This has probably already been answered, but how do Senate elections work in New England?
Each election, registered parties submit a list of people to Elections New England to fulfill their slate of candidates. I/e if a province has 10 Senators, each party submits 10 names. Once the election has finished, the popular vote of the province is used to determine the Senatorial makeup of each province. For example, Province A votes 50% for Party 1 and 50% for Party 2. Province A has 10 senators, so 5 Senators are from Party 1 and 5 Senators are from Party 2. The senators in question are picked by the Lieutenant Governor of each Province.
If Province B also has 10 Senators, and the vote is 34% for Party 1, 33% for Party 2, and 33% for Party 3, then Party 1 will get 4 seats, Party 2 gets 3 seats, and Party 3 gets 3 seats.
It is this mechanism that increases voter turnout in several safe ridings, because the Provincial-wide popular vote still matters in determining the outcome of the Senate. Denying a party a majority in the Senate would do wonders to helping stall or block legislation that a supermajority in the House might pass.
Only 107 seats of the 108 are up for election at any time. The Senate President serves for life and is automatically awarded a seat in the Senate.
Since the Senate is partisan and appointed based off that, any Senator who resigns from their party or attempts to switch parties is automatically ejected from the Senate, and a replacement chosen by the party. The only one immune to this is the Senate President, who traditionally has left the party that appointed them to preside over the Senate. Joe Lieberman has rejected this trend and maintains his position in the Conservative Party.