Out of the 4.6 billion alternate Earths that our future technology has the capacity to identify, we have charted only 10,000 by far. One of them, #9, is particular in that that AU has not one alternate Earth, but
nine. All of them orbit three K-type main sequence stars, or "orange dwarves", which puts them at an advantage over if they are orbiting three yellow suns because, as Wikpedia puts it,
they emit enough
radiation in the non-
UV ray spectrum[1] to provide a temperature that allows liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet; they also remain stable in the main phase longer than the Sun,
[2] allowing more time for
life to form on a planet around a K-type main-sequence star.
[3] The planet's habitable zone, ranging from 0.1–0.4 to 0.3–1.3
astronomical units (AU),
[4] depending on the size of the star, is often far enough from the star so as not to be
tidally locked to the star, and to have a sufficiently low solar flare activity not to be lethal to life. In comparison, red dwarf stars have too much solar activity and quickly tidally lock the planets in their habitable zones, making them less suitable for life. The odds of intelligent life arising may be better on planets around K-type main-sequence stars than around Sun-like stars, given the extra time available for it to evolve.[
citation needed] Few planets thus far have been found around K-type main-sequence stars, but those that have are potential candidates for extraterrestrial life.
[2]
All of "The Nine Earths", as they end up being called, have only microbial life, but all of them are still candidates for terraforming. Since there are nine Earths, all of which orbit three stars, they have been given Norse names--Niflheim, Muspelheim, Asgard, Midgard, Jotunheim, Vanaheim, Alfhiem, Svartalfheim and Helheim--and the three stars themselves have been called Ve, Vili and, at the center of it all, Odin. However, some of them pose particular questions before we can actually explore the terraforming process:
Muspelheim
The first of the Nine Earths, Muspelheim is 13,539 miles in diameter and six times as massive as Earth. There are only trace amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere. Instead, the majority of its atmosphere is a combination of carbon dioxide and methane. There is still liquid water, but the ocean system is just
Grand Prismatic Spring on a global macrocosm. Obviously inhospitable to complex life, so we've decided to start off the colonization process with cyanobacteria, single-celled organisms that absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a waste product.
But could cyanobacteria even thrive on such a planet?
Alfhiem and Svartalfheim
Alfhiem and Svartalfhiem spin around each other at such a distance that they are not tidally locked. Both spin at a rotation of 36 hours, but Alfhiem has 30 hours of that rotation being daylight and Svartalfhiem has only six hours of that rotation being daylight. What makes this really odd is that these daylight lengths are apparent in the equator.
Is this sort of axial tilt possible?
Jotunheim
This is the largest of the Nine Earths, four times the width and 12 times the mass of our Earth. How would the size of the planet affect its gravity?