: they were not guilty, it was a judges conspiracy; the polls are not right because I said so, they were manipulated (by who? Now the judges control also newspapers and digital media? The same polls usually didn't show the judges as the most popular institutions, but in the well-perceived top-tier, while politicians and political parties are almost always not-trusted).
- Number Four: I can't decide if you are simply ignorant or you're lying, but because you insult me I will choose the latter. You avoid to answer my points and objections, you call every prove opposite to your point of view as part of same dark plot against your Fascist and corrupted heroes (and I'm the one with a partisan and reductive worldview!), you started to insult calling me a criminal and trying to assert a your alleged "intellectual superiority" when it's clear you didn't know about what you're speaking, both Almirante and Craxi personal and political history and Moro's death (you have not even read about the kidnapping before opening your mouth!), you continue to ignore historical facts (Almirante was a proud Fascist before the War, during the War and after the War, he never disown this, he said that even in your nosense video! Craxi was a corrupted, he admitted this during his trial, defending himself saying all others politicians did that, he was convicted by his own admission and escaped. Case closed) and use insults to try to cover your ignorance. And you know why? Your heroes has more dignity because at least Craxi and Almirante admitted openly their crimes, where you prefer to hid yourself behind a wall of insults and arrogance (usually a sign of weak arguments, I think).
I hate repeat myself but I will do again (and it's three): your revisionist views and your current politics points are out of place here, go in Chat or shut up, these are the Forum rules. Period.
 
macchi-mc202.png

A Macchi MC. 202 Folgore fighter belonging to the 54th Fighter Squadron based in Sicily, circa 1943. The Macchi MC. 202 and the MC. 205 Veltro would serve as Italy's frontline fighter trough out the 1940s and early 1950s before being replaced the Reggiane Re.2009 turbo fighters in 1953. The two models would also serve in the air forces of Switzerland, Portugal, Argentina, Chile, Sweden, Persia, Egypt, Afghanistan, Greece, and India and would serve in various conflicts in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, notably in the Greco-Italian War of 1948 and the Indo-Japanese Border Conflict of 1953.

In OTL, the Macchi MC 202 and other Italian Aircraft of WWII used a local copies of the German DB601 and DB 605 engines. ITTL, I really doubt that the Germans would share the engine with anybody but their allies (Austro-Hungarians, USA, etc). In which in my headcanon, the Italians through a secret military cooperation pact with Russia would have them being granted access to the technical data for the Klimov V-105 engine.
 
Last edited:
ITALY AND THE GREAT WARS




Some round of waltzer
(part 2)




The internal political scene of Italy in the 20's and early 30's was dominated by the Democristian- Nationalist-Liberal alliance, a moderate right and conservatice coalition (at least in theory, as many of the Liberal remnant and a lot of nationalist were very favorable to a much less democratic form of goverment, for both ideological motive and for fear of the growing socialist party) that for some destiny irony governed Italy during this time of social change and economic grown and transformation.

A natural conservative nation Italy also avoided the massive loss of blood and tresure caused by the Great War and so many in the upper echelon of the society believed that all the troublesome change happening in the rest of the continent will never occured in the Belpaese...they were badly mistaken as the massive industrialization due to the necessity to supply both side of material and the nationalist fever unleashed by the mistreatment at Berlin drastically changed the italian political and social landscape.

Gone were the Liberal from their dominant position and now a pale shadow of their former self, they were forced in a coalition with the democratic christian (the relative majority party) and the PNI (Partito Nazionalista Italiano) and with this alliance the first big price to pay was quickly demanded as in 1926, the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See finally signed an agreement to resolve, after more than 50 years, the Roman Question, the so called Concordance of Villa Madama. (1).

Even with all the previous opening to the catholic, it was an enourmous departure from their previous stance regarding the Church, especially because for many such treaty was too generous towards the Pope but it was not the only 'price'...as more and more the state was involved in both the economy and the normal life of the citizens, a clear contrast with the traditional lasseiz-faire attitude of the Liberal Party but by now they were in clear minority and both their allies were enthusiastic supporter of a greater role of the goverment in the economic life of the nation, especially after the start of the Great Depression.

On the other hand, the ongoing finance and logistical support to any rebel group present and operating in the Hapsburg Empire was a move that found support on all the political spectrum except for some groups among the democratic cristian that found the idea to support enemies of a fellow christian nation disgusting but they were the minority in the party; and in general the relations between the two former allies were many times just a hair distant from litteraly exploding




During this period in all the nation of the Entente, extremist and revanchist party took power, with the normal democratic freedom quietly or much less quietly becoming a thing of the past as many of the new ruler believed that was such weakness that had make their nation lose the Great War. Around the same time in Italy, Benito Mussolini recently become the secretary of the PNI and the rising star of the italian politics, a great admirer of Jake Featherson, Mosley and Charles XI he attempted to replicate the same tattic and method, unfortunely for him not only he previously alienated with this abrasive and bombastic personality his allies but quickly discovered that trying the same method against much more stable institution was much more difficult




The final nail on Mussolini anspiration come with the result of the 1935 legislative election, when his party and the rest of the long standing coalition was defeated by the PSI lead alliance of leftist parties and with this long overdue change of goverment a radical shift on foreign policy happened.




The new coalition, at least in the beginning, slowly and quietly start to increase the distance between Italy and the rest of the Entente, especially after the increasing authoritarians measure took by their goverment, not considering the growing tension between them and the Alliance but the event that greatly increase the speed of such process was the Spanish Civil War.

Spain while neutral during the war like Italy was much much less succesfull in resolve succesfully and peacefully the rising social, political and economic problem, the latter exacerbated by the effect of the Great Depression and by the increasily authoritarian rule of the King backed by a strange allaince of socialist, monarchist and conservative. In February 1936 an attempt to arrest the leadership of the Nationalist Party leaderships before their attemp at the so called 'March on Madrid' backfire beyond any anticipation as not only the bulk of them escpaped but it was also the signal for the nationalist armed squad to rise up and so, the Spanish Civil War started as a failed attempt to stop such event. While Germany support for the monarchist was lucklustre and many time just a second thought, the Anglo-French give to Sanjuro's force everything they needed and even more, even sending 'volunteers' force (in reality entire military unit on loan) to help directely, gaining essential experience in modern warfare.

Italy and Spain had grow diplomatically close during the neutrality in the Great War and there were still numerous link between the two monarchies, so it was decided early to send some army surplus and some aircraft to the forces of the recognized goverment, this move caused a series of protest and not so veiled menace from London and Paris, while such menace never amounted more than hot air, it was enough for poisoning the diplomatic well, especially after an italian merchant ship that transported material in Spain was sunk by a 'pirate submarine' that was never identified. For all the duration and as consequence of the civil war (1936-39) a string of diplomatic and military incidents between the supporter of both side happend, not numerous or big enough to cause a war or even a breack of relations but still enough to sour any previous patnerships.

On the other hand, the Kindom of Italy was far from ready to resume even an informal alliance with his former patner as the humiliation in Berlin was still burning and in the past 20 years between Rome and Wien the situation hardly improved. So at the eve of the next great world conflict, the italian nation again had become the wild card


1 - Basically OTL Lateran Treaty
 
ITALY AND THE GREAT WARS




Some round of waltzer
(part 2)




The internal political scene of Italy in the 20's and early 30's was dominated by the Democristian- Nationalist-Liberal alliance, a moderate right and conservatice coalition (at least in theory, as many of the Liberal remnant and a lot of nationalist were very favorable to a much less democratic form of goverment, for both ideological motive and for fear of the growing socialist party) that for some destiny irony governed Italy during this time of social change and economic grown and transformation.

A natural conservative nation Italy also avoided the massive loss of blood and tresure caused by the Great War and so many in the upper echelon of the society believed that all the troublesome change happening in the rest of the continent will never occured in the Belpaese...they were badly mistaken as the massive industrialization due to the necessity to supply both side of material and the nationalist fever unleashed by the mistreatment at Berlin drastically changed the italian political and social landscape.

Gone were the Liberal from their dominant position and now a pale shadow of their former self, they were forced in a coalition with the democratic christian (the relative majority party) and the PNI (Partito Nazionalista Italiano) and with this alliance the first big price to pay was quickly demanded as in 1926, the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See finally signed an agreement to resolve, after more than 50 years, the Roman Question, the so called Concordance of Villa Madama. (1).

Even with all the previous opening to the catholic, it was an enourmous departure from their previous stance regarding the Church, especially because for many such treaty was too generous towards the Pope but it was not the only 'price'...as more and more the state was involved in both the economy and the normal life of the citizens, a clear contrast with the traditional lasseiz-faire attitude of the Liberal Party but by now they were in clear minority and both their allies were enthusiastic supporter of a greater role of the goverment in the economic life of the nation, especially after the start of the Great Depression.

On the other hand, the ongoing finance and logistical support to any rebel group present and operating in the Hapsburg Empire was a move that found support on all the political spectrum except for some groups among the democratic cristian that found the idea to support enemies of a fellow christian nation disgusting but they were the minority in the party; and in general the relations between the two former allies were many times just a hair distant from litteraly exploding




During this period in all the nation of the Entente, extremist and revanchist party took power, with the normal democratic freedom quietly or much less quietly becoming a thing of the past as many of the new ruler believed that was such weakness that had make their nation lose the Great War. Around the same time in Italy, Benito Mussolini recently become the secretary of the PNI and the rising star of the italian politics, a great admirer of Jake Featherson, Mosley and Charles XI he attempted to replicate the same tattic and method, unfortunely for him not only he previously alienated with this abrasive and bombastic personality his allies but quickly discovered that trying the same method against much more stable institution was much more difficult




The final nail on Mussolini anspiration come with the result of the 1935 legislative election, when his party and the rest of the long standing coalition was defeated by the PSI lead alliance of leftist parties and with this long overdue change of goverment a radical shift on foreign policy happened.




The new coalition, at least in the beginning, slowly and quietly start to increase the distance between Italy and the rest of the Entente, especially after the increasing authoritarians measure took by their goverment, not considering the growing tension between them and the Alliance but the event that greatly increase the speed of such process was the Spanish Civil War.

Spain while neutral during the war like Italy was much much less succesfull in resolve succesfully and peacefully the rising social, political and economic problem, the latter exacerbated by the effect of the Great Depression and by the increasily authoritarian rule of the King backed by a strange allaince of socialist, monarchist and conservative. In February 1936 an attempt to arrest the leadership of the Nationalist Party leaderships before their attemp at the so called 'March on Madrid' backfire beyond any anticipation as not only the bulk of them escpaped but it was also the signal for the nationalist armed squad to rise up and so, the Spanish Civil War started as a failed attempt to stop such event. While Germany support for the monarchist was lucklustre and many time just a second thought, the Anglo-French give to Sanjuro's force everything they needed and even more, even sending 'volunteers' force (in reality entire military unit on loan) to help directely, gaining essential experience in modern warfare.

Italy and Spain had grow diplomatically close during the neutrality in the Great War and there were still numerous link between the two monarchies, so it was decided early to send some army surplus and some aircraft to the forces of the recognized goverment, this move caused a series of protest and not so veiled menace from London and Paris, while such menace never amounted more than hot air, it was enough for poisoning the diplomatic well, especially after an italian merchant ship that transported material in Spain was sunk by a 'pirate submarine' that was never identified. For all the duration and as consequence of the civil war (1936-39) a string of diplomatic and military incidents between the supporter of both side happend, not numerous or big enough to cause a war or even a breack of relations but still enough to sour any previous patnerships.

On the other hand, the Kindom of Italy was far from ready to resume even an informal alliance with his former patner as the humiliation in Berlin was still burning and in the past 20 years between Rome and Wien the situation hardly improved. So at the eve of the next great world conflict, the italian nation again had become the wild card


1 - Basically OTL Lateran Treaty
So I finally got to read all this. Very detailed and interesting to look at. What stuck out the most to me is how you involved Italy in the Spanish Civil War. Before, I had thought little of the war, but some time has passed and I looked into the conflict more. With more knowledge of the conflict now than I did before, I cannot believe that I had completely overlooked Italy’s potential involvement in it. This now greatly interests me.

So, in general, we have the Monarchists on one side, supported by Germany, and the Nationalists on the other side, supported by Britain and France. Italy potentially being a supporter to a faction in this particular war fascinates me. Not only that, but perhaps this civil war in Spain has the potential to be a little more complicated.

In our timeline, the factions in Spain were all united by a common goal, but their interests could very widely. The nationalists all hated the communist/socialist/anarchists that fought the under the banner of the Spanish Republic, but not all of the nationalist factions were receptive of each other.

It will be interesting to see Italy support the monarchists in this war, as well seeing informal volunteers flock to Spain.
 
ITALY AND THE GREAT WARS




Some round of waltzer
(part 2)




The internal political scene of Italy in the 20's and early 30's was dominated by the Democristian- Nationalist-Liberal alliance, a moderate right and conservatice coalition (at least in theory, as many of the Liberal remnant and a lot of nationalist were very favorable to a much less democratic form of goverment, for both ideological motive and for fear of the growing socialist party) that for some destiny irony governed Italy during this time of social change and economic grown and transformation.

A natural conservative nation Italy also avoided the massive loss of blood and tresure caused by the Great War and so many in the upper echelon of the society believed that all the troublesome change happening in the rest of the continent will never occured in the Belpaese...they were badly mistaken as the massive industrialization due to the necessity to supply both side of material and the nationalist fever unleashed by the mistreatment at Berlin drastically changed the italian political and social landscape.

Gone were the Liberal from their dominant position and now a pale shadow of their former self, they were forced in a coalition with the democratic christian (the relative majority party) and the PNI (Partito Nazionalista Italiano) and with this alliance the first big price to pay was quickly demanded as in 1926, the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See finally signed an agreement to resolve, after more than 50 years, the Roman Question, the so called Concordance of Villa Madama. (1).

Even with all the previous opening to the catholic, it was an enourmous departure from their previous stance regarding the Church, especially because for many such treaty was too generous towards the Pope but it was not the only 'price'...as more and more the state was involved in both the economy and the normal life of the citizens, a clear contrast with the traditional lasseiz-faire attitude of the Liberal Party but by now they were in clear minority and both their allies were enthusiastic supporter of a greater role of the goverment in the economic life of the nation, especially after the start of the Great Depression.

On the other hand, the ongoing finance and logistical support to any rebel group present and operating in the Hapsburg Empire was a move that found support on all the political spectrum except for some groups among the democratic cristian that found the idea to support enemies of a fellow christian nation disgusting but they were the minority in the party; and in general the relations between the two former allies were many times just a hair distant from litteraly exploding




During this period in all the nation of the Entente, extremist and revanchist party took power, with the normal democratic freedom quietly or much less quietly becoming a thing of the past as many of the new ruler believed that was such weakness that had make their nation lose the Great War. Around the same time in Italy, Benito Mussolini recently become the secretary of the PNI and the rising star of the italian politics, a great admirer of Jake Featherson, Mosley and Charles XI he attempted to replicate the same tattic and method, unfortunely for him not only he previously alienated with this abrasive and bombastic personality his allies but quickly discovered that trying the same method against much more stable institution was much more difficult




The final nail on Mussolini anspiration come with the result of the 1935 legislative election, when his party and the rest of the long standing coalition was defeated by the PSI lead alliance of leftist parties and with this long overdue change of goverment a radical shift on foreign policy happened.




The new coalition, at least in the beginning, slowly and quietly start to increase the distance between Italy and the rest of the Entente, especially after the increasing authoritarians measure took by their goverment, not considering the growing tension between them and the Alliance but the event that greatly increase the speed of such process was the Spanish Civil War.

Spain while neutral during the war like Italy was much much less succesfull in resolve succesfully and peacefully the rising social, political and economic problem, the latter exacerbated by the effect of the Great Depression and by the increasily authoritarian rule of the King backed by a strange allaince of socialist, monarchist and conservative. In February 1936 an attempt to arrest the leadership of the Nationalist Party leaderships before their attemp at the so called 'March on Madrid' backfire beyond any anticipation as not only the bulk of them escpaped but it was also the signal for the nationalist armed squad to rise up and so, the Spanish Civil War started as a failed attempt to stop such event. While Germany support for the monarchist was lucklustre and many time just a second thought, the Anglo-French give to Sanjuro's force everything they needed and even more, even sending 'volunteers' force (in reality entire military unit on loan) to help directely, gaining essential experience in modern warfare.

Italy and Spain had grow diplomatically close during the neutrality in the Great War and there were still numerous link between the two monarchies, so it was decided early to send some army surplus and some aircraft to the forces of the recognized goverment, this move caused a series of protest and not so veiled menace from London and Paris, while such menace never amounted more than hot air, it was enough for poisoning the diplomatic well, especially after an italian merchant ship that transported material in Spain was sunk by a 'pirate submarine' that was never identified. For all the duration and as consequence of the civil war (1936-39) a string of diplomatic and military incidents between the supporter of both side happend, not numerous or big enough to cause a war or even a breack of relations but still enough to sour any previous patnerships.

On the other hand, the Kindom of Italy was far from ready to resume even an informal alliance with his former patner as the humiliation in Berlin was still burning and in the past 20 years between Rome and Wien the situation hardly improved. So at the eve of the next great world conflict, the italian nation again had become the wild card


1 - Basically OTL Lateran Treaty
If the relations between Spain and Italy are close here, I’m wondering what that translates to in terms of how much Italy is willing to support them. If the Germans only half heartedly support them, does that mean Italy steps in early on to supply the monarchists with arms and volunteers?

Also, there is the issue of the Carlist faction, either as a reluctant supporter of the monarchist faction, or perhaps even siding with the nationalists since they support a different claimant to the Spanish throne.
 
If the relations between Spain and Italy are close here, I’m wondering what that translates to in terms of how much Italy is willing to support them. If the Germans only half heartedly support them, does that mean Italy steps in early on to supply the monarchists with arms and volunteers?

Also, there is the issue of the Carlist faction, either as a reluctant supporter of the monarchist faction, or perhaps even siding with the nationalists since they support a different claimant to the Spanish throne.

Well, one must take in consideration that Italy is not that rich country (even if in this timeline is much more richer due to the lack of war) and ITTL is a democracy so the level of OTL help is out of the question as it was an enormous expenditure for the italian treasure, plus one must also consider the diplomatic situation, for now Italy is somewhat isolated diplomatically as both side really are not very like and the series of incidents have caused a rising of the tension so any government in Rome will want to keep the situation from becoming a war; so help will be limited to surplus weapons and equipment and permitting volunteers to go to fight (probably even sending observers to see the fights) and allowing pro-monarchist propaganda*. Hell Rome can become the seat of exile of the king and there is the question of the Spanish gold reserve (the greatest of the world in OTL), originally bring in Moscow to safety and used to finance the war...with Stalin charging exorbitant price for the supply and for merely keeping the gold there, so much that in the end he basically owned all that gold (that greatly helped the URSS economy). ITTL, the option are:
- the monarchist (as expy of the republicans) take control of it sending in Italy or Germany...frankly if Regia Marina is ok in sending escorts Italy is the safest place as attacking italian ships openly mean war.
- the nationalist take control of it, sending it to France or UK (easier to do) and the entente government do as OTL Stalin so to finance their rearmament or simply take it in custody, getting rewarded by Spain as OTL Germany with control of the spanish strategic resources also vital for their rearmament.

Regarding the Carlist i see them as very reluctant supporter of the monarchist, but only after trying to go alone and pretty much found themself too much outgunned in the conflict that a (very shaky) alliance was the only choice

So I finally got to read all this. Very detailed and interesting to look at. What stuck out the most to me is how you involved Italy in the Spanish Civil War. Before, I had thought little of the war, but some time has passed and I looked into the conflict more. With more knowledge of the conflict now than I did before, I cannot believe that I had completely overlooked Italy’s potential involvement in it. This now greatly interests me.

So, in general, we have the Monarchists on one side, supported by Germany, and the Nationalists on the other side, supported by Britain and France. Italy potentially being a supporter to a faction in this particular war fascinates me. Not only that, but perhaps this civil war in Spain has the potential to be a little more complicated.

In our timeline, the factions in Spain were all united by a common goal, but their interests could very widely. The nationalists all hated the communist/socialist/anarchists that fought the under the banner of the Spanish Republic, but not all of the nationalist factions were receptive of each other.

It will be interesting to see Italy support the monarchists in this war, as well seeing informal volunteers flock to Spain.

Well i see the monarchist faction as an hodgepodge of faction with only their hate of the nationalist in common...and this is also a big reason for their defeat, and so difficult to coordinate until is too late. As said above, Carlist probably tried to go alone in the beginning to be the third faction and to use the chaos to claim the throne as rightfully theirs, unfortunately they are too few and with too little resources to do that and after some nasty wake up they reluctantly join the monarchist...but is a blessing in disguise for the nationalist as they hardly work really together with the others.

*Probably on the level of OTL Mexico, they supplied money (around 2 millions of $), weapons and give a lot of diplomatic help and shelters for around 50.000 refugee and around 300 million of $ in what left of the Republican treasure. ITTL we can also add volunteers and heavy equipment (most probably old or surplus) to the list of the help sent.
 
Well, one must take in consideration that Italy is not that rich country (even if in this timeline is much more richer due to the lack of war) and ITTL is a democracy so the level of OTL help is out of the question as it was an enormous expenditure for the italian treasure, plus one must also consider the diplomatic situation, for now Italy is somewhat isolated diplomatically as both side really are not very like and the series of incidents have caused a rising of the tension so any government in Rome will want to keep the situation from becoming a war; so help will be limited to surplus weapons and equipment and permitting volunteers to go to fight (probably even sending observers to see the fights) and allowing pro-monarchist propaganda*.

So Italy, like Germany, would not be actively helping the monarchists, not to the same extent as the British or French. Well, that figures. Turtledove essentially set this particular conflict up as a reversal of things in terms of who is supporting who.

And to be honest without Mussolini in charge the Italian government does not see a great desire to be more involved, especially if it’s a more democratically elected government. I suppose in that regard you are right. Why send your own troops into a civil war that is quickly turning into a proxy war that would sour your relations with unfriendly countries even further? The Italian government would really only send them older guns and heavier equipment. Mmmaybe a tank or two, like the smaller CV33s.

However, in terms of volunteers, I think things could be a little different and potentially more complicated for Italians wanting to join the war. Mussolini is not dead in this timeline, but rather not the prime minister of Italy. There may be extremist elements within Italy that would volunteer to fight in Spain on the Nationalist side, as well as people who would fight on the monarchist side. Personally, I also feel like that there would be a socialist/anarchist movement that would rise up in this conflict too, just like in our timeline. An attempt at finally establishing a “red” country in Europe. The many problems in Spain during this time, I feel, would almost certainly foster these kinds of movements. Plus, Alfonso wasn’t that popular a king in Spain among the average people - some of the army and Spanish generals might support him, and the clergy might see him as their best advocate for preserving their power, but I doubt many of the common people would support him. This would leave the monarchist faction in a very bad position and potentially desperate for foreign volunteers. This also goes for volunteers that decide to fight with any “red” factions that might be around. If I’m not mistaken, even in a timeline where Italy is more Democratic, there would also still be people with socialist/“communist” leanings. Therefore, they might see Spain as a prime target to spread their ideology.
 
Well it's also probable that permitting volunteers to reach Spain mean also identify and hopefully get rid of the extremist on both side of the political spectrum. Regarding socialist/communist leaning...well even before the OTL war, the PSI (Partito Socialista Italiano) was growing very fast and it's very probable that without the October Revolution in Russia, the division between Minimalist (moderate socialist, what we call now social-democrat) and the maximalist (hardliners that later become the PCI) will happen later but i expect the maximalist to be a relative minority without the Russian success and with Italy neutral. Basically at the start of the spanish civil war the PSI lead a center-left government coalition, so make the most (potentially) problematic right wing extremist go to fight in a foreign land will be considered a good thing, same reasoning will be applied to the maximalist.
Once the survivor get back home, i expect that many will remain under surveillance and at some will even be forbidden to return in Italy; for the same reason you spill out as many will fear that during the fight a lot of them were further radicalizated.
 
Well it's also probable that permitting volunteers to reach Spain mean also identify and hopefully get rid of the extremist on both side of the political spectrum. Regarding socialist/communist leaning...well even before the OTL war, the PSI (Partito Socialista Italiano) was growing very fast and it's very probable that without the October Revolution in Russia, the division between Minimalist (moderate socialist, what we call now social-democrat) and the maximalist (hardliners that later become the PCI) will happen later but i expect the maximalist to be a relative minority without the Russian success and with Italy neutral. Basically at the start of the spanish civil war the PSI lead a center-left government coalition, so make the most (potentially) problematic right wing extremist go to fight in a foreign land will be considered a good thing, same reasoning will be applied to the maximalist.
Once the survivor get back home, i expect that many will remain under surveillance and at some will even be forbidden to return in Italy; for the same reason you spill out as many will fear that during the fight a lot of them were further radicalizated.

This reminds me of what happened to some European volunteers that fought in Spain in our timeline. I believe that some Dutch citizens that fought for the Republicans obtained honorary citizenship in Spain, but were treated with suspicion when they went home due to many militia groups having communist ties, making it hard for them to reintegrate into society. And of course when WW2 started, they lost homes when the Germans invaded.

Either way, Spain may see an influx of volunteers from Italy, with fighters from across the appropriate political spectrum fighting to preserve the kingdom... or fighting to spread the red revolution.
 
Hell Rome can become the seat of exile of the king and there is the question of the Spanish gold reserve (the greatest of the world in OTL), originally bring in Moscow to safety and used to finance the war...with Stalin charging exorbitant price for the supply and for merely keeping the gold there, so much that in the end he basically owned all that gold (that greatly helped the URSS economy).

Oooh, well, that would be incredibly amusing to see happen. And since this an Italian-centric thread of course the Italian government should get the gold XP

And let’s say if they do get the gold. The Italian government in this case could be like Stalin in the sense that they take in the gold from Spain and keep it. That’s big change for them. The Regia Marina coming in to ship the gold away to Italy and keeping it even after the Monarchy in Spain falls to the Nationalists.

ITTL, the option are:
- the monarchist (as expy of the republicans) take control of it sending in Italy or Germany...frankly if Regia Marina is ok in sending escorts Italy is the safest place as attacking italian ships openly mean war.

I will of course indulge in this idea and say that the Italians get the gold instead of the Germans or the Nationalists XP

This idea could be really fun. And it’s likely one way for Italy in this timeline to be more actively involved in world events to some degree. And if the Italian government is up to the task, then so is the Regia Marina.

- the nationalist take control of it, sending it to France or UK (easier to do) and the entente government do as OTL Stalin so to finance their rearmament or simply take it in custody, getting rewarded by Spain as OTL Germany with control of the spanish strategic resources also vital.

This could also be a second possibility. After all if what you say is true, then this gold could greatly help any of the major players that take it in. Of course I am more in favor of the Italians getting the gold. Being a neutral party in all this, it would greatly upset both the Entente and the Germans, kind of like a big slap in the face.

“How dare you take the gold that we were going to take!” They would say.
 
Regarding the Carlist i see them as very reluctant supporter of the monarchist, but only after trying to go alone and pretty much found themself too much outgunned in the conflict that a (very shaky) alliance was the only choice

Yes, indeed. The Carlists are a peculiar faction in the Spanish Civil War. And their history of rebellion in Spain dates back to the 1800s, with three wars attributed to them rising up and attempting to put Don Carlos’ descendants on the throne. They’re essentially the Jacobites of Spain.

While their ideology and goals are more aligned with the broader Monarchist cause, I don’t foresee them being cooperative. In fact, I too see them as more of a smaller independent faction in the civil war. They were incredibly conservative, intensely traditionalist, and a highly Catholic faction. While on the surface that might mean they side with the Alfonsoists (the primary “Monarchist faction”), their ultimate goal of seeing another Spanish monarch on the throne may mean that they initially oppose them. Fervent and committed fighters the Carlists might be, without meaningful foreign support the will be defeated. It would have to take the Nationalists advancing on all fronts to force the Carlists and Alfonsists to cooperate. In the end, it would be too late.

In this regard, it makes Italian support in Spain somewhat complicated since there are two Monarchist factions in Spain. I don’t recall the Carlists taking in foreign volunteers though. And despite being a very Catholic oriented faction, I don’t believe the Pope in Rome would support them. I’m very unsure on that matter. It would have to depend on who is Pope at the time.
 
Well i see the monarchist faction as an hodgepodge of faction with only their hate of the nationalist in common...and this is also a big reason for their defeat, and so difficult to coordinate until is too late. As said above, Carlist probably tried to go alone in the beginning to be the third faction and to use the chaos to claim the throne as rightfully theirs, unfortunately they are too few and with too little resources to do that and after some nasty wake up they reluctantly join the monarchist...but is a blessing in disguise for the nationalist as they hardly work really together with the others.

Yes. After thinking about it more, the “Monarchist” faction in Spain is ultimately not able to effectively unite the many factions under its banner. This would potentially include staunch Alfonsists monarchists, Catholic groups that don’t side with the Nationalists, and potentially any liberal Democratic factions that still see the monarchy as important to their institutions. One of the big issues for them however is that they might lack broad support from the people. Not only that but the army, a highly conservative and traditionalist institution in Spain, might be even more divided over who to support.

Again this is where I foresee left-leaning and “red” factions still rising up. The monarchists lack the fervent support of the people, but many might not be supportive of the nationalists either. And so we get socialist and anarchist factions popping as independent factions.

Part of the reason the Civil War in Spain might drag on in this timeline is that the Nationalist take their time in exploiting the weaknesses of the other factions lack of cooperation.

Italian volunteers of all political sides flock to the conflict. The Italian government supports the Alfonsists, but this is made complicated by just how much of a mess the war is.
 
Top