Note: for the 18th century conflict waged by the early United States against Great Britain, see American War of Independence
The
American Revolutionary War (15 December 1919 - 8 October 1924) was a civil war waged primarily within the territory of the old
continental United States between the communist
Red Army (also called 'Spartacists', and by their enemies 'reds' and 'wobblies) and the
National Army (also called 'loyalists', and by their enemies 'whites' and 'blacklegs') loyal to the rump United States government.
The origins of the war lay in long-simmering class, regional, and racial tensions stemming from the increasing immiseration of large sections of the United States, especially among working class, non-white, and immigrant populations. In the later years of the 19th century, industry and manufacturing became ever-more concentrated in a small number of great
cartels, organized through the
National Association of Manufacturers. The result was a vast gap between wealthy and poor and building labor unrest which spiked with the
Rising of '94, tensions worsened in
1904, when
Henry Clay Frick ascended to the presidency on an anti-union, anti-socialist platform, after a heavily contested election in which he and the socialist candidate,
Clarence Darrow came within a few thousand votes of one another. The election was thrown to the
House of Representatives, which elected Frick
. He governed in increasingly autocratic style, packing congress with members of his
Law and Justice Party, suppressing strikes and protests with the use of federal troops, and and ultimately suspending national elections of from
1910 through
1918. In 1910 he brought the country into the
Great War with the
American invasion of Mexico.
By 1918, the country had entered a severe recession, and the war was deeply unpopular. The
collapse of the Russian front inspired mass protest in many belligerent nations, and in the
United States 'peace and free elections' became the watchword of demonstrators and dissidents. Hoping to defuse tensions, Frick agreed to hold
provisional congressional elections in the fall of 1919. The government had expected to emerge with at least a plurality, but the vote returned almost 70% for oppositional parties. When the
Frick government attempted to prevent the seating of the
62nd congress, a number of strikes and armed revolts broke out across the nation, and were typically suppressed by federal troops. This is generally marked as the start of the war.
The disorganized insurgency against Frick's increasingly dictatorial regime soon coalesced behind the long-illegal but increasingly popular
Industrial Workers of the World under long-time revolutionary
William Haywood and the associated
American Workingman's Social Democratic Party, whose prestige was greatly enhanced by association with the recent
Russian Revolution and
Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks. The rebels rapidly seized large swathes of the country, largely concentrated in the northern
industrial belt, the
midwest, and large urban centers.
The revolutionaries proclaimed an
American Federative Soviet Republic in early 1920, and soon affiliated with
Soviet Russia to form the
International Federation of Soviet Republics. Meanwhile, the Frick regime formed a '
Government of National Union' which sought to concentrate all anti-communist parties and associations under the president's leadership.
Besides the two primary combatants, a number of secessionist and nationalist used the opportunities presented by the chaos of the war to assert independence from any central government.
The course of the war initially favored the National forces, which were professionally and materially far superior to that of the Reds. However, as Europe was engulfed in its
own wave of revolutions and Franco-British support to Frick began to dry up, the tide turned in favor of the IFSR. Over the course of five years, the IFSR, which by now controlled all the major industrial centers of the country, and also large areas of the agriculturally critical midwest, strangled the Nationals in a war of attrition. In 1923, the Red Army captured New Orleans, cutting off the primary artery through which the Allies funneled arms and other matériel to Frick. The war is generally considered to have ended in October of 1924, when National general
Douglas MacArthur surrendered to
Ernest Hemingway at Pittsburgh. Many supporters of the Nationals fled the country, while those who stayed found themselves imprisoned or executed by the victorious Reds. However,
guerrilla actions and sabotage continued for nearly a decade afterwards, primarily staged from
Canada and
Mexico.
The war is notable for the extreme brutality and terror employed by both sides, which left anywhere from an estimated 300,000 to 1,000,000 dead. The National government's
white terror was primarily directed against known communists, organized labor, blacks, and recent immigrants suspected of radical sympathies. The
red terror targeted property owners, pre-war policemen and military officers, government officials, and sometimes rival left-wing groups.
The American Revolutionary War and the concurrent
Russian conflict, along with the European revolutions unfolding at the same time, are sometimes considered various theaters of a single '
International Civil War'. This interpretation is especially common in official soviet historiography. Indeed, the forces fighting in America and in Russia were technically under the unified command of the IFSR
, and
de jure part of the same
Red Army. Global conditions prevented any but the broadest coordination between the leaders of the RSFSR and AFSR, but the precedent set for cooperation between the IFSR's various republics would be built upon in the inter-war years.
The end of the conflict found the
IFSR a pariah state, thanks to its sponsorship of revolutionary movements in Europe, and its openly declared aim to 'overthrow world capitalism and liberate all colonial and semi-colonial peoples of the earth'. The next two decades would see a low-intensity
Cold War between the
IFSR and a growing coalition of European states headed by the
United Kingdom (later also by
France and
Nazi Germany) which consisted primarily of proxy conflicts in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and finally culminated in the eruption of the
Second Great War in 1942.