Keynes' Cruisers Volume 2

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There was a far greater requirement for men to be retained in industry during WW2 given the far greater use of heavy equipment and aircraft etc that was supplying the Imperial forces plus allied units compared to WW1 and this partially reinforced by lessons learned in WW1 when the rush to volunteer had a detremental impact on some of those vital industries ability to support the then war effort.

If you were a skilled worker (known as a reserved occupation) that was deemed vital for the war effort then you could neither volunteer nor be called up.

In the end so great was the demand for coal miners for example that a significant % of those called up became coal miners! Grey cells are telling me this was 10%!

I was once informed (???) that one of the reasons why the commando units were so good was because they were partially made up of men who came from reserved occupations as the rules against them volunteering did not extend to the Commandos.

Also as mentioned the RAF was a vast orginisation - a Bomber Squadron with its ground support 'slice' of personnel had nearly as many men as an Infantry battalions personnel 'Slice' of personnel.

And while there were RAAF, RSAAF, RNZAF Squadrons under the RAF Umbreller while efforts were made to have their personnel 'slice' from that nation - in practice it very rarely got to 50%

Then there was the navy - again far larger than in WW1 what with many hundreds of escort vessels and the personel necesary to support them plus the Merchant navy

Then there was the 'British' men that were in the Indian Army units - many (not all) of the Indian infantry Brigades had 1 British Battalion of the their 3 Infantry Battalions many of the Indian Army units officers and Specialists would have been British as well.

And this would have been the same for many of the other 'non dominion' Commonwealth divisions such as the 2 West African Divisions.

The link below is mainly about post D-Day manpower shortages but it covers a lot of what's already been mentioned such as the RAF, industry and the effect of Special Forces.

What surprised me most was Anti-Aircraft Command, which was kept more or less at full strength until the end of the V-1 raids.

https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en...44(c0538689-2c5f-4f46-bb37-44e40ea47486).html
 
From memory, part of the British manpower issue higher than expected infantry casualties in combat after D-Day, meaning that the pool of men allocated as infantry replacements was burnt through faster thane expected, causing some divisions to be broken up instead of requesting additional men from industry and the other arms.
 
The link below is mainly about post D-Day manpower shortages but it covers a lot of what's already been mentioned such as the RAF, industry and the effect of Special Forces.

What surprised me most was Anti-Aircraft Command, which was kept more or less at full strength until the end of the V-1 raids.

https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en...44(c0538689-2c5f-4f46-bb37-44e40ea47486).html

If you consider the angst that was expended during the 30s regarding bombing of cities etc and this expected to be far more awful than it actually was (and it was pretty damned awful anyway) then it is no surprise that there were so many AAA units

Towards the end of the ETO war some British units were disbanded - for example 50th TT Division with the longest serving members actually being demobbed - the next longer turned into a training cadre to train Royal Artillery troops into Infantry replacements and those with the least tenure were used as replacement troops or garrison troops.
 
As someone who is (slowly) putting together a timeline for this site I appreciate all the advice given out so far by various posters.

Along with what fester said, the single best piece of advice I can give is to not over think things and let your TL flow. In my TL I joke all of the time that I making it up as I go along but for the most part I am. I let the TL take me in the directions it wants to go.

Also, listen to the good advice you get from the smart people on this forum. Yes this forum has a few trolls who may try to derail your TL but you will recognize them quickly and feel free to ignore. However, this forum also has a lot of really smart and well informed people who will make you think of things you never thought of. Listen to what they have to say, your TL will be better for it.
 
Story 2015
Leningrad, May 1, 1943

There had been weeks when she had not fired a shot. She crawled, she compressed, she waited and she watched. This was not one of those weeks.

Off to the south, the ground shook. Her veteran ear and her veteran fingers felt the air rent and the ground rumble. A tank army was slamming into a German panzer division. An artillery division was firing a week’s worth of shells in a morning. The German siege lines were being pressured by a potential relieving force. Already, at least one infantry battalion had been pulled back. Now she was waiting for the lines to thin out, and reserves to make themselves visible.

Seven hundred meters away, a German captain swore. His company needed to expand their position to cover the left flank of the regiment. They were already on the edge of responsibility and had been loosely linked to the next regiment to the north. Now his frontage was being doubled as the bordering regiment was being pulled back into reserve to replace a regiment in reserve that was countering the current Red Army thrust. The division was sending a battle group from their reserves to fill the gap, but he needed to move. He looked at his men and closed his eyes for a moment as he took in the readiness of each of sub-officers. Heinrich and his men could move from reserve to the new positions.

She watched the segment of the trenches and strong points. Here and there elements of helmets came over the dirt lips before re-submerging. A private was not worth a shot, at least not now. In the middle of battle, a machine gunner could be worth her exposure. She waited as her spotter cataloged the moments.

And then there was movement. A helmet popped up at the end of a communication trench. And then another, and another. Almost forty men were soon movement, dashing from cover to cover. The officer in charge was in front and alert. He had to be the target instead of the under-officers. The incompetent, young, and glory seeking officers weren’t her priority targets, they could be far more effective at getting their units killed if they lived. She brought the rifle to readiness and then waited for the wind to steady. Soon he would enter the sight picture, and she had to guess where he would be as he stopped and staggered in an anti-sniper weave. Finally, she was sure, and then her fingers took on a life of their own as the trigger went past the action point and a bullet left the barrel of her rifle.

Tatianna could not look, she did not look. Instead she was crawling to a new position. A few seconds later, a machine gun started to fire. The string of German bullets was tightly clustered and close enough, twenty yards to the right and thirty yards short, to keep her moving. Mortars would soon be seeking her out.
 
Bevin Boys wouldn't have got any recognition but men who ended up in the forces wouldn't have got anything other than whatever medals they might have earned. There was no equivalents of the GI Program that I've ever heard of for British forces so the only thing they really missed out on would have been the right to return to their old jobs which men called up for the forces had.

After the war there was an expansion of the UK university system which meant more service personnel had the opportunity to attend University and there was increased state funding. I think this was proposed in the 1944 Education Act.
 

SwampTiger

Banned
Long range shooting took off as a sport after the ACW with black powder weapons. A standard extreme range was 1000 yards. Don't doubt without research.

Remember sharpshooter came from the Sharps rifle.
 
Seven hundred meters? That's a hell of a shot if she hit anything.
It is a hell of a shot --- but within the mechanical accuracy of both the Mosin-Nagant (at the edge of possible) and Tokorev M1940 (well within range)

And we don't know if she hit her target. She is displacing from the expected and very competent counter-sniper reaction.
 
After the war there was an expansion of the UK university system which meant more service personnel had the opportunity to attend University and there was increased state funding. I think this was proposed in the 1944 Education Act.

True but as far as I'm aware (I'm more than willing to be corrected because I'm certainly no expert on the 1940s university system in the UK) there was none of the financial assistance that came with the GI Bill (which included things like cheap mortgages and business loans along with the education benefits) so a serviceman leaving the forces would have had his demob suit, whatever back pay he'd been due and a vague promise they'd get their old job back if the company still existed so for many (especially those with a family) university would have been completely out of the question financially.
 
Seven hundred meters away
Seven hundred meters? That's a hell of a shot if she hit anything.
That is probably outside the mechanical accuracy of the rifle. WW2 sniping rifles were better than service rifles but not that much better.
It is a hell of a shot --- but within the mechanical accuracy of both the Mosin-Nagant (at the edge of possible) and Tokorev M1940 (well within range)

And we don't know if she hit her target. She is displacing from the expected and very competent counter-sniper reaction.
Some feats recorded in Avenging Angels, op cit:

- Anya Mulatova & Tanya Pegeshova got hits (a kill and a WIA) near Orsha in March '44 at about 600 metres. (p104-106)
- "...on 28 January 1945 [Lida Bakieva] crawled out on to no-man's land. The Germans were about 600 metres away, too far for targeted shooting. She went another 50 metres...she saw a German in a peaked cap, an officer. After she shot he sank down..."(p197-98)

Also:
p117:... "a German sniper, using dumdum bullets (which were designed to explode inside the body of the victim - the girls used this ammunition themselves)

The book's very good, and very honest. But there's little about distances involved, though the Moisin-Nagant with scope was certainly capable of killing at 700 metres in the hands of a competent woman, or even a man.

Found a decent piece on the NRA site: extract below -
Generally, the Mosin-Nagant, when used by a competent sniper, was capable of accurate shooting at 800 or more meters. Peneshsky said he was not up to the standard of the great snipers, but he was able to make head shots at 200 meters and guarantee a body shot, given favorable weather conditions, at 500 meters.

More info:
Up to 1943, Soviet infantry was primarily armed with the bolt-action 1891/1930 Mosin-Nagant rifle with iron sights. It was accurate to 400 meters. The scoped Mosin-Nagant sniper rifle was accurate to 800 meters.
Source
 
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That is probably outside the mechanical accuracy of the rifle. WW2 sniping rifles were better than service rifles but not that much better.

Having had more than one M N rifle if you were to have a competent gunsmith work the rifle over, or in this case depot or manufactures shop, it can be really accurate. Remember there is the off the shelf weapon and then there is the tuned weapon. Evan a K98 or 06 Springfield might be only good to 4 or 500 meters, but work it over you could do 1k with the right scope. Remember this is specialty weapon in her hands.
 
Most of the WW2 rifles were around 4MOA with I know for a fact the British No4 snipers were 2.5 MOA and though I don't have the figures to hand the good Mosin Snipers were in that ball park too. Also Germany didn't seem to take snipers seriously until too late in the war as they generally just mounted scopes to rifles without seriously trying to find inheritly accurate K98Ks.
 
Most of the WW2 rifles were around 4MOA with I know for a fact the British No4 snipers were 2.5 MOA and though I don't have the figures to hand the good Mosin Snipers were in that ball park too. Also Germany didn't seem to take snipers seriously until too late in the war as they generally just mounted scopes to rifles without seriously trying to find inheritly accurate K98Ks.

Their criteria was finding Karabiner 98ks that were exceptionally accurate during factory testing, then slapping a scope on them and issuing them to snipers. Generally they weren't one for making dedicated sniper variants of their service rifles.
 
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