Language family | Language or dialect | Vocabulary | Location | Notes |
Algonkian (Algonquian) languages
(Swadesh list 1
Swadesh list 2
Algonkian (Algonquian) names (1)
Algonkian (Algonquian) names (2)
Algonkian (Algonquian) language family resources
Language structure in Algonquian languages ) | Abenaki (Alnôba)
Abnaki-Penobscot (Abenaki language)
Abenaki language | Abenaki and Penobscot terms
Abenaki and Penobscot online dictionary
Abenaki and Penobscot language resources
Laurent, J.: New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues (1884)
Western Abenaki Dictionary and Online Lessons
Abenaki Penobscot Offline Dictionary
Abenaki/Wabanaki language | Canada: Quebec
USA: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire | - Eastern Algonquian languages
- Named after its two major dialects, Abenaki and Penobscot. Abenaki had an eastern and western dialect, the eastern one is extinct. |
Algonquin (Anicinâbemowin)
Algonquin Language (Algonkin, Anishnabe, Anishnabeg)
Algonquin language | Algonquin terms
Algonquin numbers | Canada: Quebec and Ontario, | Central Algonquian languages, Ojibwan group |
Arapaho (Hinónoʼeitíít)
Arapaho (Arapahoe)
Arapaho language | Arapaho dictionaries and language archives
Arapaho phrases
Arapaho terms
Arapaho numbers
Arapaho names
Bambi in Arapaho ! | USA: Wyoming, Oklahoma | Plains Algonquian languages, Arapahoan group |
Atikamekw
Atikamekw (Attikamek, Tęte-de-boule)
Atikamekw language | Atikamekw terms | Canada: southwestern Quebec | - Central Algonquian languages
- A relative of Cree. |
Beothuk (Beothuck)
Beothuk language | Beothuk terms | Canada: Newfoundland | - Extinct (in 1829).
- Beothuk has never been classified while it was still in use, but it is generally assumed to be an Algonquian language. |
Blackfoot (Siksiká / ᓱᖽᐧᖿ)
Blackfoot (Siksika, Peigan, Piegan, Kainai, Blackfeet)
Blackfoot language | Blackfoot terms
Blackfoot numbers
Blackfoot online dictionary
Blackfoot grammar
Blackfoot language resources | Canada: southern Alberta
USA: Montana | Plains Algonquian languages |
Cheyenne (Tsėhesenėstsestotse)
Cheyenne
Cheyenne language | Cheyenne phrases
Cheyenne terms
Cheyenne sample texts
Cheyenne dictionary (pdf)
Cheyenne online dictionary | USA: Montana and Oklahoma | Plains Algonquian languages |
Chippewa (Ojibwemowin)
Chippewa (Ojibway, Anishinaabe, Ojibwa)
Chippewa language | Ojibwe/Chippewa/Ojibway terms
Chippewa language resources | USA: from upper Michigan westward to North Dakota | - Central Algonquian languages, Ojibwan group
- Technically a dialect of Ojibwe/Ojibwa (see below). |
Cree (ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ / Nēhiyawēwin) Cree
Cree language | Cree phrases
Cree terms
Other language materials
Cree bibliography
French-Cree dictionary (1874)
Plains Cree online dictionary
Moose and Swampy Cree Dictionary
Moose Cree online dictionary
Eastern Swampy Cree online dictionary
Mushkegowuk online dictionary
Fort Severn Cree online dictionary
Eastern James Bay Cree online dictionary
East Cree southern dialect verb conjugations
East Cree northern dialect verb conjugations
Cree verb paradigms in Eastern and Swampy Cree verb conjugations (.pdf format) | Canada: Northwest Territories, Alberta, Labrador
USA: Montana | Central Algonquian languages, Cree-Innu languages |
Etchemin
Etchemin language | Etchemin terms | USA: Maine | - Eastern Algonquian languages
- Unclear classification within the Eastern Algonquian group, due to insufficient or confusing data. The language might not have existed, and might have been “created” by confusion with an existing Algonquian language or dialect by early European settlers who recorded it. |
Gros Ventre (Ahe, Ahahnelin, Aane, Atsina)
Gros Ventre (Atsina) language | Gros Ventre (Atsina) terms | USA: Montana | Plains Algonquian languages, Arapahoan group |
Kickapoo (Kikapú)
Kickapoo (Kikapoo, Kikapu)
Kickapoo language | Kickapoo terms | USA: Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, historically Indiana, Minnesota | Central Algonquian languages |
Loup language
Nipmuc language (based on Loup A) | Loup A
Loup B | USA: Massachusetts, Connecticut | - Eastern Algonquian languages
- Two known sets of vocabulary survive, known as Loup A and Loup B. “Loup” was a generic term of French origin for the many related native nationalities and languages in New England. It is unclear whether the Loup A or Loup B vocab sets are fragments of a lost dialect, or of a local Algonquian creole, or a misinterpretation of existing terms from known tongues. Loup A might be the original language of the Nipmuc. Both Loup A and Loup B went extinct in the 18th century. |
Lumbee (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)
Carolina_Algonquian_language (Lumbee, Croatan, Pamlico) | Lumbee terms | USA: Croatan island, North Carolina | - Eastern Algonquian languages
- The language of the natives of Croatan island off the Carolina coast. They also developed a creole of Lumbee and English in later times. Extinct (by the 1790s). |
Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
Malecite-Passamaquoddy language | Maliseet-Passamaquoddy terms
Maliseet-Passamaquoddy online dictionary and language resources
Chamberlin, M.: Maliseet Vocabulary (1899) | Canada: New Brunswick
USA: Maine | - Eastern Algonquian languages
- Named after its two major dialects, Maliseet (Malecite, Malecites, Malisit) and Passamaquoddy. |
Massachusett (Wôpanâak / Wampanoag)
Wampanoag (Massachusett, Natick, Massassoit, Nantucket, Mashpee)
Massachusett (Wampanoag) language | Massachusett (Wampanoag) terms
Massachusett (Wampanoag) sample texts
Massachusett (Wampanoag) audio recording of the Lord's Prayer (from this sound archive) | USA: Massachusetts | - Eastern Algonquian languages, Mohican-Loup group
- Extinct, but undergoing a revival. |
Menominee (Omāēqnomenew)
Menominee (menomini)
Menominee (Menomini) language | Menominee terms | USA: northeastern Wisconsin | Central Algonquian languages |
Mesquakie-Sauk (Sac and Fox)
Fox language (Mesquakie, Meskwaki, Sac and Fox), Sauk | Mesquaki-Sauk (Sac and Fox) terms | USA: central Oklahoma, northeastern Kansas, Iowa
Mexico: Coahuilla | Central Algonquian languages |
Mohican (Mahican, Stockbridge, Wappinger)
Mahican language | Mohican terms
Names and relations of Mahican, Mohecan, Mohican, Mohegan, Stockbridge-Munsee | USA: New York state | Eastern Algonquian languages, Mohican-Loup group |
Miami (Myaamia)
Miami-Illinois (Maumee, Myamia, Twightwee)
Miami-Illinois language | Miami-Illinois terms | USA: Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma | Central Algonquian languages |
Michif
Michif (Mitchif, Metis Creole, French Cree)
Michif | Michif terms
Michif online dictionary | Canada: Manitoba, Saskatchewan and northwestern Ontario
USA: North Dakota | Central Algonquian languages, Cree-Innu languages
- Creole language, developed from Cree and European languages (mainly French). The traditional dialect of the (Francophone) Métis. |
Mi'kmaq (Míkmawísimk)
Mi'kmaq (Mi'kmawi'simk, Mi'kmaw, Micmac, Mikmaq)
Mi'kmaq language | Míkmaq phrases
Míkmaq terms
Mi'kmaq numbers
Mi'kmaq Online Talking Dictionary | Canada: Nova Scotia | Eastern Algonquian languages |
Mohegan
Mohegan (Pequot)
Mohegan-Pequot language | Mohegan (Pequot) terms
Mohegan numbers
Names and relations of Mahican, Mohecan, Mohican, Mohegan, Stockbridge-Munsee | USA: Connecticut
Long Island, New York state | Eastern Algonquian languages, Mohican-Loup group |
Montagnais (Innu-Aimun)
Montagnais Innu (Innu-Aimun, Innu Aionun)
Innu (Innu-aimun, Montagnais) language | Montagnais terms
Innu (Montagnais) numbers
Innu-Aimun online dictionary
Innu-Aimun verb conjugation | Canada: Quebec, Labrador | - Central Algonquian languages, Cree-Innu languages
- Montagnais and Naskapi are Innu dialects, both close relatives of Cree. |
Munsee (Huluníixsuwaakan)
Munsee Delaware (Minsi, Muncey, Minisink)
Munsee | Munsee terms | Canada: Ontario
USA (historically): New York state, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | - Eastern Algonquian languages, Lenape-Renape (Delaware) group
- Two major dialects, Munsee and Unami. |
Nanticoke
Nanticoke language | Nanticoke terms | USA: Delaware, Maryland | Eastern Algonquian languages, Lenape-Renape (Delaware) group |
Narragansett (Nipmuc)
Narragansett language | Narragansett terms | USA: Rhode Island | Eastern Algonquian languages, Mohican-Loup group |
Naskapi (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ / Iyuw Imuun)
Naskapi Innu (Innu-aimun)
Naskapi (Iyuw Iyimuun) language | Naskapi terms
Naskapi online dictionary | Canada: Quebec, Labrador | - Central Algonquian languages, Cree-Innu languages
- Montagnais and Naskapi are Innu dialects, both close relatives of Cree. |
Ojibwe (Anishinaabemowin / ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)
Ojibwe (Ojibway, Anishinaabemowin, Chippewa, Ojibwa)
Ojibwe language | Ojibwe phrases
Ojibwe/Chippewa/Ojibway terms
Ojibwe numbers
Ojibwe sample texts
Chippewa language resources
Ojibwe People's Dictionary
Ojibwe online dictionary
Ojibwa audio recording of ceremonial song (from this sound archive) | Canada: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, partly Alberta, British Columbia
USA: Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, partly North Dakota, Montana | Central Algonquian languages, Ojibwan group |
Oji-Cree (Anishininiimowin / ᐊᓂᔑᓂᓂᒧᐏᐣ)
Ojibwe (Ojibway, Anishinaabemowin, Chippewa, Ojibwa)
Oji-Cree language | N/A | Canada: Ontario, Manitoba | Central Algonquian languages |
Ottawa (Nishnaabemwin / Daawaamwin)
Ottawa (Odawa, Odaawa)
Ottawa dialect | Nishnaabemwin online dictionary | Canada: Ontario
USA: Michigan, Oklahoma | - Central Algonquian languages, Ojibwan group
- Technically a dialect of Ojibwe/Ojibwa. |
Potawatomi (Neshnabémwen)
Potawatomi (Nishnabek, Pottawatomie, Pottawatomi)
Potawatomi language | Potawatomi terms
English to Potawatomi online dictionary | Canada: southern Ontario
USA: Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin and Kansas | Central Algonquian languages |
Powhatan (Powatan, Powhattan)
Powhatan language (Virginia Algonquian) | Powhatan terms | USA: Virginia | - Eastern Algonquian languages
- Extinct (by the late 18th century). |
Quiripi (Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Wampano, Naugatuck, Mattabesic)
Quiripi (Quiripi-Unquachog, Quiripi-Naugatuck, Wampano) | Quiripi sample text (17th century) | USA: central Long Island, New York state, southwestern Connecticut | - Eastern Algonquian languages
- Extinct (by the early 20th century). |
Shawnee (Sawanwa)
Shawnee (Shawano, Savannah, Sewanee)
Shawnee (Ša˙wano˙ki) language | Shawnee terms
Shawnee names | USA: central and northeastern Oklahoma, historically Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania | Central Algonquian languages |
Unami
Unami (Lenape, Delaware, Lenni Lenape)
Unami | Lenape (Unami) terms Lenape (Unami) numbers
Lenape Talking Dictionary
Lenape/English dictionary (also here)
Historical examples, pronunciation and other resources for Lenape | USA: lower Delaware and Hudson rivers, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, some groups in Oklahoma | - Eastern Algonquian languages, Lenape-Renape (Delaware) group
- Two major dialects, Munsee and Unami. Unami went extinct in 2002 (with its last fluent speaker), but there is a revival effort. |
Proto-Algonkian (Proto-Algonquian_language) | Proto-Algonkian online dictionary | North America | This is a modern linguistic reconstruction of what the ancestral language of Algonkian languages, a hypothetical “Proto-Algonquian”, might have sounded like. Like all reconstructed proto-languages, you need to bear in mind this is a hypothetical construct based on decades of research and some educated guesses. |
Algic isolates (distant relatives to all other Algonkian languages) | Wiyot
Wiyot language
Wiyot | Wiyot terms
Wiyot resources and audio recordings | USA: California | One of two small isolates of the Algic language family, all other Algic langs are in the Algonkian subgroup. Extinct, but some revival attempts. |
Yurok (Puliklah)
Yurok
Yurok language
Yurok | Yurok terms
Yurok resources and audio recordings | USA: northwestern California | One of two small isolates of the Algic language family, all other Algic langs are in the Algonkian subgroup. Extinct, but undergoing a major revival. |
Caddoan languages (Swadesh list, pre-contact map) | Arikara
Arikara (Sanish, Arikari, Arickaree)
Arikara language (Sáhniš) | Arikara terms
Arikara numbers | USA: north-central North Dakota | - Northern Caddoan group, Pawnee-Kitsai subgroup, Pawnee languages branch |
Caddo (Has-sii'-nay)
Caddo (Hatsinai)
Caddo language (Hasí:nay) | Caddo terms
Caddo numbers | USA: Caddo County, Oklahoma | - Caddo (proper) group
- Several dialects: Hasinai and Hainai, Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Yatasi |
Kitsai (K'itsash, Kichai, Keechi)
Kitsai language (Kichai) | Kitsai terms | USA: west-central Oklahoma, eastern Texas | - Northern Caddoan group, Pawnee-Kitsai subgroup
- Extinct (by 1940). |
Pawnee (Pâri)
Pawnee
Pawnee language | Pawnee terms
Pawnee (Pâri) numbers | USA: north-central Oklahoma | - Northern Caddoan group, Pawnee-Kitsai subgroup, Pawnee languages branch |
Wichita
Wichita (Witchita)
Wichita language | Wichita terms | USA: west-central Oklahoma | - Northern Caddoan group
- Extinct (as of 2016), but there is a revitalisation project. |
Chimakuan languages | Chimakum
Chemakum language (Chimakum or Chimacum) | N/A | USA: Olympic Peninsula, Washington | - Previously thought to be a language isolate, but now in the tiny Chimakuan language family, along with Quileute.
- Extinct (by the 1940s). |
Quileute (Quillayute, Hoh)
Quileute language (Quillayute) | Quileute terms | USA: Olympic Peninsula, Washington | - Previously thought to be a language isolate, but now in the tiny Chimakuan language family, along with Chemakum/Chimakum.
- Extinct (by 1999), but there is a revival project. |
Chumashan languages (Swadesh list; speculated to be part of the hypothetical "Hokan" family) | Barbareño language (Shmuwich, Šmuwič)
Barbareño
Ineseño (dialect) | Barbareño resources
Ineseño dialect resources
Ineseño dialect terms | USA: Santa Barbara, Santa Ynez, California | - Southern Chumash group, Central Chumash subgroup
- Had a dialect, Samala (Sʰamala, Ineseño).
- Extinct (by 1965), there are some revival efforts. |
Cruzeño (Isleño, Island Chumash)
Island Chumash | Island Chumash resources | USA: Santa Barbara Channel Islands, Santa Cruz Island, San Miguel, Santa Rosa Island, southern California | - Southern Chumash group, Island Chumash subgroup
- Extinct. |
Cuyama | N/A | USA: Cuyama and Sisquoc River, north San Joaquin Valley, California | - Interior Chumash group
- Extinct. Little is known about the Interior Chumash languages. |
Emigdiano | N/A | USA: San Emigdio, Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California | - Interior Chumash group
- Extinct. Little is known about the Interior Chumash languages. Emigdiano seems to have been a variety or dialect of Barbareño, and influenced by the neighbouring non-Chumashan language Buena Vista Yokuts. |
Obispeño (Northern Chumash)
Obispeño | Obispeño resources | USA: San Luis Obispo County, southern California | - Northern Chumash group
- Extinct. |
Purisimeño language
Purisimeño | Purisimeño resources and audio recordings | USA: Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, California | - Southern Chumash group, Central Chumash subgroup
- Extinct. |
Ventureño language (Mitsqanaqa'n)
Ventureño | Ventureño resources | USA: southern California (coastal areas) | - Southern Chumash group, Central Chumash subgroup
- Extinct. |
Eskimo–Aleut languages (Swadesh list 1
Swadesh list 2
Inuit names) | Aleut (Unangam Tunuu)
Aleut (Unangan, Aleutian, Atkan)
Aleut language (Unangam Tunuu) | Aleut terms (Eastern Aleut and Western Aleut)
Aleut phrases
Aleut sample texts | USA: Alaska (Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, Alaskan Peninsula)
Russia: Commander Islands, Kamchatka Krai | - Aleut group
- Two main dialect subgroups: Western-Central Aleut (Atkan, Attuan, Unangan, Bering) and Eastern Aleut (Unalaskan, Pribilof). Attuan is extinct. |
Alutiiq
Alutiiq (Sugpiaq, Koniag, Chugach Eskimo)
Alutiiq_language (Sugpiaq, Pacific Gulf Yupik, Koniag-Chugach) | Alutiiq phrases
Alutiiq terms | USA: coastal Alaska | - Eskimo (Yupik-Inuit) group, Yupik subgroup
- Two main dialects: Koniag Alutiiq and Chugach Alutiiq |
Central Alaskan Yup'ik (Yugtun)
Yup'ik (Cup'ik, Yup'ik Eskimo)
Yup'ik language (Central Alaskan Yup'ik) | Yup'ik terms
Yugtun (Alsaka) script
Central Alaskan Yup'ik sample texts | USA: western and southwestern Alaska | - Eskimo (Yupik-Inuit) group, Yupik subgroup
- Three main dialects or branches: general central Alaskan Yup'ik, Chevak Cup’ik (Cup’ik, Cugtun) and Nunivak Cup'ig (Cup'ig, Cugtun) |
Central Siberian Yupik (Юпик)
Yupik (Cup'ik, Yup'ik Eskimo)]
Central Siberian Yupik language (Yuit) | language_help_-_native_american_languages | USA: St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
Russia: Bering Strait | - Eskimo (Yupik-Inuit) group, Yupik subgroup
- Two main dialects: Chaplino dialect (Uŋazigmit) and St. Lawrence Island Yupik (Sivuqaghmiistun) |
Greenlandic (Kalaallisut)
Greenlandic language (Kalaallisut) | Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) phrases
Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) sample texts
English to Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) online dictionary | Denmark: Greenland | - Eskimo (Inuit-Yupik) group Inuit subgroup, Greenlandic branch
- Three major dialects: Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic), Tunumiit oraasiat (East Greenlandic) and Inuktun (Avanersuaq, Polar Eskimo). |
Inuktitut
Inuktitut (Eskimo/Inuit language)
Inuktitut (ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ,Eastern Canadian Inuktitut) | Inuktitut terms
Inuktitut terms
Inuktitut phrases
Inuktitut sample texts
English to Inuktitut online dictionary | Canada: Northwest Territories, Newfoundland and Labrador (Nunatsiavut), Quebec (Nunavik), Nunavut
USA: Alaska | - Eskimo (Inuit-Yupik) group, Inuit subgroup, Inuktitut branch
- Several major dialects: Inuttitut (Inuttut, Labrador Inuktitut, Nunatsiavummiutut), Nunavik dialect (Nunavimmiutitut), North Baffin dialect (Qikiqtaaluk uannangani, Iglulingmiut), South Baffin dialect (Qikiqtaaluk nigiani), Aivilik dialect (Aivilingmiutut, Aivilimmiutut, Aivillirmiut, Kangiqłniq, East-Central Nunavut), Kivalliq_dialect (Kivallirmiutut, Caribou Eskimo, Keewatin, Southeast Nunavut) |
Iñupiaq (Inupiatun)
Inupiaq language (Inupiat, Inupiatun, Iñupiatun, Inupiaqtun, Alaskan Inuit) | Iñupiaq (Inupiatun) phrases
Interactive IñupiaQ Dictionary | USA: Big Diomede Island, Alaska
Canada: Northwest Territories
Russia: historically | - Inuit group, Inupiaq subgroup
- Two major dialects: Qawiaraq (Seward Peninsula Inupiaq) and Inupiatun or Northern Alaska Inupiaq (the latter includes Uummarmiutun, Canadian Iñupiaq). |
Inuvialuktun (Western Canadian Inuit, Western Canadian Inuktitut, Western Canadian Inuktun) | Inuvialuktun phrases and terms (see page 14 of the syllabus) | Canada: Northwest Territories, Nunavut | - Eskimo (Inuit-Yupik) group, Inuit subgroup, Inuvialuktun branch
- Three major dialects: Natsilik (Natsilingmiutut, Netsilik, Nattiliŋmiutut) (Nunavut), Siglitun (NWT) and Inuinnaqtun (NWT, Nunavut). The last one is speculated by some to be closely related to Inuktitut dialects too. |
Naukan Yupik (Naukan Siberian Yupik) language | | Russia: Bering Strait region | Eskimo (Yupik-Inuit) group, Yupik subgroup |
Sirenik Eskimo language (Sireniki Yupik, Old Sirenik, Vuteen) | | Russia: Bering Strait region, around Sireniki | - Eskimo (Yupik-Inuit) group, Yupik subgroup
- Extinct (as of 1997). |
Na-Dené (Dené, Athabascan) languages
(Swadesh list) | Ahtna (Atnakenaege’)
Ahtna (Atna, Copper River Athabascan)
Ahtna language | Ahtna (Atnakenaege’) terms | USA: Copper River region, Alaska | - Northern Athabaskan languages, Southern Alaskan group
- Has four major dialects: Lower Copper River dialect, Central Copper River dialect, Western Ahtna dialect and the Upper Ahtna dialect. |
Apache (eastern form)
Eastern Apache | N/A | USA: New Mexico, historically also Texas | - Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) languages, Eastern Apachean group
- Eastern Apache includes the Jicarilla (Abáachi mizaa) dialect and the extinct Lipan dialect. |
Apache (western form)
Apache (Tinde, Nde, Ndee, Dine'e, Na'isha)
Western Apache language | Western Apache terms
Apache names | USA: southeastern Arizona | - Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) languages, Western Apachean group
- Apache proper has two major subdivisions, Western and Eastern, with many regional dialects. Major offshoot dialects are Mescalero and Chiricahua (see further below), while minor dialects of Western Apache proper include Tonto, White Mountain, San Carlos and Cibecue. |
Babine-Witsuwit'en
Babine-Wet'suwet'en (Northern Carrier, Takla)
Babine-Witsuwit'en (Nadot’en-Wets’uwet’en) language
Babine-Witsuwit'en | Babine-Witsuwit'en terms
Babine-Witsuwit'en bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central British Columbian group |
Cahto (Kato)
Cahto (Kato) language
Cahto (Kato) | Cahto (Kato) terms | USA: Eel River, California | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Californian group
- Extinct (since the 1960s). Related to Wailaki (Eel River) language. |
Chipewyan (Dënesųłıné / ᑌᓀᓱᐠᑦᕄᓀ)
Chipewyan (Dene Suline)
Chipewyan (Dënesųłiné, Dene Suline) language | Chipewyan phrases
Chipewyan terms | Canada: northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, southern Northwest Territories and Nunavut | - Northern Athabaskan languages
- Also includes the Yellowknife Dené dialect of the Yellowknife/Copper tribe (T'satsąot'ınę). |
Chilcotin (Tŝinlhqut’in)
Chilcotin (Tsilhqot’in)
Chilcotin language
The Chilcotin language | Chilcotin bibliography | Canada: Chilcotin Plateau, British Columbia | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central British Columbian group |
Dakelh (Carrier)
Carrier (Dakel, Dakelh) language | Carrier (Dakel, Dakelh) terms
Carrier (Dakelh) sample texts
Various language resources | Canada: central interior of British Columbia | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central British Columbian group |
Dane-zaa (Danezaa ZaageɁ / ᑕᓀᖚ ᖚᗀᐥ)
Beaver (Dane-zaa, Dunne-za)
Dane-zaa language
The Beaver language | Beaver (Dane-zaa, Dunne-za) terms
Beaver (Dane-zaa, Dunne-za) bibliography | Canada: British Columbia, Alberta | - Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group
- Seven dialects, with high and low tone characteristics: Boyer River, Child Lake, Prophet River, Blueberry River, Doig River (high tone), Halfway River, West Moberly Lake (low tone). |
Deg Xinag (Degexit'an)
Degexit'an (Ingalik, Deg Xinag, Deg Xit'an)
Deg Xinag language | Deg Xinag (Degexit'an) terms
Deg Xinag (Degexit'an) numbers | USA: lower Yukon River, Anvik River, Innoko River, Alaska | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group |
Eyak (I·ya·q)
Eyak
Eyak language | N/A | USA: mouth of Copper River, Cordova, south-central Alaska | - Na-Dene languages
- Generally classified in its own group within the Na-Dené languages. Along with Haida and Tlingit, it is not within the family's Athabascan group. |
Galice (Nabiltse, Applegate Creek language) | | USA: Taltushtuntede (Galice Creek) and Dakubetede (Applegate Creek), Oregon | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Oregonian group
- Possible relatively of Tututni (see below). Extinct after the 19th century, few surviving records. |
Gwich'in (Dinjii Zhu’ Ginjik)
(Gwichin, Kutchin, Tukudh)
Gwich’in (Dinju Zhuh K’yuu) language | Gwich'in terms
Gwich'in sample texts | Canada: Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory
USA: Alaska | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group |
Haida
Haida
Haida language | Haida terms
Haida numbers
Haida dictionary (.pdf format) (2009, Sealaska Institute)
Alaskan Haida dictionary (.pdf format) (2010, Sealaska Institute)
Haida bibliography
Silent Night carol in Haida | Canada: Haida Gwaii archipelago, British Columbia
USA: Prince of Wales Island, Alaska | - Na-Dene languages
- Generally classified in its own group within the Na-Dené languages. Along with Eyak and Tlingit, it is not within the family's Athabascan group. The relation of Haida to other Na-Dene languages is disputed, it might even be a partial isolate. |
Hän (Häł gołan)
Han-Kutchin (Hankutchin, Hwech'in, Moosehide, Dawson)
Hän language | N/A | USA: Alaska
Canada: Yukon Territory, | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group |
Holikachuk (Innoko)
Holikachuk (Doogh Qinag) language | N/A | USA: lower Yukon River, Innoko River, Alaska | - Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group
- Extinct (by 2012). |
Hupa
Hupa (Hoopa)
Hupa (Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe') language
Hupa | Hupa terms
Hupa resources and audio recordings
Chilula resources and audio recordings
Whilkut resources and audio recordings | Hoopa Valley, California | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Californian group
- Currently the only surviving living language of the Californian group. |
Jicarilla (Abáachi mizaa)
Jicarilla Apache
Jicarilla language | Jicarilla (Abáachi mizaa) terms
Apache names | USA: New Mexico | - Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) languages, Eastern Apachean group
- Relatives include Eastern Apache and the extinct Lipan. |
Kaska (Nahanni)
Kaska language
The Kaska language | Kaska terms
Kaska (Nahanni) bibliography
Course Materials for UBC Kaska Language Course | Canada: southwestern Northwest Territories, southeastern Yukon Territory, northern British Columbia | Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group, Kaskan (Central Cordillera) subgroup |
Koyukon (Denaakk'e)
Koyukon (Ten'a)
Koyukon (Denaakk'e) language | Koyukon (Denaakk'e) terms | USA: middle Yukon River, Koyukon River, Alaska | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group |
Kwalhioqua (Clatskanie, Tlatskanie, Klaatshan)
Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language | Clatskanie terms | USA: Washington | - Northern Athabaskan languages
- Extinct (by the early 1930s). Had two major dialects: Kwalhioqua (with subdialects) and Clatskanie. |
Lipan Apache
Lipan language | N/A | USA: New Mexico, Texas | - Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) languages, Eastern Apachean group
- Extinct. Relatives include Eastern Apache and Jicarilla. |
Mattole (Bear River language)
Mattole (Mattole-Bear River) language
Mattole | Mattole (Bear River language) terms
Mattole resources and audio recordings | USA: Mattole River, California | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Californian group
- Extinct (since the 1930s). |
Mescalero-Chiricahua (Ndee bizaa)
Mescalero Apache
Chiricahua Apache
Mescalero-Chiricahua language
| Mescalero-Chiricahua (Ndee bizaa) terms
Apache names | USA: New Mexico, Oklahoma | - Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) languages, Western Apachean group
- Relatives include Western Apache and Navajo. |
Navajo (Diné Bizaad)
Navajo (Diné)
Navajo language | Navajo phrases
Navajo number
Family terms
Navajo sample texts
English to Navajo online dictionary
WWII "Windtalker" glossary
Keres, Zuni, Hopi and Diné (Navajo) vocabulary overviews
Wiktionary Navajo (Diné Bizaad) overview
Star Wars in Navajo ! | USA: Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah | - Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) languages
- Possibly the largest Native American language in North America today, by number of speakers (ca 150 000). Closely related to both Western and Eastern Apache. |
Nicola Valley language (Stuwix) | Nicola Valley language (Stuwix) bibliography | Canada: Similkameen Valley and Nicola Valley, British Columbia | - Northern Athabaskan languages, Central British Columbian group
- Extinct. Possibly a dialect of Chilcotin. |
Plains Apache
Plains Apache
Plains Apache language | N/A | USA: central Oklahoma (predominantly) | Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) languages
- Forms a subgroup of its own in the Apachean group. Extinct as a living language, might see revitalisation. Sometimes called Kiowa-Apache, but this is a misleading term, as it has no relation to the language of the Kiowa. |
Sekani (Tsek'ehne, Sikanni)
Sekani language
The Sekani language | Sekani (Tsek'ehne, Sikanni) terms
Sekani (Tsek'ehne, Sikanni) bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group |
Slavey language (northern form)
Hare Tribe language
Deline (Bear Lake) language
Mountain Dene (Mackenzie, Tulita) language
North Slavey language and its dialects
The Slavey languages | Slavey languages bibliography | Canada: Northwest Territories | Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group, Slavey subgroup |
Slavey language (southern form)
Slavey (Dene Tha, Hare, Slave)
South Slavey language and its dialects
The Slavey languages | Slavey languages bibliography | Canada: Northwest Territories, | Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group, Slavey subgroup |
Tagish
Tagish language
The Tagish language | Tagish bibliography | Canada: Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory | Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group, Kaskan (Central Cordillera) subgroup |
Tahltan
Tahltan language
The Tahltan Language | Tahltan bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group, Kaskan (Central Cordillera) subgroup |
Tanacross
Tanacross language | N/A | USA: middle Tanana River, Alaska | - Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group
- A relative of Tanana (see below). |
Tanana
Tanana language | Tanana terms | USA: Alaska
Canada: Yukon Territory | - Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group
- Has two major dialects (or forms): Upper Tanana (Nebesna), Lower Tanana (Minto) |
Tanaina (Dena'ina, Kenaitze)
Dena’ina (Tanaina) language | N/A | USA: Cook Inlet region, Lake Clark, Lake Iliamna, Alaska | Northern Athabaskan languages, Southern Alaskan group |
Tlingit (Lingít, Łingít)
Tlingit
Tlingit (Lingit) language
The Tlingit language | Tlingit terms
Tlingit numbers
Tlingit pronunciation
Tlingit bibliography
Boas, F.: Tlingit and Tsimshian dictionaries (ca 1892)
Tlingit videocourse
Tlingit dictionary (.pdf format) (2009, Sealaska Institute)
Online Tlingit Verb Dictionary
Tlingit example sentences with audio (over 1500 examples)
Beginning Tlingit Workbook (part of a series of Beginning Tlingit study materials) | USA: Alaska, Washington state
Canada: British Columbia, Yukon Territory | - Na-Dene languages
- Generally classified in its own group within the Na-Dené languages. Along with Eyak and Haida, it is not within the family's Athabascan group. |
Tłı̨chǫ (Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì, Dogrib)
Dogrib Language (Tlicho, Tli cho Dinne, Thlingchadine)
Dogrib language (Tłı̨chǫ, Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì) | Tłı̨chǫ (Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì, Dogrib) terms
Tłı̨chǫ numbers
Tłı̨chǫ sample texts | Canada: Northwest Territories | Northern Athabaskan languages, Northwest Canadian group |
Tolowa (Taa-laa-wa Dee-niʼ Wee-yaʼ)
Tolowa (Hawuwut)
Tolowa (Siletz Dee-ni) language
Tolowa | Tolowa terms
Tolowa numbers
Tolowa resources and audio recordings | USA: southwest Oregon | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Oregonian group
- Chetco is a variant of the language. It's often called Chetco-Tolowa. |
Tsetsaut (Ts'ets'aut)
Tsetsaut language
The Tsetsaut language | Tsetsaut bibliography | Canada: northern British Columbia | - Northern Athabaskan languages
- Extinct. |
Tsúùt’ínà (Sarcee)
Sarcee Language (Tsuu T'ina, Sarsi)
Tsuut'ina language (Sarcee, Sarsi) | Tsúùt’ínà (Sarcee) terms
Tsúùt’ínà (Sarcee) numbers | Canada: Alberta | Northern Athabaskan languages |
Tutchone (Dän k'í / Dän k'è)
Tutchone (Selkirk) language
Tutchone language | N/A | Canada: Yukon Territory | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group |
Tututni (Rogue River Athapaskan, Mishikhwutmetunne, Coquille)
Tututni (Dotodəni) language | Tututni terms | USA: Oregon | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Oregonian group
- Extinct (in the early 1980s), but there is a revival project. Major dialects include: Coquille, Tututni (proper), Euchre Creek and Chasta Costa. |
Umpqua (Upper Umpqua, Etnemitane)
Upper_Umpqua_language | | USA: Umpqua Valley, Oregon | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Oregonian group
- Extinct in the 1950s. |
Upper Kuskokwim Language (Kolchan, Goltsan, McGrath)
Upper Kuskokwim language | N/A | USA: middle Yukon River, Koyukuk River, Alaska | Northern Athabaskan languages, Central Alaska-Yukon group |
Wailaki (Sinkyone, Lassik, Nongatl, Eel River Athabaskan)
Wailaki (Eel River) language
Eel River Athabaskan (Nongatl, Sinkyone, Lassik, Wailaki) | Wailaki terms
Wailaki resources and audio recordings
Sinkyone resources and audio recordings
Lassik resources and audio recordings
Nongatl resources and audio recordings | USA: Eel River, California | - Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages, Californian group
- Extinct. Its dialects were those of the Sinkyone, Wailaki, Nongatl, and Lassik tribes. |
Iroquoian languages
(Swadesh list 1
Swadesh list 2
Iroquois names) | Cayuga (Goyogo̱hó:nǫ’)
Cayuga language
Cayuga language | Cayuga terms
Cayuga numbers | Canada: Ontario
USA: New York state | Northern Iroquoian languages, Lake Iroquoian group, Seneca-Onondaga subgroup |
Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ / Tsalagi)
Cherokee (Tsalagi)
Cherokee (Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) language | Cheroke phrases
Cherokee terms
Cherokee numbers
English to Cherokee online dictionary
English to Cherokee online dictionary
Cherokee to English online dictionary
Topically indexed Cherokee/English dictionary
Other language materials
Cherokee names | USA: Great Smoky Mountains and Qualla Boundary, North Carolina, east Oklahoma, Arkansas a community in California | Southern Iroquoian languages |
Erie Iroquois
Erie people | language_help_-_native_american_languages | USA: western New York state, northwestern Pennsylvania, and northern Ohio (17th century) | Northern Iroquoian languages, Huronian group |
Laurentian (St. Lawrence River Iroquois, Stadaconan)
Laurentian language | Laurentian terms | Canada: along the Saint Lawrence River, Quebec, Ontario (16th century) | Northern Iroquoian languages, otherwise unclear classification |
Mohawk (Kanien'keha)
Mohawk (Kanienkehaka)
Mohawk language | Mohawk terms
Mohawk numbers
Mohawk sample texts
Other Mohawk language resources
Mohawk names | Canada: Ontario, Quebec
USA: northern New York state | Northern Iroquoian languages, Lake Iroquoian group, Mohawk-Oneida subgroup |
Nottoway
Nottoway language | Nottoway terms | USA: Virginia | - Northern Iroquoian languages, Central Iroquoian group
Extinct by ca 1838. |
Oneida (Onʌyotaʼa:ka)
Oneida
Oneida language | Oneida numbers and terms
Oneida color terms
Oneida animal terms
Oneida body part terms | Canada: Ontario
USA: Green Bay, Wisconsin, central New York state | Northern Iroquoian languages, Lake Iroquoian group, Mohawk-Oneida subgroup |
Onondaga (Onǫda’gegá’ / Onoñda’gegá’)
Onondaga
Onondaga language | Onondaga terms
Onondaga audio recording
Shea, J. G.: A French-Onondaga Dictionary | Canada: Ontario
USA: central New York state | Northern Iroquoian languages, Lake Iroquoian group, Seneca-Onondaga subgroup |
Seneca (Onödowá'ga:')
Seneca
Seneca language | Seneca terms
Seneca numbers
Mingo dialect of Seneca (Ohio, West Virginia)
Seneca and Mingo within the Iroquoian family context
Seneca names | Canada: Ontario
USA: western New York state | Northern Iroquoian languages, Lake Iroquoian group, Seneca-Onondaga subgroup |
Susquehannock (Susquehanna)
Susquehannock (Conestoga) | Susquehannock terms | USA: New York state, Pennsylvania, Maryland | Northern Iroquoian languages, otherwise unclear classification |
Tuscarora (Ska:rù:rę')
Tuscarora
Tuscarora language | Tuscarora terms | Canada: southern Ontario
USA: northwestern New York state, eastern North Carolina | - Northern Iroquoian languages, Central Iroquoian group
- Few current native speakers. |
Wendat (Waⁿdat)
Huron / Wyandot
Wyandot language | Wyandot terms
Wyandotte Language Lessons (non-profit license) | Canada: Quebec, Ontario
USA: northeastern Oklahoma | Northern Iroquoian languages, Huronian group |
Isolates (languages with no clear connections to larger families) | Adaizan (Tenánat Hadéyas)
Adai language | Adaizan phrases
Adai terms
Adaizan numbers | USA: northwestern Louisiana | - Language isolate.
- Also known as Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos. |
Cayuse (Waiilatpu)
Cayuse language | N/A | USA: Oregon | - Language isolate. Some have speculated it might belong to or be a relative of the Caddoan languages (Pawnee, Caddo, etc.). |
Chimariko (Djimaliko)
Chimariko language
Chimariko | Chimariko (Djimaliko) terms
Chimariko resources and audio recordings | USA: California | Probable language isolate, some put it under the hypothetical "Hokan" language family. |
Chitimacha (Čitimaaša)
Chitimacha
Chitimacha language | Chitimacha (Čitimaaša) terms | USA: southern Oklahoma | - Language isolate. Some have proposed a relation to the hypothetical Totozoquean languages family.
- Extinct (since the 1940s). |
Esselen
Esselen language
Esselen | Esselen terms
Esselen resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | Probable language isolate, some put it under the hypothetical "Hokan" language family. |
Haida
Haida
Haida language | Haida terms
Haida numbers
Haida dictionary (.pdf format) (2009, Sealaska Institute)
Haida bibliography
Silent Night carol in Haida | Canada: Haida Gwaii archipelago, British Columbia
USA: Prince of Wales Island, Alaska | Generally classified in its own group within the Na-Dené languages. Along with Eyak and Tlingit, it is not within the family's Athabascan group. The relation of Haida to other Na-Dene languages is disputed, it might even be a partial isolate. |
Karankawa
Karankawa language | Karankawa terms | USA: coastal Texas (Galveston Island to Corpus Christi) | - Unclassified, possibly an isolate.
- Extinct (in 1858), before classification could be undertaken. |
Keres (Keresan, Queresan, Queres)
Keres language | Keres terms
Keres, Zuni, Hopi and Diné (Navajo) vocabulary overviews
Wiktionary Keresan languages overview | USA: New Mexico | - Language isolate. |
Kootenay (Kootenai, Kutenai, Ktunaxa)
Kutenai language
The Kootenay language | Kootenai (Ktunaxa) terms
Kootenai (Ktunaxa) bibliography | Canada: British Columbia
USA: Montana, Idaho | - Language isolate. |
Natchez (Naacee)
Natchez
Natchez language | Natchez terms | USA: Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma | - Language isolate.
- Extinct in the 1950s, ongoing revival attempt by the early 2010s. |
Salinan
Salinan language
Salinan | Salinan terms
Salinan resources and audio recordings | USA: central coast California | - Extinct. Two known dialects, Antoniaño and Migueleño.
- Language isolate, probably. In the past, speculated to be part of a Salinan-Seri languages group in the hypothetical "Hokan" language family, but this has not been confirmed. |
Timucua
Timucua | N/A | USA: northeast and north central Florida, southeast Georgia | - Language isolate.
- Speculated by some researchers to be a distant relative of Muskogean, Arawakan and other language families, but none of this has been confirmed to date. |
Tonkawa
Tonkawa language | | USA: western Oklahoma, south-central Texas, New Mexico | - Language isolate.
- Extinct (since the 1930s). |
Tunica (Luhchi Yoroni)
Tunica language | Tunica numbers | USA: central and lower Mississippi valley, central Louisiana | - Language isolate.
- Extinct (since the late 1940s), but there is a successful revitalisation effort. |
Washo (wá:šiw ʔítlu)
Washo (Washoe)
Washo language
Washo | Washo terms
Washo resources and audio recordings | USA: California, Nevada | - Language isolate, some put it under the hypothetical "Hokan" language family.
- Endangered, but with revitalisation efforts. |
Yana (Yahi)
Yana (Yanan) language
Yana | Yana (Yahi) terms
Yana (Yahi) resources and audio recordings | USA: northern and north-central California | - Language isolate, some put it under the hypothetical "Hokan" language family.
- Extinct. Had four dialects: Northern Yana, Central Yana, Southern Yana and Yahi. A famous native Californian speaker of Yahi was Ishi, with whom the dialect died out in 1916. |
Yuchi/Euchee (yUdjEha)
Yuchi (Euchee, Uchi, Yuchee, Tsoyaha)
Yuchi language | Yuchi terms | USA: east central Oklahoma | - Language isolate. |
Zuni (Shiwi'ma, Zuñi)
Zuni (Shiwi, Ashiwi)
Zuni language | Zuni terms
Keres, Zuni, Hopi and Diné (Navajo) vocabulary overviews
Wiktionary Zuni overview | USA: Arizona, New Mexico | - Language isolate. |
Karok-Shasta languages (speculated to be part of the hypothetical "Hokan" family; "Hokan" family Swadesh list) | Achumawi (Achomawi, Pit River Indians)
Achumawi language
Achumawi | Achumawi terms
Achumawi resources and audio recordings | USA: California | Palaihnihan subgroup |
Atsugewi (Hat Creek Tribe)
Atsugewi language
Atsugewi | Atsugewi terms
Atsugewi resources and audio recordings | USA: California | - Palaihnihan subgroup
- Extinct (since late 1980s). |
Karuk (araráhih)
Karuk (Karok)
Karuk language
Karuk | Karuk phrases
Karuk terms
Karuk numbers
Karuk Language Resources on the Web
Karuk dictionary
Karuk resources and audio recordings | USA: Klamath River area, northwest California | - Karok subgroup
- Karok's closest related languages are Shasta and Chimariko. It is often classified as a member of the hypothetical "Hokan" language family's Karuk-Shasta group. |
Konomihu language
Konomihu | Konomihu resources | USA: Salmon River, northern California | - Shastan languages subgroup
- Extinct. |
New River Shasta language
New River Shasta | | USA: Salmon River, northern California | - Shastan languages subgroup
- Extinct. |
Okwanuchu language
Okwanuchu | N/A | USA: northern California | - Shastan languages subgroup
- Extinct. |
Shasta
Shasta language
Shasta | Shasta terms
Shasta resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | - Shastan languages subgroup. Shasta's closest related languages are Karuk and Chimariko. Often classified as a member of the hypothetical "Hokan" language family's Karuk-Shasta group.
- Extinct (by the end of the 20th century). |
Kiowa-Tanoan languages (Swadesh list 1,
Swadesh list 2) | Kiowa
Kiowa language (Cáuijògà) | Kiowa terms | USA: western Oklahoma | Kiowa group |
Tewa (Tano)
Tewa language
Article on Pueblo Languages (including Tewa) | Tewa terms
Preservation of Tewa stories | USA: New Mexico | Tanoan group |
Tiwa
Tiwa languages
Article on Pueblo Languages (including Towa) | English to Tiwa online dictionary | USA: Arizona, Piro Pueblo, Taos Pueblo, Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico, Ysleta del Sur, El Paso, Texas | - Tanoan group
- Several dialects or sublanguages: Piro (Piro Pueblo, New Mexico, extinct by the early 1900s), Taos (Taos Pueblo, New Mexico), Picuris (Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico), Southern Tiwa (Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico, Ysleta del Sur near El Paso, Texas), et al. |
Towa (Jemez)
Jemez (Towa) language
Article on Pueblo Languages (including Towa) | N/A | USA: New Mexico (Jemez Pueblo (Walatowa), historically also Pecos Pueblo) | - Tanoan group
- Unique for not having any written form, as tribal rules forbid the practice. |
Muskogean languages | Acolapissa | Choctaw terms (similar to Acolapissa) | USA: Louisiana | uncertain classification |
Alabama (Albaamo innaaɬiilka)
Alabama
Alabama language (Alibamu) | Alabama terms | USA: Oklahoma, Texas | - Eastern Muskogean group, Apalachee–Alabama–Koasati subgroup (Haas classification)
- Northern Muskogean group (Munro classification)
- Central Muskogean group, Alabama-Koasati subgroup (Kimball classification) (Kimball classification) |
Apalachee (Appalachee, Appalachi)
Apalachee language | Apalachee terms | USA: Florida | - Eastern Muskogean group, Apalachee–Alabama–Koasati subgroup (Haas classification)
- Southern Muskogean group, Southwestern Muskogean subgroup (Munro classification)
- The only Muskogean language (i.e. not dialect) known to be extinct (during the early 18th century). |
Chickasaw (Chikasha)
Chickasaw (Chikasha, Chickasha)
Chickasaw language (Chikashshanompa, Chikashshanompa’) | Chickasaw (Chikasha, Chickasha) terms | USA: (mainly south central) Oklahoma | - Western Muskogean group (Haas classification)
- Southern Muskogean group, Southwestern Muskogean group, Western branch (Munro classification)
- Western Muskogean group (Kimball classification) |
Choctaw (Chahta Anumpa)
Choctaw
Choctaw language (Chahta, Chacato) | Choctaw phrases
Choctaw terms
Choctaw numbers
Choctaw sample texts | USA: southeastern Oklahoma, east central Mississippi, Louisiana and Tennessee | - Western Muskogean group (Haas classification)
- Southern Muskogean group, Southwestern Muskogean group, Western branch (Munro classification)
- Western Muskogean (Kimball classification) |
Koasati (Kowassaati)
Koasati
Koasati language (Coushatta) | Koasati terms
Koasati numbers | USA: Louisiana, Texas | - Eastern Muskogean group, Apalachee–Alabama–Koasati subgroup (Haas classification)
- Southern Muskogean group, Southwestern Muskogean subgroup, Alabama–Koasati branch (Munro classification)
- Central Muskogean group, Alabama-Koasati subgroup (Kimball classification) |
Mikasuki
Miccosukee (Mikasuki, Hitchiti)
Hitchiti
Mikasuki language (Miccosukee, Mikisúkî, Hitchiti-Mikasuki) | Mikasuki (Miccosukee) terms
Hitchiti terms | USA: Georgia, southern Florida | - Eastern Muskogean (Haas classification)
- Southern Muskogean (Munro classification)
- Central Muskogean (Kimball classification) |
Mvskoke (Creek)
Muskogee (Creek, Seminole)
Muscogee language (Mvskoke, Creek, Seminole, Maskókî, Muskogee, Maskoke) | Muskogee (Creek, Seminole) terms
Mvskoke (Creek) numbers
Seminole online dictionary (.pdf format) | USA: east central Oklahoma, south Alabama Creek, Florida | - Eastern Muskogean group (Haas classification, Kimball classification)
- Northern Muskogean group (Munro classification) |
Penutian languages (proposed/hypothetical language family; Swadesh list) | Alsea (Yaquina, Yakona, Alcea, Alse)
Alsea_language | Alsea terms | USA: along Yaquina Bay, Yaquina River, Oregon (Yaquina dialect)
along Alsea River and Yachats River, Oregon (Alsea dialect) | - Maritime Penutian group, Coast Oregon Penutian subgroup
- Two dialects, Yaquina and Alsea, both extinct in the 20th century. |
Chico (Valley Maidu) language | N/A | USA: northern California | - Inland Penutian group, Maiduan (Maidun, Pujunan) subgroup
- Extinct at some unknown date. |
Chinook (Tsinúk)
Chinook (Coastal Chinook, Lower Chinook)
Lower Chinook | Chinook terms | USA: mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon, Washington state | - Maritime Penutian group, Chinookan subgroup
Dialects: Clatsop (Tlatsop), Shoalwater Bay dialect (Shoalwater, Chinook proper) and Chinook Jargon (see below). |
Wasco-Wishram (Upper Chinook, Kiksht, Clackamas) Upper Chinook language (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram) | Wishram terms | USA: Columbia River, Oregon | - Maritime Penutian group, Chinookan subgroup
- Extinct (by 2012), but there are revival efforts since the 2000s. Several dialects, all extinct: Watlalla (Watlala, Cascades Chinook dialect), Hood River dialect, White Salmon dialect, Wasco-Wishram dialect, Clackamas, Multnomah (Sauvie Island dialect), and the not mutually intelligible Kathlamet (Katlamat, Cathlamet). |
Chinook Jargon (chinuk wawa)
Chinook Jargon (Tsinuk Wawa)
Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa, Chinook Wawa, Chinook Lelang, Lelang)
Chinook Jargon | Chinook Jargon (Tsinuk Wawa) terms | USA: Oregon, Washington | - Maritime Penutian group, Chinookan subgroup
- Trade pidgin, developed from Chinook, English, French and the Nootka (Nuu-Chah-Nulth) language (from the Wakashan language family). |
Coos (Coosan, Hanis, Miluk)
Coosan | N/A | USA:
Coos Bay, Coos River, Oregon (Hanis dialect)
Coos Bay, lower Coquille River, Oregon (Miluk dialect) | - Maritime Penutian group, Coast Oregon Penutian subgroup
- Two dialects, Hanis and Miluk, both extinct in the 20th century. |
Kathlamet (Katlamat, Cathlamet)
Kathlamet (Katlamat, Cathlamet) | Kathlamet terms (Katlamat, Cathlamet) | USA: Washington state, Oregon | - Maritime Penutian group, Chinookan subgroup
- Extinct (by the 1930s). |
Klamath & Modoc (?ewksiknii & moowat'aakknii)
Klamath-Modoc
Klamath language (Klamath-Modoc) | Klamath-Modoc terms | USA: southern Oregon and northern California | Inland Penutian group, Plateau Penutian subgroup |
Konkow language (Koyoomk'awi, Concow-Maidu, Northwestern Maidu)
Konkow | Konkow resources and audio recordings
Recording of Konkow | USA: California | - Inland Penutian group, Maiduan (Maidun, Pujunan) subgroup
- Revival efforts ongoing. |
Maidu (Maidun, Nisenan, Konkow)
Maidu (Northeastern Maidu, Mountain Maidu) language
Maidu | Maidu and Nisenan terms
Maidu resources and audio recordings | USA: California | - Inland Penutian group, Maiduan (Maidun, Pujunan) subgroup
- Extinct as a first language since 2007, but there's an ongoing revival with hundreds of new speakers. Currently the only extant language of the Maiduan subgroup. |
Molale (Molalla)
Molala (Molele, Molalla) | Molale (Molalla) terms | USA: central Oregon and Washington state | - Inland Penutian group, Plateau Penutian subgroup
- Extinct (by 1958). |
Nez Percé (Nimi'ipuu, Nimipu)
Nez Perce (Nez Percé, Nezperce, Niimi'ipuutímt) | Nez Percé terms | USA: Idaho | Inland Penutian group, Plateau Penutian subgroup, Sahaptin branch |
Nisenan language (Southern Maidu, Neeshenam, Nishinam, Pujuni, or Wapumni)
Nisenan | Maidu and Nisenan terms
Nisenan resources and audio recordings | USA: central California | - Inland Penutian group, Maiduan (Maidun, Pujunan) subgroup
- Extinct as a first language, but there's a smaller revival, including detailed documentation. |
Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit) | Sahaptin terms
Yakama dialect terms | USA: Washington state, Oregon, and Idaho | - Inland Penutian group, Plateau Penutian subgroup, Sahaptin branch
- Several major dialects: Tenino (Warm Springs dialect, Celilo), Umatilla (Tamalúut), Walla Walla and Yakama (Yakima, Klickitat). |
Siuslaw (Lower Umpqua)
Siuslaw language | | USA:
Siuslaw River, Siltcoos Lake, Oregon (Siuslaw dialect)
Winchester Bay, lower Umpqua and Smith rivers, Oregon (Kuitsh dialect) | - Maritime Penutian group, Coast Oregon Penutian subgroup
- Two dialects, Siuslaw and Kuitsh. |
Tsimshian (Sm’algya̲x)
Coast Tsimshian (Sm'algyax)
Coast Tsimshian dialect (Sm'álgyax)
The Coast Tsimshian language | Coast Tsimshian (Sm'algyax) terms
Coast Tsimshian (Sm’algya̲x) numbers
Coast Tsimshian bibliography
Tsimshian dictionary (.pdf format) (Sealaska Institute, 2009)
Sm’algya̲x Living Legacy Talking Dictionary (online dictionary, language resources and language software, etc.) | Canada: northwest British Columbia
USA: southeast Alaska | - Maritime Penutian group, Tsimshianic subgroup
- The extant dialect of the two dialects of the Tsimshian language, the other being the recently extinct Southern Tsimshian (Sgüüx̣s, Ski:xs). |
Southern Tsimshian (Sgüüx̣s, Ski:xs, Old Klemtu)
The South Tsimshian language | South Tsimshian bibliography | Canada: northwest British Columbia | - Maritime Penutian group, Tsimshianic subgroup
- The extinct dialect of the two dialects of the Tsimshian language, the other being the extant Coast Tsimshian (Sm'algyax). |
Nisga’a (Nisg̱a’a)
Gitxsan-Nisga'a (Nass-Gitksan)
Nisga'a language
The Nisga'a language | Nisga'a bibliography | Canada: northwest British Columbia | - Maritime Penutian group, Tsimshianic subgroup
- One of the two dialects of the Nass–Gitksan group, both extant. Also known as Nass, Nisgha, Nisg̱a’a, Nishka, Niska, Nishga, Nisqa’a. (Warning: Do not use the Nisga'a dictionary link at n-l.org, it seems busted/compromised.) |
Gitxsan (Gitksanimx̱ / Gitx̱sanimx̱ / Gitx̱senimx̱)
Gitxsan-Nisga'a (Nass-Gitksan)
Gitxsan language
The Gitksan language | Gitksan bibliography | Canada: Skeena region, British Columbia | - Maritime Penutian group, Tsimshianic subgroup
- One of the two dialects of the Nass–Gitksan group, both extant. Also known as Gitxsanimaax, Gitksan, Giatikshan, Gityskyan, Giklsan. |
Pomoan languages (speculated to be part of the hypothetical "Hokan" family; "Hokan" family Swadesh list) | Central Pomo
Central Pomo
Central Pomo language
Central Pomo | Pomo terms (Central, Eastern and Northern Pomo)
Central Pomo numbers
Central Pomo resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | - Western Pomo group, Southern subgroup
- Extinct (by 2016), but there is a transcription project since the early 2010s. Might be followed up by a revival. |
Eastern Pomo (Bahtssal)
Eastern Pomo
Eastern Pomo language
Eastern Pomo | Pomo terms (Central, Eastern and Northern Pomo)
Eastern Pomo resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | Eastern Pomo group |
Kashaya (Kʼahšá:ya)
Kashaya (Kashia, Southwestern Pomo)
Kashaya language (Southwestern Pomo, Kashia)
Kashaya | Kashaya terms
Kashaya resources and audio recordings | USA: Sonoma County, California | - Western Pomo group, Southern subgroup
- One of only three currently extant Pomo languages, the other being Southeastern Pomo and Southern Pomo. |
Northeastern Pomo
Northeastern Pomo language
Northeastern Pomo | Northeastern Pomo resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | - Northeastern Pomo group
- Extinct (by 1961). |
Northern Pomo
Northern Pomo
Northern Pomo language
Northern Pomo | Pomo terms (Central, Eastern and Northern Pomo)
Northern Pomo resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | - Western Pomo group, Northern subgroup
- Extinct. |
Southeastern Pomo
Southeastern Pomo (Elem Pomo, Lower Lake Pomo)
Southeastern Pomo | Southeastern Pomo resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | - Southeastern Pomo group
- Ongoing revival in the early 2010s. One of only three currently extant Pomo languages, the other being Kashaya (Southwestern Pomo) and Southern Pomo. |
Southern Pomo
Southern Pomo
Southern Pomo language | Southern Pomo resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | - Western Pomo group, Southern subgroup
- Extinct (almost no speakers remain as of the early 2010s), though still considered extant, along with Southeastern Pomo and Kashaya (Southwestern Pomo). |
Salishan languages (Swadesh list
A Bibliography of Salish Linguistics (.pdf format)
Salishan names) | Coeur d'Alene (Snchitsu'umshtsn)
Coeur d'Alene (Schitsu'Umsh, Skitswish)
Coeur d'Alene (Cœur d'Alène, snchitsu'umshtsn) language | Coeur d'Alene (Schitsu'Umsh, Skitswish) terms | USA: northern Idaho | Interior Salish group, Southern Interior subgroup |
Columbian (Wenatchee)
Columbia-Moses (Columbia-Wenatchi, Nxaảmxcín) language | Columbia-Wenatchi terms | USA: northern Idaho, eastern Washington state | Interior Salish group, Southern Interior subgroup |
Comox (Saɬuɬtxʷ / Salhulhtxw)
Comox (Sliammon, Salhulhtxw)
Comox language
The Comox/Sliamon language | Comox/Sliamon bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, North-Central branch |
Cowlitz (Stl'pulimuhkl, Lower Cowlitz)
Cowlitz language | Cowlitz terms | USA: southwestern Washington | - Coast Salish group, Tsamosan subgroup, Maritime Tsamosan branch
- Extinct (by 1990). Close to Upper Chehalis (see below). There is no Upper Cowlitz language, as the Upper Cowlitz tribe spoke a different language altogether. |
Halkomelem (Halq̓eméylem)
Halkomelem
Halkomelem (Halq̓eméylem, Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓, Hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓) language
The Halkomelem Language | Halkomelem terms
Halkomelem language lessons
Halkomelem bibliography | Canada: southwestern British Columbia
USA: northern Washington | Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, South-Central branch |
Klallam (Nəxʷsƛʼayʼəmúcən)
Klallam (Clallam, S'Klallam)
Klallam language (Clallam, Na'klallam, S'klallam, Nəxʷsƛ̓ay̓əmúcən)
The Klallam language | Klallam terms
Klallam bibliography | USA: Washington state | Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, South-Central and Straits branch |
Lillooet (St'át'imcets, Stl'atl'imx)
Lillooet language (St’át’imcets)
The Lillooet language | Lillooet bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Interior Salish group, Northern Interior subgroup |
Lower Chehalis
Lower Chehalis language | Lower Chehalis terms | USA: south of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington state | - Coast Salish group, Tsamosan subgroup, Inland Tsamosan branch
- Extinct at some point in history, exact date unknown. |
Lushootseed (dxʷləšúcid)
Lushootseed (Whulshootseed, Puget Sound Salish)
Lushootseed | Lushootseed terms | Canada: southern British Columbia
USA: northern Washington | - Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup
- Also known as xʷəlšucid, dxʷləšúcid, Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish or Skagit-Nisqually. |
Nooksack
Nooksack (Lhéchalosem) language | Nooksack terms | USA: Whatcom County, Washington state | - Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, South-Central branch
- Extinct (in the late 1980s), the revival project had its first new fluent speaker by 2010. |
Northern Straits Salish (Samish, Lummi, Saanich)
North Straits Salish language
Saanich (SENĆOŦEN) | Straits Salish terms (in the Luumi, Saanich and Samish dialects)
Saanich vocabulary | Canada: Vancouver Island, British Columbia
USA: Washington state | - Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, South-Central and Straits branch
- Several dialects, only two with active speakers: Lummi (extinct), Saanich, Samish (extinct), Semiahmoo (SEMYOME, Tah-tu-lo) (extinct), T'sou-ke (Sooke) (extinct), Songhees |
Nuxalk
Nuxalk (Bella Coola, Salmon River Salish)
Nuxalk (Bella Coola) language
The Nuxalk language | Nuxalk terms
Nuxalk bibliography | Canada: Bella Coola area, Central Coast region, British Columbia | Bella Coola group |
Okanagan (Nselxcin, Colville, Nespelem, Sanpoil)
Okanagan (Colville-Okanagan) language
The Okanagan/Colville language | Okanagan terms
Okanagan/Colville bibliography | USA: southern interior of British Columbia
USA: central-northern parts of Washington state | Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, South-Central branch |
Pentlatch (Qualicum)
Pentlatch language
The Pentlatch language | Pentlatch bibliography | Canada: Vancouver Island, British Columbia | - Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, North-Central branch
- Extinct (by 1940), an though documented by Franz Boas, there is little research bibliography. |
Quinault
Quinault language | Quinault terms | USA: Olympic Peninsula, Washington state | - Coast Salish group, Tsamosan subgroup, Inland Tsamosan branch
- Extinct at some point in the 20th century. A few native speakers still know some vocabulary. |
Sechelt
Sechelt language
The Sechelt Language | Sechelt bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, North-Central branch |
Shuswap (Secwepmec, Secwepemctsin)
Shuswap language (Secwepemctsín)
The Shuswap language (Secwepmectsín) | Shuswap bibliography | Canada: central and southern interior of British Columbia | Interior Salish group, Northern Interior subgroup |
Spokane/Kalispel/Flathead Salish
Salish (Séliš)
Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language (Séliš, Montana Salish) | Spokane/Kalispel/Flathead Salish terms | USA: Montana, Washington | - Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, South-Central branch
- Kalispel is also known as Pend d'oreille and Flathead is often called Salish proper. (So many names, LOL. ) |
Squamish
Squamish language (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim)
The Squamish language | Squamish bibliography
Squamish language resources
Squamish resources (ortography)
Squamish resources (phonology)
Squamish sample texts | Canada: British Columbia | Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup, South-Central branch |
Tillamook
Tillamook language | Tillamook online dictionary
| USA: northwestern Oregon | - Coast Salish group
- Extinct (since the 1970s), Tillamok community members and researchers have created a 120 page dictionary. |
Thompson River language (Nlaka'pamux)
Thompson language (Thompson River Salish, Nlaka'pamuctsin)
The Thompson language | Thompson River Salish (Nlaka'pamux) bibliography | Canada: British Columbia
USA: Washington state | Interior Salish group, Northern Interior subgroup |
Twana (Skokomish)
Twana language (təw'ánəxʷ, Skokomish) | Twana terms | USA: east of the Puget Sound, Washington state | Coast Salish group, Central Coast Salish subgroup |
Upper Chehalis
Upper Chehalis language (Q̉ʷay̓áyiłq̉) | N/A | USA: south of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington state | - Coast Salish group, Tsamosan subgroup, Maritime Tsamosan branch
- Extinct (by 2001). Placed more closely to Cowlitz. |
Siouan languages
(Swadesh list) | Assiniboine (Nakoda / Nakota) | Assiniboine numbers | Canada: southern Saskatchewan
USA: Montana | Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Dakotan branch |
Biloxi
Biloxi language | Biloxi terms | USA: Mississippi, Louisiana | - Western Siouan group, Ohio Valley subgroup, Mississippi Siouan branch
- Extinct (in the 1930s). |
Catawba
Catawba (Katapa) language | Catawba (Katapa) terms
Catawba dictionary | USA: South Carolina | - Eastern Siouan (Catawban) group
- Extinct (by the early 1960s), but there is a revival effort. |
Chiwere (Iowa-Otoe-Missouri)
Chiwere language | Chiwere (Otoe) terms | USA: Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas | - Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Chiwere–Winnebago branch
- Extinct (by 1996), with a revival effort. Its closest relative Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) is still spoken. |
Crow (Apsáalooke)
Crow (Apsaaloke, Apsaroke, Absarokee) | Crow phrases
Crow terms
Crow numbers | USA: southern Montana | Western Siouan group, Missouri River subgroup |
Hidatsa (Hiraaciré’)
Hidatsa terms | Hidatsa terms
Hidatsa numbers | USA: North and South Dakota, Montana | Western Siouan group, Missouri River subgroup |
Ho-Chunk (Hocak, Hocąk, Winnebago)
Winnebago language | Ho-Chunk (Hocak) terms
Winnebago audio recording of flute song 1
Winnebago audio recording of flute song 2 (from this sound archive) | USA: Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, Illinois and Minnesota | - Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Chiwere–Winnebago branch
- Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) is still extant, though with a smaller number of speakers, but its closest relative Chiwere (see above) is extinct. |
Kaw (Kansa, Kanza)
Kansa language | Kaw (Kansa, Kanza) terms | USA: Kansas, Oklahoma | - Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Dhegihan branch
- Extinct (by 1983), but there is a revival effort. |
Mandan
Mandan language | Mandan terms | USA: North Dakota | Western Siouan group, Mandan subgroup
- Extinct as a first language very recently (2016), but there is an ongoing revival effort to generate new fluent speakers. |
Ofo (Ofogoula, Ofoe)
Ofo language (or dialect) | Ofo terms | USA: Mississippi | - Western Siouan group, Ohio Valley subgroup, Mississippi Siouan branch
- Extinct at some point in the late 17th century, possibly due to tribal warfare. Seems to be a relative of Biloxi. |
Omaha-Ponca (Cegiha, Dhegiha)
Omaha–Ponca language | Omaha-Ponca terms | USA: Nebraska and Oklahoma | Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Dhegihan branch |
Osage (Wazhazhe)
Osage (Wazhazhe ie) language | Osage (Wazhazhe) terms | USA: Oklahoma | - Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Dhegihan branch
- Extinct (by 2005), but there is a revival effort. A new alphabet standard for the language (based on the Latin script) was devised in 2006 and is now available in Unicode. |
Quapaw (Alkansea, Arkansas, Ogahpah, Kwapa)
Quapaw (Arkansas) language | Quapaw (Arkansas) terms | USA: Oklahoma, Arkansas | Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Dhegihan branch |
Sioux (Dakota, Lakota)
Sioux language
Lakota (Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) language
Dakota (Dakhótiyapi, Dakȟótiyapi) language | Lakota phrases
Lakota terms
Dakota sample texts
Sioux language resources
Sioux names | USA: northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota and northeastern Montana
parts of Canada | Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Dakotan branch |
Stoney (Nakoda)
Stoney (Nakota, Nakoda, Isga) | Stoney terms | Canada: Alberta | - Western Siouan group, Mississippi Valley subgroup, Dakotan branch
- Only major group of Siouan speakers wholly in Canadian territory. |
Woccon
Woccon language | Woccon terms | USA: North Carolina | - Eastern Siouan (Catawban) group
- Extinct by the early 18th century. Only a small vocabulary of some 143 words survives, recorded in a printed publication from 1709. A factor in the language's early extinction was the conquest and assimilation of the Woccon by the Tuscarora. |
Uto-Aztecan languages
(Swadesh list) | Comanche (nʉmʉ tekwapʉ̱)
Comanche (Numinu)
Comanche | Comanche words and phrases
Comanche terms | USA: Oklahoma, historically also Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado | Northern U-A languages, Central Numic division |
Chemehuevi
Chemehuevi | Chemehuevi terms | USA: Great Basin, western United States | Northern U-A languages, Southern Numic division |
Cupeño (Kupangaxwichem) Cupeño
Cupeño | Cupeño terms
Cupeño resources | USA: southern California | - Northern U-A languages, Takic Cupan division
- Extinct |
Hopi (Hopilàvayi)
Hopi
Hopi | Hopi terms
Hopi numbers
Keres, Zuni, Hopi and Diné (Navajo) vocabulary overviews
Wiktionary Hopi overview | USA: northeastern Arizona | Northern U-A languages |
Ivilyuat (ʔívil̃uʔat / 'Ívillu'at)
Ivilyuat (Cahuilla / Iviatim)
Ivilyuat / Cahuilla
Cahuilla | Ivilyuat / Cahuilla terms
Ivilyuat / Cahuilla resources and audio recordings | USA: southern California (Coachella Valley, San Gorgonio Pass, San Jacinto Mountains) | Northern U-A languages, Takic Cupan division |
Kawaiisu (Nɨwɨ'abigidɨ / Nüwü'abigidü)
Kawaiisu (Tehachapi, Nuooah)
Kawaiisu
Kawaiisu | Kawaiisu terms
Kawaiisu resources and audio recordings | USA: southern Sierra Nevada range, California | Northern U-A languages, Southern Numic division |
Kitanemuk
Kitanemuk
Kitanemuk | N/A | USA: southern California (San Gabriel Mountains and foothills) | - Northern U-A languages, Takic Serran division
- Extinct |
Luiseño (Cham'teela)
Luiseño (Cham'teela)
Luiseño
Luiseño | Luiseño (Cham'teela) terms
Luiseño resources and audio recordings | USA: southern California | Northern U-A languages, Takic Cupan division |
Mono
Mono (Monache)
Mono language
Mono | Mono (Monache) terms
Mono (Monache) resources and audio recordings | USA: central California | Northern U-A languages, Western Numic division |
Northern Paiute
Northern Paiute (Paviotso, Bannock)
Northern Paiute | Northern Paiute terms
Northern Paiute resources and audio recordings | USA: Nevada, California, Oregon, Idaho | Northern U-A languages, Western Numic division |
Oʼodham (Oʼodham ñiok)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) & Akimel O'odham (Pima)
Oʼodham | Oʼodham terms
Oʼodham numbers | USA: southern Arizona
Mexico: northern Sonora | Southern U-A languages, Tepiman division |
Serrano (Maarrênga'twich)
Serrano
Serrano
Serrano | Serrano phrases
Serrano terms
Serrano resources and audio recordings | USA: southern California | - Northern U-A languages, Takic Serran division
- Extinct |
Shoshone (Sosoni' da̱i̱gwape) | Shoshone terms
Shoshone online dictionary | USA: Nevada (Western Shoshone), Utah (Gosiute), southern Idaho and northern Utah (Northern Shoshone), Wyoming (Eastern Shoshone) | Northern U-A languages, Central Numic division |
Tataviam
Tataviam (Alliklik) | Tataviam resources | USA: southern California | Northern U-A languages, Takic division |
Timbisha (Tümpisa) / Panamint / Koso
Timbisha / Panamint
Timbisha
Panamint | Timbisha / Panamint terms
Timbisha numbers
Timbisha / Panamint resources and audio recordings | USA: eastern California (Death Valley, Owens Valley) | Northern U-A languages, Central Numic division |
Tongva (Gabrieleño)
Gabrieleño (Kizh, Tongva)
Tongva
Gabrielino | Tongva (Gabrieleño) terms
Tongva numbers
Gabrielino (Tongva) resources | USA: southern California | Northern U-A languages, Takic division |
Tubatulabal
Tübatulabal
Tubatulabal | Tübatulabal terms
Tübatulabal resources and audio recordings | USA: Kern River, California | - Northern U-A languages
- Extinct |
Ute (Southern Paiute) | Ute (Southern Paiute) terms | USA: Utah, Nevada, Colorado and Arizona | Northern U-A languages, Southern Numic division |
Yaqui
Yaqui (Yoeme) | Yaqui terms
Yaqui numbers
English to Yaqui online dictionary
Yaqui/Hiaki Language Dictionary | (also Sonora and Sinaloa in Mexico)
USA: Arizona | Southern U-A languages |
Wakashan languages (Swadesh list) | Ditidaht (diid̓iitidq)
Ditidaht language | Ditidat bibliography | Canada: Vancouver Island, British Columbia | Southern Wakashan group |
Haisla (X̄a'’islak̓ala / X̌àh̓isl̩ak̓ala)
Haisla
Haisla language, (X̄a’islak̓ala, X̌àh̓isl̩ak̓ala)
The Haisla language | Haisla terms
Haisla bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Northern Wakashan group |
Heiltsuk (Haiɫzaqvla)
Oowekyala (’Uik̓ala)
Heiltsuk (Bella Bella)
Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language
The Heiltsuk-Oweek'ala language | Heiltsuk language audio and school resources
Heiltsuk terms
Heiltsuk bibliography | Canada: Central Coast region, British Columbia | - Northern Wakashan group
- The Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language is divided into the Heiltsuk dialect (Haíɫzaqv, Bella Bella and Haihais) and the Oowekyala dialect (Ooweekeeno, Wuikyala). |
Kwak̓wala
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala, Kwakwaka'wakw)
Kwak'wala language
The Kwakw'ala language | Kwakiutl terms
Kwakw'ala bibliography | Canada: Queen Charlotte Strait | Northern Wakashan group |
Makah (qʷi·qʷi·diččaq)
Makah
Makah language | Makah terms | USA: northwestern corner of Olympic Peninsula, Washington state | Southern Wakashan group
- Extinct in 2002, but survives as a second language and is undergoing a revival. |
Nuu-Chah-Nulth (Nuučaan̓uł / T'aat'aaqsapa)
Nuu-Chah-Nulth (Nootka)
Nuu-chah-nulth language
Nuuchanulth language (Nootka) | Nootka terms
Nuu-Chah-Nulth (Nootka) bibliography | Canada: British Columbia | Southern Wakashan group |
Wintuan languages (speculated by some to be part of the Penutian family, but newer evidence suggests looser ties) | Nomlaki
Nomlaki (Noamlakee, Central Wintu)
Nomlaki | Nomlaki terms
Nomlaki resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California | - Northern Wintuan group
- Extinct at some point, but there is a partial speaker in the 2010s. |
Patwin
Patwin language (Patween)
Patwin | Patwin terms
Patwin resources and audio recordings | USA: northern California (Colusa, Lake, Napa, Solano, and Yolo Counties) | - Southern Wintuan group
- Extinct by around 2003, but there is a revival effort. This is the only currently extant Wintuan language. Three main dialects: River Patwin (Sacramento River, Colusa County), Hill Patwin (hills and plains in the lang's western range) and Southern Patwin (rather poorly documented). |
Wintu (winthu:h)
Wintu (Wintun)
Wintu language (Wintu proper, Northern Wintu)
Wintu | Wintu terms
Wintu resources and audio recordings | USA: Shasta County, Trinity Country, California | - Northern Wintuan group
- Extinct by around 2003, but there is a revival effort in progress since 2011. |
Yuki-Wappo languages | Wappo
Wappo language (Ashochimi) | Wappo terms | USA: Alexander Valley, California | - Extinct (by 1990).
- Initially thought to be a language isolate, it was placed along with Yuki into the Yuki-Wappo language family, due to them being distantly related. |
Yuki
Yuki language (Ukiah, Ukomno'm) | Yuki terms | USA: Eel River area, California | - Extinct (in the 20th century).
- Initially thought to be a language isolate, it was placed along with Wappo into the Yuki-Wappo language family, due to them being distantly related. |
Yuman-Cochimí languages (Y-C are speculated to be part of the hypothetical "Hokan" family; Swadesh list 1
Swadesh list 2) | Cocopah (Cocopah)
Cocopah language | Cocopah (Cocopah) terms | USA: Arizona | Core Yuman group, Delta-Californian subgroup |
Havasupai-Yavapai-Hualapai language (Pai, Walapai)
Havasupai–Hualapai (Havasupai–Walapai) language | Havasupai terms | USA: Arizona | Core Yuman group, Pai (Upland Yuman) subgroup
- Two dialects, Havasupai and Hualapai (Walapai), spoken by the eponymous two tribes. Sometimes referred to collectivelly as the Pai language. |
Kumeyaay (Diegueńo, Tipai, Kumiai)
Kumeyaay language
Kumeyaay | Kumeyaay terms
Kumeyaay resources and audio recordings | USA: California | Core Yuman group, Delta-Californian subgroup |
Maricopa
Maricopa (Piipaash)
Maricopa | Maricopa terms
Maricopa resources and audio recordings | USA: Arizona | Core Yuman group, River Yuman subgroup |
Mohave (Mojave)
Mojave (Mohave) language
Mojave | Mojave terms
Mojave resources and audio recordings | USA: California, Arizona | Core Yuman group, River Yuman subgroup |
Quechan/Yuma
Quechan (Kwtsaan, Yuma) language
Quechan | Quechan/Yuma terms
Quechan/Yuma resources and audio recordings | USA: California, Arizona | - Core Yuman group, River Yuman subgroup
- Not to be confused with the Quechua languages of South America. |