General elections were held in Italy on 7 November 1948. The Popular Democratic Front for Freedom, Peace, Labour, initially an alliance between the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party, has now become an umbrella group, expanded to include all remaining parties, excluding the now-outlawed Italian Social Movement. Dominated by the Communists and used by them as a vehicle for quashing all opposition to their rule, the FDP ran a single list of candidates espousing a common programme. With all organised opposition having been paralaysed, the Front won 89.6% of the vote,[4] presaging the result of all futher Italian elections until 1972, where the Front's component parties were allowed to compete against each other.
After the communist takeover of power in Czechoslovakia failed due to losing an election heavily rigged in their favor, the Soviet Union made a second attempt of forcibly installing a Communist regime where a democratic polical system remained established. On 17 September 1948, Alcide de Gasperi, the democratically elected Christian Democratic Prime Minister, has been overthrown, with Palmiro Togliatti, the General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party, taking his place, and quickly began to consolidate power.
In the months between th takeover and the election, salami tactics were employed liberally by the PCI: the leaders of almost all political parties, as well as freshly-elected President Luigi Einaudi, were accused of collaboration with Benito Mussolini in the inter-war era on charges both true and forged, convicted in show trials, and banished out of Italy if not outright executed, with the PCI's handpicked fellow travellers taking their place, or in the Italian Socialist Party's case, merged into the PCI itself. Schools were nationalised, collectivisation was launched, the bureaucracy was purged, the independent press was destroyed, and the last remnants of free enterprise were eliminated. The Italian army occupied and subsequently annexed San Marino, while Pope Pius XII was forced to repudiate the Lateran Accords – thus abolishing the Vatican City State – and to leave for Avignon.
Parliament was forced to pass an amendment purging the Italian Constitution of its liberal democratic character, entrenching one-party rule and a planned economy, and distorting the Western-style Parliamentary System laid out by it to superficially resemble that of the Soviet Union – the office of President, for example, was replaced with a "Council of the Republic" modeled after the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – and even renamed the country itself from the "Italian Republic" to the "Italian People's Republic". While most Christian Democracy MPs were allowed to voice their dissent, the remainder of Parliament was under firm Communist control; while the two-thirds majority required to adopt the amendment directly was outside their grasp, the aboslute majority necessary to put it to a referendum was attained, thus allowing an equally-fraudulent referendum on that amendment to be held alongside the election.
Electoral system and seat distribution
In the rigged November 1948 election, a new electoral system was introduced: 917 single-seat constituencies, 343 in the Senate and 547 in the Chamber of Deputies, were created.
The winning candidate needed a two-thirds majority to be elected. If this majority was not attained, the two candidates who finished first and second in the first round, as well as any other candidate who obtained at least 10% of the vote, would have advanced automatically to a second round, decided by an absolute majority, one week later; if no-one would have won in the second round, either, the two candidates who finished first and second in the second round would have again advanced to a third round, decided by a simple majority, one week later.
However, the system only existed on paper; only one candidate, handpicked by the Communists, was allowed to run in each constituency, and voters had to vote for or against him. Widespread voter intimidation ensured the official candidates a safe two-thirds majoirty; while votes for the officialy-approved candidates could be cast simply by submitting a blank ballot, voters wishing to vote against him had to cross out his name inside a polling booth, thus marking them for persecution by the SISP (Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Popolare).
This electoral system became standard in Italy, and was used until 1968. In the 1972 elections onwards, this system was maintained for Senate elections, while the Chamber of Deputies was again elected by the pure party-list proportional representation used to elect the Constituent Assembly, as it was in the free and fair elections in April 1948.
Therefore, the distribution of seats between the parties was decided not on the basis of the election results, but on a predetermined allocation made by the People's Democratic Front: the Communists "won" 510 seats (304 deputies and 206 senators), Christian Democracy "won" 263 (169 deputies and 94 senators), the National and Democratic Social Parties each "won" 63 (40 deputies and 23 senators), the Liberal Party "won" 27 (15 deputies and 12 senators), and the Republican Party "won" 11 (6 deputies and 5 senators).
Aftermath
Unlike Italy's First Republican Parliament, which first exercised its powers freely, and then approved the PCI's proposals with a barebones majority and with noticable DC dissent following the 1948 coup, the Second Republican Parliament was completely subservient to the will of the Communists, typically passing resolutions by near-unanimous majority.
A noticable example of this was the inauguration of Enrico de Nicola, the former provisional head of state and briefly Italy's first President, as Chairman of the Council of the Republic; he was forced to take his oath of office at gunpoint, and served for a lifetime term without possiblity of removal or resignation.