Kaiserreich: Legacy of the Weltkrieg

I've been working on a submod, actually, which also has a dynamic civil war. The idea right now is that there will be a decision for MacArthur to take over and suspend the elections, and then depending on the choices he (the player) makes in the following weeks, you could avoid the ACW as him, have only the AUS or the CSA revolt but not both, or even have CSA or AUS take over completely without a war.
I think if MacArthur suspenses elections the civil war is foregone conclusion. The only thing I could see changing is that the USA will start out even weaker and less legitimate.
 
From what I've seen in recent playthroughs, it's also very possible for the CSA to capture New England before the Canadians come in.

I don't think it really matters whether the CSA is fast enough. I think the only relevant factor is whether Canada decides to seize New England or not.
 
I don't think it really matters whether the CSA is fast enough. I think the only relevant factor is whether Canada decides to seize New England or not.
Wouldn't the occupation of New England following the Syndicalist invasion be an act of war?
 
I think if MacArthur suspenses elections the civil war is foregone conclusion. The only thing I could see changing is that the USA will start out even weaker and less legitimate.

Probably, but I'm doing it that way because it's the only way I don't have to modify any KR files, which means the sub-mod won't be rendered useless whenever they update.
 
Everyone knows that A L F L A N D O N is the best leader for America during the Civil War!

I mean com'on! He's got A.L. as his initials, just like Abe Lincoln!
 
I have a few questions.
1.can the Danubian federation work/happened.
2.who would win in Italy? north or south?
3. what would be the realistic fate of central America?
 
I think that the lack of flavor events detailing Savinkov being a dick, though, is more down to the fact that Russia was made so early. You don't get flavor events for Totalist France or Britain(beyond purges for the Jacobins and Mosley shooting protesters, which is matched by Savinkov's Night of the Long Knives equivalent) but we assume that they're doing horrible things.

Plus, I don't think Savinkov considers all minorities loyal. I agree he wouldn't do something like the Holocaust, but his loyal minorities schtick seems to be more about minorities who as a group were loyal, not individual minorities who were loyal. I doubt that the Poles, Finns, and Baltic Germans would be treated the same as the Ukrainians or Cossacks; the former three would be viewed as German collaborators.

Personally I think Savinkov is like Tojo and the Japanese militarists but without the emperor cult of OTL Japan, with Pelley being the Hitler stand in(especially if you end up with US completely balkanized with California and New England out of the Union after an AUS victory over McDaddy and the Reds and then play as him and try to unify all American white peoples). I make this comparison because like while Savinkov isn't explicitly and vocally genocidal in contrast to Pelley, the way he and his followers justify themselves and the way the game is set up allows for the facilitating of a lot of war crimes, extremely underhanded tactics and nanjing-style atrocities all in the name of their goals along with interpretations of their ideologies by more Pelley-esque elements that worsens said atrocities.
 
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Is the Melbourne Uprising baked into the game now? Literally every game I have played has had the 2nd Melbourne uprising in Australasia and the Guard take over.
 
--A doomed splinter regime taking a stand for democracy but without any serious hope (unless controlled by the player, anyway) to save the disintegrating nation.

Eh for me 9/10 whenever the PSA forms they manage to crush the Feds in the Rockies and holdout until they can get the ceasefire

Is the Melbourne Uprising baked into the game now? Literally every game I have played has had the 2nd Melbourne uprising in Australasia and the Guard take over.

Not but I think it’s been happening more often have to play a few more games though
 
I have a few questions.
1.can the Danubian federation work/happened.
2.who would win in Italy? north or south?
3. what would be the realistic fate of central America?

1. It depends
2. Probably North, North as in the Italian Republic thanks to Austria
3. Either Syndies or Junta depends likely on how Mexico flips
 
1. It depends
2. Probably North, North as in the Italian Republic thanks to Austria
3. Either Syndies or Junta depends likely on how Mexico flips
1. depends on what factors?
2. what would happen to Sicily, papal state and Sardinia?
3.no central American confederation?
 
1. depends on what factors?
2. what would happen to Sicily, papal state and Sardinia?
3.no central American confederation?

How successful austria is at placating the minorities dealing with Hungary etc etc IMO Austria either does down status quo or federation

Sardinia may or may not gain a foothold on Italy courtesy of the National French the rest are probably taken by the RoI via war or referendum

No
 
Führerreich proposed alliances:

Continental Entente-
France (surrounded by a resurgent Germany and an antagonistic Britain decided to fortify their country and maintain a large standing army, imagine a Maginot/Atlantic Wall Line all around the country)
Italy
Armenia
Georgia
Portugal
USA (eventually, towards the end of the war)
Japan
Czechia

Stahlpakt (German-led Alliance)-
Germany
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Spain (after the Falangists win)
United Kingdom (as a Co-Beliigerent, but doesn’t take orders from Berlin, rather tries to preserve their empire and helps fight Entente forces abroad rather than risk landing in Fortress France)
Ottoman Empire
Nationalist China
Slovakia

Comintern-
Trotsky-led USSR
Mongolia
Communist China

So let’s say the war starts in 1938. Germany has annexed Austria (or better yet civil stability collapses as communists and NatPols fight in the streets and the Austrian government invites German soldiers in to provide stability but end up occupying the country and annexing it)

Czechia is conquered and the Sudetenland is annexed while the rest becomes the Czechia Protectorate.

With Italy and France arrayed against them the Germans decide to knock out the weaker power first: Italy. In mid-1939 they blitz through northern Italy, using paratroopers and mountain divisions to secure the borders and the Italian government surrenders while the military and government officials that refused to surrender flees to Libya (possibly led by a socialist Mussolini)

By 1940, to seek revenge for the Kiel Zone the Germans invade and occupy Denmark (also due to Denmark’ position in the Baltic) but don’t invade Norway due to the French aren’t willing to spare the resources and the British are their nominal allies.

The Ottomans retake their territory that was held by the Italians and move into French Syria but face fierce resistance and are stalled. Ottoman forces attack Georgia and Armenia but stall after securing border regions.

The Germans, British and Spanish prepare to attack France, Belgium and Luxembourg but the plans for invasion are canceled after the Soviet Union starts moving massive military forces to the Soviet-Polish border.

So the Germans refocus on the east, the British continue their colonial wars and fighting French forces in Africa and Asia while Canada breaks ties with Britain’s authoritarian government and declares itself the heir of empire. The Canadians support the royal family but detest the government.


Timeline (Rough Draft):

1933- Dressler and the Valkists come to power in a popular coup, decrying that the presidential elections of 1932 were fraudulent and unfair, which an international committee reluctantly agrees was biased against the Valkists. Dressler unites the offices of President and Chancellor into the Office of the Führer. Only Valkist and several right-wing parties are allowed to remain, though the Reichstag is temporarily dissolved.

1934- Internal dissent is crushed and democratic elements are purged, while the Valkists cement their absolute rule. Valkist movements within the Rhineland Confederation, the Kiel Zone and the Sudetenland begin mass protests, propaganda on a massive scale and some minor guerilla Warfare, plaguing Entente Forces.

1935- a referendum is held in the Rhineland as the French see it as an economic blackhole with garrison soldiers dying in their dozens per week and the Rhineland government being massively unpopular since it is viewed as collaborationist. The Rhineland is reunited with the Reich as is the valuable Ruhr Valley. The Reichstag is reinstated but rubber stamps all of Dressler decrees. The various right wing parties are merged into the Valkist Party.

1937- The Danes refuse referendum in Kiel until early 1937 and Kiel rejoins Germany. Britain politically and economically pressures the Danish in doing so.

In early 1938 Austria collapses into anarchy and mass rioting. German soldiers are invited in to restore order but stay and after a “mass popular vote” the Austrians vote to join the stable and orderly Reich.

By August of 1938 Dressler is wanting his homeland of the Sudetenland to be given to Germany but Czechia refuses. This results in an invasion by German, Polish and Slovakian soldiers. Minor border adjustments, mainly the Sudetenland being annexed by the Reich follows.

The Entente and Stahlpakt declare war on each other. The war’s official start day is August 3rd, 1938.

Germany attacks Italy in May of 1939, overrunning the north and securing the country by late July 1939. Due to the geography of Czechia and northern Italy blitzkrieg isn’t as effective as it was in Poland and France as IOTL.

1940- Denmark and Luxembourg are taken by the Germans in two mini-campaigns to secure strategic positions. Plans for the invasion of Fortress Belgium and Fortress France are underway. Meanwhile in North Africa the Free Italians under Mussolini’s nominal leadership manage to hold Libya against British assault from Egypt, while French Forces led by General Charles de Gaulle conquers Spanish Morocco.

In retaliation the Spanish conquer Portugal after weeks of fighting. Portuguese remnant forces flee to French North Africa to assist with the wars there.

1941- Trotsky’s Soviet Union prepares to attack Eastern Europe, causing Romania to join the Stahlpakt in early 1941 after its republic was overthrown in 1939 by National Populists.

Hungary and Greater Serbia join the Stahlpakt in 1940 but joined only due to economic benefits rather than expansionist desires. Both nations agree to supply soldiers to patrol occupied zones rather than fight on the front lines.

Greece and Bulgaria remain stubbornly neutral, though Ottoman insurgents in Greece-held Western Anatolia is bleeding them dry while the official Ottoman government denies involvement despite supporting and supplying the insurgency. The Ottomans cannot take Western Anatolia back due to most of the War effort focused on Georgia, Armenia and French Syria.

April 1941- the Soviets attack Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Poland. Initially successful but takes heavy casualties. Soviet Forces Resch the outskirts of Warsaw.

1942- the German-led Stahlpakt lead a massive counter offensive that pushes deep into Belarus SSR and Ukrainian SSR. Estonia SSR is conquered and a puppet government is installed in all three nations and they join the Stahlpakt. The stalemate on the Western Front continues with air sorties and artillery barrages the only thing of note happening. France and Free Italians begin readying an invasion force to land in italy supplied by the USA who is edging closer and closer to war due to British and German aggression across the Atlantic. Due to Britain being allies, the German surface navy is practically nonexistent, mainly just Uboats and some cruisers and destroyers for the Baltic.

1943- After securing Leningrad, Kiev and Smolensk, the frontline has stagnated with neither side able to deliver a knockout blow.

1944- Soviet soldiers enter Georgia and Armenia to combat the Ottomans. The two Entente countries allow this as they are militarily exhausted after 6 years of war and nearly collapsed. The Soviets begin pushing into eastern Anatolia.

Japan joins the war on the side of the Entente and quickly takes several British territories in Asia, including Hong Kong, Sinapore and Burma. In the UK dissent is rising as nearly a decade of costly colonial wars, and six years of a world war with no end in sight has brought not peace but more suffering and death as well, alongside massive economic costs. In an election the ruling right wingers are voted out and a more center/left leaning government comes to power. The British sever political and economic ties with the Stahlpakt and begin to lean more Entente. This gives France a huge reprieve as they are now able to trade much more
Easily and often with the US and now even Britain.

Dressler Orders the U-boats to go to unrestricted warfare to slow the flow of supplies reaching France. Britain is neutral but supports the Entente.

A U-boat sinks an American cruise ship thinking it was a merchant vessel. This brings the US into the war on the side of the Entente.

Dressler, realizing he is soon to face another major world power, orders a massive military campaign to be conducted in the east to knock out the Soviets so he can focus on the French, Americans and possibly British.

July 20th, 1944- Fall Vorschlaghammer (Operation Sledgehammer) is launched. It breaks the stalemate on the Eastern Front with the German Army alongside its allies pushing deep into western Russia, reaching the outskirts of Moscow by November and beginning urban warfare within the Soviet capital. Crimea is taken by the Stahlpakt and Soviet supply ships in the Black Sea are bombed bu Stahlpakt air Forces.

May 7th, 1945- a massive American/Portuguese/French force invade Spain and within two months have defeated Falangist Spain. Portugal is liberated as well.

Free Italian, French and American Forces Land in Sicily in mid-1945. Half of the Italian peninsula is liberated by the end of 1945.

By 1946 the Germans are forced to withdraw from Moscow due to overextended supply lines and heavy casualties suffered. Through 1946 there are just consistent losses for the Stahlpakt. The Ottomans are overrun by the Soviets and by the Greeks (who finally joined the Entente). The Germans are slowly being pushed up farther north in Italy and bombings of German cities are happening every other day. The Stahlpakt has been pushed to their pre-war borders in the east. Belarus and the Ukraine are retaken by the Soviets.

By 1947 the Entente lands in Denmark and parts of northern Germany. By September of 1947 Berlin is captured by the Entente as is much of northern Germany. The Entente and Soviets meet together in Warsaw.

So There is no Easy Germany/West Germany, but rather an East Poland/West Poland. Lithuania and Latvia are taken by the Soviets, as is Romania but Czechia, Slovakia, Germany, and Hungary are Entente-dominated. Greece and Bulgaria are Entente and the Ottoman Empire is dismantled and the People’s Republic of Turkey is established. Georgia and Armenia become Soviet republics.

In Asia the Japanese solidify their control of the Chinese Coast but are unable to take the rest of the mainland. North China (Communist) and South China (Nationalist) exist as recognized nations. The Japanese add Burma as a colony and Hong Kong and Singapore become military bases.

Dressler is arrested in his offices in Berlin. He gave himself up after speaking to the German people to lay down their arms, that the war was over. The war officially ended with Dressler signing the treaty on December 7th, 1947. The war had lasted nearly 9 and a half years.

In prison Dressler defends his case and Valkism but is found guilty and is executed. He unflinchingly walked before the firing squad, unafraid and undaunted.

Göring kills himself similar to OTL, while Adolf Hitler as Finance Minister is imprisoned and writes his autobiography Mein Kampf in prison which details the Rise and Fall of the Valkist Reich, as well as the inner workings of the Party and Government during the war. Hitler is released in the mid 50s and lives the rest of his life as an amateur painter whose main income is a government pension and royalties from his book.

Valkism remains a somewhat popular ideology though is overshadowed by National Populism as a whole. The only major war crimes done by the Reich were execution of Communist officials, shootings of resistance members in various countries and several instances of executing political and military prisoners and especially the increased euthanasia of the mentally retarded and physically handicapped but no racial extermination as seen by the Nazis and the Valkists’ euthanasia program wasn’t as expansive as the Nazis but more so than most nations in this world.

I’ll add to this and edit later. Currently at work. Thoughts on this? I’ll also clean up what I’ve written to make it easier to read and follow.
 
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Führerreich proposed alliances:

Continental Entente-
France (surrounded by a resurgent Germany and an antagonistic Britain decided to fortify their country and maintain a large standing army, imagine a Maginot/Atlantic Wall Line all around the country)
Italy
Armenia
Georgia
Portugal
USA (eventually, towards the end of the war)
Japan
Czechia

Stahlpakt (German-led Alliance)-
Germany
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Spain (after the Falangists win)
United Kingdom (as a Co-Beliigerent, but doesn’t take orders from Berlin, rather tries to preserve their empire and helps fight Entente forces abroad rather than risk landing in Fortress France)
Ottoman Empire
Nationalist China
Slovakia

Comintern-
Trotsky-led USSR
Mongolia
Communist China

So let’s say the war starts in 1938. Germany has annexed Austria (or better yet civil stability collapses as communists and NatPols fight in the streets and the Austrian government invites German soldiers in to provide stability but end up occupying the country and annexing it)

Czechia is conquered and the Sudetenland is annexed while the rest becomes the Czechia Protectorate.

With Italy and France arrayed against them the Germans decide to knock out the weaker power first: Italy. In mid-1939 they blitz through northern Italy, using paratroopers and mountain divisions to secure the borders and the Italian government surrenders while the military and government officials that refused to surrender flees to Libya (possibly led by a socialist Mussolini)

By 1940, to seek revenge for the Kiel Zone the Germans invade and occupy Denmark (also due to Denmark’ position in the Baltic) but don’t invade Norway due to the French aren’t willing to spare the resources and the British are their nominal allies.

The Ottomans retake their territory that was held by the Italians and move into French Syria but face fierce resistance and are stalled. Ottoman forces attack Georgia and Armenia but stall after securing border regions.

The Germans, British and Spanish prepare to attack France, Belgium and Luxembourg but the plans for invasion are canceled after the Soviet Union starts moving massive military forces to the Soviet-Polish border.

So the Germans refocus on the east, the British continue their colonial wars and fighting French forces in Africa and Asia while Canada breaks ties with Britain’s authoritarian government and declares itself the heir of empire. The Canadians support the royal family but detest the government.


Timeline (Rough Draft):

1933- Dressler and the Valkists come to power in a popular coup, decrying that the presidential elections of 1932 were fraudulent and unfair, which an international committee reluctantly agrees was biased against the Valkists. Dressler unites the offices of President and Chancellor into the Office of the Führer. Only Valkist and several right-wing parties are allowed to remain, though the Reichstag is temporarily dissolved.

1934- Internal dissent is crushed and democratic elements are purged, while the Valkists cement their absolute rule. Valkist movements within the Rhineland Confederation, the Kiel Zone and the Sudetenland begin mass protests, propaganda on a massive scale and some minor guerilla Warfare, plaguing Entente Forces.

1935- a referendum is held in the Rhineland as the French see it as an economic blackhole with garrison soldiers dying in their dozens per week and the Rhineland government being massively unpopular since it is viewed as collaborationist. The Rhineland is reunited with the Reich as is the valuable Ruhr Valley. The Reichstag is reinstated but rubber stamps all of Dressler decrees. The various right wing parties are merged into the Valkist Party.

1937- The Danes refuse referendum in Kiel until early 1937 and Kiel rejoins Germany. Britain politically and economically pressures the Danish in doing so.

In early 1938 Austria collapses into anarchy and mass rioting. German soldiers are invited in to restore order but stay and after a “mass popular vote” the Austrians vote to join the stable and orderly Reich.

By August of 1938 Dressler is wanting his homeland of the Sudetenland to be given to Germany but Czechia refuses. This results in an invasion by German, Polish and Slovakian soldiers. Minor border adjustments, mainly the Sudetenland being annexed by the Reich follows.

The Entente and Stahlpakt declare war on each other. The war’s official start day is August 3rd, 1938.

Germany attacks Italy in May of 1939, overrunning the north and securing the country by late July 1939. Due to the geography of Czechia and northern Italy blitzkrieg isn’t as effective as it was in Poland and France as IOTL.

1940- Denmark and Luxembourg are taken by the Germans in two mini-campaigns to secure strategic positions. Plans for the invasion of Fortress Belgium and Fortress France are underway. Meanwhile in North Africa the Free Italians under Mussolini’s nominal leadership manage to hold Libya against British assault from Egypt, while French Forces led by General Charles de Gaulle conquers Spanish Morocco.

In retaliation the Spanish conquer Portugal after weeks of fighting. Portuguese remnant forces flee to French North Africa to assist with the wars there.

1941- Trotsky’s Soviet Union prepares to attack Eastern Europe, causing Romania to join the Stahlpakt in early 1941 after its republic was overthrown in 1939 by National Populists.

Hungary and Greater Serbia join the Stahlpakt in 1940 but joined only due to economic benefits rather than expansionist desires. Both nations agree to supply soldiers to patrol occupied zones rather than fight on the front lines.

Greece and Bulgaria remain stubbornly neutral, though Ottoman insurgents in Greece-held Western Anatolia is bleeding them dry while the official Ottoman government denies involvement despite supporting and supplying the insurgency. The Ottomans cannot take Western Anatolia back due to most of the War effort focused on Georgia, Armenia and French Syria.

April 1941- the Soviets attack Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Poland. Initially successful but takes heavy casualties. Soviet Forces Resch the outskirts of Warsaw.

1942- the German-led Stahlpakt lead a massive counter offensive that pushes deep into Belarus SSR and Ukrainian SSR. Estonia SSR is conquered and a puppet government is installed in all three nations and they join the Stahlpakt. The stalemate on the Western Front continues with air sorties and artillery barrages the only thing of note happening. France and Free Italians begin readying an invasion force to land in italy supplied by the USA who is edging closer and closer to war due to British and German aggression across the Atlantic. Due to Britain being allies, the German surface navy is practically nonexistent, mainly just Uboats and some cruisers and destroyers for the Baltic.

1943- After securing Leningrad, Kiev and Smolensk, the frontline has stagnated with neither side able to deliver a knockout blow.

1944- Soviet soldiers enter Georgia and Armenia to combat the Ottomans. The two Entente countries allow this as they are militarily exhausted after 6 years of war and nearly collapsed. The Soviets begin pushing into eastern Anatolia.

Japan joins the war on the side of the Entente and quickly takes several British territories in Asia, including Hong Kong, Sinapore and Burma. In the UK dissent is rising as nearly a decade of costly colonial wars, and six years of a world war with no end in sight has brought not peace but more suffering and death as well, alongside massive economic costs. In an election the ruling right wingers are voted out and a more center/left leaning government comes to power. The British sever political and economic ties with the Stahlpakt and begin to lean more Entente. This gives France a huge reprieve as they are now able to trade much more
Easily and often with the US and now even Britain.

Dressler Orders the U-boats to go to unrestricted warfare to slow the flow of supplies reaching France. Britain is neutral but supports the Entente.

A U-boat sinks an American cruise ship thinking it was a merchant vessel. This brings the US into the war on the side of the Entente.

Dressler, realizing he is soon to face another major world power, orders a massive military campaign to be conducted in the east to knock out the Soviets so he can focus on the French, Americans and possibly British.

July 20th, 1944- Fall Vorschlaghammer (Operation Sledgehammer) is launched. It breaks the stalemate on the Eastern Front with the German Army alongside its allies pushing deep into western Russia, reaching the outskirts of Moscow by November and beginning urban warfare within the Soviet capital. Crimea is taken by the Stahlpakt and Soviet supply ships in the Black Sea are bombed bu Stahlpakt air Forces.

May 7th, 1945- a massive American/Portuguese/French force invade Spain and within two months have defeated Falangist Spain. Portugal is liberated as well.

Free Italian, French and American Forces Land in Sicily in mid-1945. Half of the Italian peninsula is liberated by the end of 1945.

By 1946 the Germans are forced to withdraw from Moscow due to overextended supply lines and heavy casualties suffered. Through 1946 there are just consistent losses for the Stahlpakt. The Ottomans are overrun by the Soviets and by the Greeks (who finally joined the Entente). The Germans are slowly being pushed up farther north in Italy and bombings of German cities are happening every other day. The Stahlpakt has been pushed to their pre-war borders in the east. Belarus and the Ukraine are retaken by the Soviets.

By 1947 the Entente lands in Denmark and parts of northern Germany. By September of 1947 Berlin is captured by the Entente as is much of northern Germany. The Entente and Soviets meet together in Warsaw.

So There is no Easy Germany/West Germany, but rather an East Poland/West Poland. Lithuania and Latvia are taken by the Soviets, as is Romania but Czechia, Slovakia, Germany, and Hungary are Entente-dominated. Greece and Bulgaria are Entente and the Ottoman Empire is dismantled and the People’s Republic of Turkey is established. Georgia and Armenia become Soviet republics.

In Asia the Japanese solidify their control of the Chinese Coast but are unable to take the rest of the mainland. North China (Communist) and South China (Nationalist) exist as recognized nations. The Japanese add Burma as a colony and Hong Kong and Singapore become military bases.

Dressler is arrested in his offices in Berlin. He gave himself up after speaking to the German people to lay down their arms, that the war was over. The war officially ended with Dressler signing the treaty on December 7th, 1947. The war had lasted nearly 9 and a half years.

In prison Dressler defends his case and Valkism but is found guilty and is executed. He unflinchingly walked before the firing squad, unafraid and undaunted.

Göring kills himself similar to OTL, while Adolf Hitler as Finance Minister is imprisoned and writes his autobiography Mein Kampf in prison which details the Rise and Fall of the Valkist Reich, as well as the inner workings of the Party and Government during the war. Hitler is released in the mid 50s and lives the rest of his life as an amateur painter whose main income is a government pension and royalties from his book.

Valkism remains a somewhat popular ideology though is overshadowed by National Populism as a whole. The only major war crimes done by the Reich were execution of Communist officials, shootings of resistance members in various countries and several instances of executing political and military prisoners and especially the increased euthanasia of the mentally retarded and physically handicapped but no racial extermination as seen by the Nazis and the Valkists’ euthanasia program wasn’t as expansive as the Nazis but more so than most nations in this world.

I’ll add to this and edit later. Currently at work. Thoughts on this? I’ll also clean up what I’ve written to make it easier to read and follow.
I have two questions:
1. What happened to Mexico?
2. Who is leading the US during all of this?
 
I have two questions:
1. What happened to Mexico?
2. Who is leading the US during all of this?
A militant Mexico threatens war but the US, remembering the Veracruz Telegram and Mexico’s Pro-German leanings, invades Mexico in mid-1943.

On the presidents, it bounces between Democrats and Republicans. I’ll have to research and expand upon this later.
 
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