Well I'm not really much of a timeline writer and I think the Red Alert 3 story is another result of a timeline modification so it can't even be intergrate like Red Alert II in this story
(little note some of the picture aren't exactly the one that were there orignaly because I already put them on the wrong slot before and some are missing because I don't want repetition)
So here the organisation that are not complete
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The Yurian Conglomerate
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Comintern
The International
The European Council
SMERSH
Manhattan Project
Soviet Academy of Sciences
NASA
Russian Space Bureau (RSB)
(little note some of the picture aren't exactly the one that were there orignaly because I already put them on the wrong slot before and some are missing because I don't want repetition)
Organisations and Institutions (Red Napoleon)
The League of Nations
At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, convened to establish a world order in the aftermath of humanity's most devastating war to date, American President Woodrow Wilson proposed the creation of an international forum for the discussion and resolution of global affairs. Supported by populations across the world, the League of Nations met for its first plenary session in London on January 10th, 1920. Its principles established in the Covenant of the League of Nations, the League sought to provide an alternative to the old method of diplomacy by creating a free and open forum in which any member could petition its grievances, allowing the international community to propose and implement peaceful solutions and thus prevent nations from going to war. The body also provided smaller nations, which were largely ignored by the world powers, to play an equal role in world affairs. The League furthermore sought, via its executive bodies, to eliminate the global drugs trade, slavery and human trafficking, the manufacture and trade of armaments, and to establish bodies for international labour forums, world courts, and global human rights organisations.
From its beginning, the League enountered difficulties. Following the death of President Wilson, the United States refused to join the League, setting a dangerous precedent as Great Britain and France were left, in the words of economist John Maynard Keynes, as "unhappy nursemaids to the bastard child of Versailles". Disagreements over racial equality clauses led to the Empire of Japan seceding from the League in 1930. European nations, concerned that their national sovereignties were in danger of being overshadowed by the League, only gave grudging support for the body. World leaders' perceptions of the organisation grew increasingly unfavourable as wars in China and Ethiopia undermined the League's apparent goal of peaceful resolution. Despite such setbacks, the League did achieve significant successes in its early days, resolving a number of territorial disputes, successfully establishing executive limbs to address global human rights issues, and persuading nations to agree to disarmament treaties. The organisation's international image was strengthened in 1926 when the Federal Republic of Germany applied to become a member; the accession of Germany greatly boosted the League's image as a benevolent organisation offering equality and fairness, and established a precedent for future applications.
By the early 1930's, the international economic depression had resulted in increasing hostilities, most notably in eastern China, where Nationalist China was struggling to hold off an invasion by the Empire of Japan. As the economic decline grew ever-more alarming, Josef Stalin's withdrawal of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from the League sparked international uproar. League member-states became increasingly aware that the USSR could pose a serious threat to world peace in the coming years.
The League was greatly strengthened in 1942 when American President Franklin Roosevelt submitted an application requesting that the United States of America be permitted to join the organisation. The United States' accession to the League coincided with increasing diplomatic intiatives in Europe as Britain, France and Germany spearheaded initiatives to draw Europe closer together in the face of Stalinist aggression. The formation of the European Alliance somewhat undermined the League's position but the Alliance, aware that it needed to project an image of benevolent internationalism in order to secure support from the rest of the world, maintained its individual international commitments to the League.
The outbreak of the Second World War in 1946 placed the League in a difficult position. While respect for the organisation had fallen due to the League's inability to prevent another global war, populations across Europe and America were aware that the League had tried its utmost to prevent a conflict, and that the League could not be blamed. Motions to abandon the League were rejected as politicians in Europe sought to strengthen the international organisation in the hope of garnering support from the United States, South America, and Asia. Throughout the early years of the war, the League continued in attempts to mediate between the USSR and the European Alliance. As the war continued, it became apparent to increasing numbers of the League Executive Council that the organisation required major restructuring. The Soviet Union's westward drive into Europe threatened the stability of the entire world, and League delegates began calling for forceful action in order to prevent a worldwide political meltdown. Internal restructuring began in the summer of 1950, and on November 12th of that year, Secretary-General Sean Lester officially announced the renaming of the organisation into the United Nations, a greatly restructured version of the League. The renaming ceremony marked the official end of the League - while the organisation had been modified rather than dissolved and replaced, the name League of Nations ceased to appear in official publications from November 12th onwards, legally signifying the end of the old League. The League's principles and goals continued to be served under the banner of the United Nations.
From 1922 to 1948, the League was headquartered as the Palace of the Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. The Palace held the League Secretariat, Council, and General Assembly, and was the setting for League activities for twenty-six years. The building was evacuated in May 1950 as Soviet troops approached Geneva, and the League's headquarters were temporarily re-located to Casablanca, Morocco. Following a ballistic attack by Soviet Semyorka-Katyusha rockets in April 1951, the Palace of the Nations was largely destroyed. New headquarters for the newly-restructured organisation were offered by the Rockefeller family, who donated a portion of land on the east side of Manhattan Island for the construction of a new complex. United Nations Headquarters opened on October 3rd 1952, effectively replacing the Palace of the Nations which has since become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The United Nations
The United Nations Organisation came into existence on November 12th 1950 as a restructure of the League of Nations. The "UN", as it came to be known in the anglophonic world, inherited the majority of the League's organisations and structures. The Covenant of the League of Nations was officially replaced on the same day, by a General Assembly vote, with a newly-worded and significantly different set of principles, outlined in the United Nations Charter. Aiming to create a more forceful organisation which could effectively respond to threats to world peace, the UN Charter outlined the creation of an international peacekeeping force composed of military units from selected member-states under a United Nations commander; this structure was a slightly-modified version of the European Alliance's Unified Military Operations, which operated within similar guidelines. Units of Peacekeepers played major roles in Africa, South America, and China as the war against Stalin continued.
Military operations, though, were not the primary goal of the United Nations. From its new headquarters in New York City, the executive bodies of the UN continued the League's efforts to mediate and encourage peace. The restructuring of the late 1940's had changed the role of old League bodies. The General Assembly of the League continued largely unmodified into the new United Nations, as the primary forum for world diplomats. Other bodies, though, had changed. The Secretariat of the League was modified into the Security Council, a new high executive composed of ten member-states. Permanent seats on the Security Council were held by; the United Kingdom (the nations of the European Alliance continued to act individually with the UN, as they had done with the League), the Republic of France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the United States of America. The six temporary seats were granted to other nations on a rotary basis, although the Republic of China held a temporary seat uninterrupted from 1951 to 1959. The office of Secretary-General continued, albeit with greater executive powers, from the League into the United Nations.
Adhering to the principles of the Charter, the United Nations lent diplomatic support to the European Alliance and its increasing cadre of international allies - the so-called "World Alliance" - in their fight against Stalin. Across the globe, Peacekeeprs fought alongside Allied military units and provided essential support units in occupied territory. When Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold forbade Peacekeepers from fighting in front-line duties, their support role proved invaluable in liberated areas, projecting an image of international liberation as opposed to conquest by the World Alliance, in addition to freeing up Allied troops to continue engaging Soviet units. At the end of the war, Dag Hammarskjold, representing the United Nations, co-signed the document of the USSR's capitaulation in Moscow. His signature passed into history for being placed above the signatures of Dwight Eisenhower and Gunther von Esling, signifying not only the greater importance of the United Nations over the United States and the European Alliance, but also of the victory of peaceful diplomacy over military action.
During the 1950's the United Nations co-ordinated global reconstruction programmes aimed at rebuilding Europe, Russia, and China. The organisation's role increased further during the early 1960's as the European empires began to disband and grant their colonies independence. The rapid emergence of many new nations across the world prompted a further restructuring of the General Assembly in order to accomodate dozens of new member-states. Under Secretary-General U Thant, the United Nations commenced an international space programme which gre into Project Unity, a short-lived but symbolic initiative which resulted in the construction of humanity's first extra-terrestrial settlements.
The outbreak of the Third World War in May 1970 dealt a blow to the United Nations in terms of prestige and international perception, not least as television news broadcast images of United Nations headquarters in New York City under attack by Soviet forces. Several dozen UN personnel, including U Thant, were killed in the headquarters buildings during the Soviet Union's assault on New York. Peacekeepers evacuated the General Assembly, Security Council and all other United Nations bodies to Sanguery, Canada, to form an interim organisation. The threat of a Soviet invasion of Canada prompted the Peacekeepers to relocate the UN to Sydney, Australia, in July 1970. The newly-elected Secretary General, Kurt Waldheim of Austria, publicly declared the United Nations' condemnation of the USSR and its support for the United States, and throughout late 1970 worked to encourage the European Union to support the embattled United States while publicly attempting to mediate and seek a ceasefire between the opposing nations.
Following the end of the war in 1970, the United Nations returned to New York City for a brief period, until the Yurian Incident. Affected by the Incident, United Nations executive bodies were ineffective until 1973, although the United Nations Peacekeepers played major roles in combatting Yurian forces across the globe. At the end of the Incident, the United Nations reconvened in San Francisco. Newly-installed at United Nations headquarters overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge, the organisation worked to track down remaining Yurians and direct Peacekeeping operations across the globe while resuming its work to dismantle the USSR. In February 1975, the United Nations announced the formation of the Russian Federation, finally consigning the USSR to history.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The European Alliance
The "Big Four" of the European Alliance. From left to right; Neville Chamberlain, Edouard Daladier, Konrad Adenauer, and Benito Mussolini
The birth of the "Continental Community" began with the Wall Street Crash in October 1927. The collapse of global commerce triggered a fiscal crisis across the developed world, and prompted the nations of Europe to pursue new schemes to reboot their economies.
Since the nineteenth century, political theorists had speculated on the formation of a pan-European community, but prior to the onset in 1927 of a global economic meltdown, few European politicians had been interested in such schemes and viewed continental union as a negative prospect. By the late 1930's, though, the economic crisis in Europe, excarbated by the United States' demand for debt repayments, obliged the nations of Europe to draw closer together. In March 1941, the Luxembourg Conference resulted in the creation of the European Coalition, a very loose economic union designed to ease trade between European nations by lowering tarriffs and import duties. In August 1941, the powers which had attended the Luxembourg Conference signed the European Economic Charter, an economic agreement which introduced a broad range of policies aimed at streamlining trade, encouraging prodution and export, and abolishing economic protectionism between the signatory nations.
The economic roots of European hegemony were, alone, not enough to unite the continent on a political footing. Increasing pressure from the East, though, accelerated the nascent movement for political unity. The USSR, largely unaffected by the Great Depression but reeling from self-inflicted economic catastrophes, had begun to involve itself in foreign affairs with increasing aggression. European leaders grew increasingly disconcerted at Soviet intervention in foreign affairs, fearing the spread of revolutionist ideology to the disaffected and fragmented colonies of the British and French empires. In response to the Kremlin's increasingly belligerent attitude in Asia and eastern Europe, the Alliance cemented internal relations and implemented initiatives to draw continental economies and political institutions closer together. The Sino-Soviet War encouraged the Alliance to seek the support of other nations across the world, and obliged the Alliance to begin to act as a single entity in external political matters. The League of Nations had initially supported the Alliance as a means of unifying the economically-unstable nations of Europe in the aftermath of the Great Depression and had been placated by the Alliance's policy of its member-states continuing to act as individuals on League matters. As the Alliance grew closer together during the mid-1940's though, the League expressed increasing dissatisfaction at the emergence of a new power bloc amongst the strongest members of the League. The outbreak of war in 1946 placed the Alliance in an extremely delicate position. Unsupported by the League and with only vague promises of neutrality from the outside world, the European Alliance underwent far-reaching internal changes as Stalin's armies rolled into Europe.
During its formative years prior to the war, the Alliance had been, politically, a loose organisation. Members feared their supercesion of their national sovereignty by the emerging Alliance, and besides economic co-operation, political and military co-operation had been extremely limited. The Sino-Soviet War encouraged changes in the Alliance's political structure as the dominant members - Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany - sought to remodel Europe along their own lines of peaceful democracy. The dictatorships of Poland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, and Italy itself weakened as state governments acquiesced to the Alliance by relaxing political systems in their nations in exchange for military support from the Alliance. As the Red Army pushed across eastern Europe in the late 1940's, the Alliance increased its political cohesion.
Since its inception, the political seat of the European Alliance had been in the city of Aachen, Germany, ancient capital of Charlemagne's Europe. At Aachen, the European Parliament, European Senate, and the European Council - three overlapping and intertwined legislative bodies - governed the nascent organisation. The military situation in late 1949 and early 1950, though, resulted in control of the Alliance's executive bodies being placed under the nominal control of the Chairman of the European Council of Ministers, the Grand Marshal and Supreme Commander of Allied Forces. Under the Grand Marshal, the Alliance became an almost military junta, as the Supreme Commander subordinated political and economic bodies to the European military in the face of complete collapse amongst surviving European militaries. Following the Battle of Paris, the Grand Marshal seceded several of his emergency powers back to the Council of Ministers, although for the remainder of the war, the Supreme Commander remained the de facto emergency leader of the Alliance.
By 1952, with the end of the war within measurable distance, the three executive bodies of the European Alliance convened at Strasbourg, new capital of the Alliance, to return the Grand Marshal's powers to the three parliamentary assemblies. In the summer of 1953, the Grand Marshal signed the USSR's surrender document on behalf of the European Alliance, his last official act as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
In the aftermath of the war, the European Alliance faced immense problems. Europe lay in ruins following the Soviet invasion; most cities had suffered heavy damage, industrial and agricultural systems were incapable of returning to necessary production levels, and non-military transport and communications infrastructures were almost non-existent. In the immediate years following 1953, Strasbourg issued a series of edicts which united Europe in more significant ways than prior to or even during the war, as political unity was supplemented by genuine economic co-operations. Production and consumption became increasingly regulated and pan-European "pools" established, consisting of surplus goods produced by all nations which could be distributed to the most needy areas regardless of hos much they had contributed to the pool. The United States' assistance via Marshall Aid greatly increased the existing pace of rebuilding, and by 1960, civilian prodcution levels across the continent had either returned to, or had surpassed, the levels of 1946.
Europe's increasing economic prosperity in the post-war world - the "Golden Boom" - greatly impacted Europe's role in international affairs. The Alliance had emerged from the war as one of the military superpowers alongside the United States, but Europe's international affairs had shifted significantly by the early 1960's. Starasbourg's commitment to rebuilding the shrunken Soviet Union, in order to stimulate Eurasian commerce and build better relations with its former nemesis, led to increasing tensions with the isolationist United States, now consumed with America's own economic and social difficulties. The Alliance's commitment to the United Nations posed additional problems as European territores across the planet demanded that Europe oblige its wartime promises. Britain and France, which had made wild promises of postwar colonial independance in exchange for desperately-needed African, Indian, and Caribbean soldiers and supplies to fight off the Red Army, faced pressure from their empires and the United Nations to make good on their wartime promises. The dissolution of the empires was further hastened by British and French realisation that they could no longer afford to maintain their sprawling, archaic dominions and complaints from other European nations that the empires drained Europe's resources and gave Britain and France disproportionate power. Great Britain's grant of Ghanaian independence in March 1957 signalled the beginning of the "New World Order" - within days of Ghana's landmark independence, the European Alliance convened in Rome to reform itself. The Treaty of Rome, a document almost equal to the Alliance Charter in terms of its impact upon Europe, transformed Europe again as the European Alliance morphed into a new supra-national entity, the European Union.
The European Union
The evolution of the European Alliance into the European Union traces its roots to the economic chaos of post-war 1950's Europe. Economic growth and military disarmament in the aftermath of the Second World War affected Europe's international position. A richer, but less militarily strong Europe, found itself obliged by its wartime promises and economic shifts to dismember the crumbling nineteenth-century Empires which still controlled much of the world. Great Britain's grant of independence for Ghana was the trigger for European change, setting in motion procedures that brought the European Alliance closer together in anticipation of the economic impact of the new post-colonial global climate.
The Treaty of Rome, signed by the member-states of the European Alliance in Rome on March 22nd 1957 formally established the European Union. Inheriting the functions of the European Alliance, the Union emerged in Rome as a tighter, more co-operative evolution of the wartime organisation, built on the principles of social betterment for Europe and the world. Characterised by a greatly-lessened emphasis on military affairs, the Union encouraged pacific disarmament in order to lessen the chances of a third global war breaking out, a doctrine which resulted in intense tension between Europe and America during the 1960's.
The United States of America
The First World War proved a catalyst for the growth of recent history's most rapidly-expanding nation. The United States, previously and isolated and inward-looking nation focused on developing its own sprawling landmass, was propelled by its participation in the Great War into becoming one of the strongest Allied states, alongside France, Great Britain, and Italy. President Woodrow Wilson's dream of making the USA a more active member of the international community, though, was shattered when Congress declined to ratify the United States' entry into the League of Nations. Revolted by the carnage of the Western Front, American politicians expressed an eagerness to withdraw from global affairs and return to the USA's traditional policy of isolationism. While the 1920's saw American participation in naval disarmament treaties and a flow of American loans to the new Federal Germany, the United States passed the decade largely ignored by the world community and content to remain uninvolved in global politics.
The Wall Street Crash of October 1927 devastated America's economic health. Years of over-production and under-consumption led to falling share prices, and as shareholders rushed to sell their increasingly worthless shares in American companies and withdraw their savings from banks, the American economy collapsed literally overnight. The sale of worthless shares bankrupted companies, forcing high levels of lay-offs and a soar in unemployment. Within weeks, the effects of the financial disaster on Wall Street were being felt in Europe as America closed its doors to European imports in an effort to stabilise the American economy. The beginning of the 1930's saw the Western world, and most severely America, reeling in the Great Depression. In the United States, a third of the population had become unemployed, state finances were depleted, a series of dustbowls crippled the Midwest, and the intense poverty of the Deep South led to bitter racial tensions as the country fought for jobs and wages. Government intervention, although succesful, was limited. President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal aimed at mass public works projects to create employment, thus creating more wage-earners and stimulating economic growth. Trade with the rest of the world increased a little, but despite the efforts of the White House and Wall Street, the national economy remained in tatters.
The 1940's saw a slight increase in America's economic prospects. The foundation of the European Alliance had stimulated trans-Atlantic trade as the nations of Europe dragged themselves out of the Great Depression in preparation for their looming war with the USSR. The outbreak of war in eastern Europe in 1946 did not affect the United States in any significant way, but as the war in Europe appeared to favour the Soviet Union, the United States found itself becoming increasingly involved. The European Alliance, fighting a desperate defensive campaign against the USSR, came to rely increasingly on cheap, mass-produced goods from the United States to supplement European production. Under the Lend-Lease Programme, the United States agreed to provide goods to the Allies in exchange for access to global military bases operated by the Alliance. Lend-Lease started a broader-reaching change as the United States seized the opportunity to cure its financial malaise by selling to the embattled Alliance.
The United States' entry into the war in 1949 was traced to a variety of causes. An act of sabotage at Pearl Harbour, committed by pro-Soviet sympathisers and NKVD agents outraged Congress, but the deeper political and economic reasoning played a much more important role. By 1949, the Soviet Union had conquered much of Europe and was poised to attack into the rich nations of Western Europe. Tne White House recognised that the fall of Europe to the USSR would not only remove America's most valuable trading partners, but would leave the Soviet Union far stronger than the United States. Direct involvement in the war would greatly stimulate American industry and break the vicious cycle of economic malaise which had been crippling the USA since 1927. Appeals from the European Alliance for assistance in the war resulted in the American public pressuring the White House for involvement on the side of the Allies, and in late 1949, the United States entered the Second World War. During the next four years, the United States became increasingly vital in Allied campaigns in Europe and the Soviet Far East, while in America itself, the was transformed the economy. The ceaseless demand for goods of all description to feed and fuel the World Alliance's campaigns revolutionised America's malignant economy. War factories and training facilities were located to the Deep South to stimulate growth in the eternally-impoverished region, while the national demand for war workers absorbed the United States' millions of unemployed. The Federal government increased its authority over state legislative bodies; passing Executive Decrees to combat racial segregation, clamping down on communist movements, and making the government more involved in the economy as Washington set quotas and targets aimed at both supplying the World Alliance with goods and simultaneously rejuvenating American society. The end of the war in 1953 saw the United States transformed, having grown from an impoverished and isolationist nation to a country invigorated by industrial growth and with a similar level of international influence as the European Alliance.
In the years following the Second World War, the United States spearheaded initiatives aimed at rebuilding the shattered nations of the world and strengthening relations with the global community. This brief period of co-operations and growth - "the Golden Boom" - proved to be the high point of America's post-war image. Under the presidency of General Dwight Eisenhower, the nation entered an era of resentment and rivalry as the United States and its erstwhile partner, the European Alliance, saw their relations sour in the late 1950's. Disagreements between Europe and America over the future of Russia, the role of the United Nations, and international disarmament initiatives flared into open hostility during the breakup of Europe's empires. While Europe aimed to only grant colonial independence once each colony was judged capable of governing itself after European withdrawal, the United States presssured for immediate independence, regardless of whether the colony was ready for self-government or not. While the USA claimed to be following global decolonisation drives and that America's encouragement was in the best interests of the colonies, European nations accused the USA of using the colonies as pawns, breaking up the empires in an attempt to weaken Europe without caring what happened to the colonies after they had become independent. As the 1960's progressed, the colonial issue became increasingly abrasive for both sides of the Atlantic, while arguments over disarmament, adherence to United Nations resolutions, and global outrage at the United States' harbouring of nuclear weapons worsened America's international image. Within the USA itself, society felt the effects of the world's disgruntlement with an increasingly right-wing America as nations' trade with the USA slackened. Europe, China, the new USSR, and the old colonies of the European empires established complex commercial webs which boosted their economies while leaving the United States left out. While the international community encouraged the United States to join the new global commercial network, successive presidents were prevented from accession to the global trade web by an increasingly hostile political class in Washington. The economic boom of the 1950's had, by the early 1960's, petered out. As social issues took precedence over the economy, the United States became bitterly divided as African-Americans across the nation pressured the government for social change as the Civil Rights Movement accelerated across the country. The Civil Rights Act of 1965 established a new era of social segregation as America squabbled bitterly over national policies while the country fell behinf the world in economic growth. A short period of international involvement under President John F. Kennedy, who committed the United States to the global space programme and worked to thaw relations with the European Union, dissipated following the assassination of Kennedy and the accession of the right-wing presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixom; the latter of whom crippled US relations with Europe in the late 1960's. In 1968, the accession of Democrat and internationalist Michael Dugan saw the beginning of a gradual thaw in America's relations with the outside world. But by 1970, the United States enjoyed only frosty relations with Europe. In May of that year, the futility of trans-Atlantic squabbling became apparent as the Soviet Union, which had quietly grown while Europe and America argues with one another, launched an invasion of the United States.
The Third World War impacted the United States more than any other nation. Early defeats of the United States military precipitated a shift in American policy in Europe. The threat of a Soviet invasion of Canada and an impending humanitarian disaster in the refugee-clogged United States propelled the European Union into uniting with the USA to combat the new USSR.
The Republic of China
The Qing Dynasty, ruling family of the Celestial Empire since the late 1600's, oversaw the nineteenth-century decline of China as the world's most populous and advanced nation found itself eclipsed by the rise of the European Empires. Invasions, civil wars, ecological disasters and economic chaos wore down Imperial authority, and the Boxer Uprising of 1901 sealed China's fate as the Western powers encroached into the crumbling nation. In 1911, the Western powers removed the last Qing Emperor, transforming a thousands-years-old imperial sprawl into a weak and unstable Republic under President Sun Yat-Sen. The new Republic of China, abandoned to take care of its manifold problems alone as the Western world busied itself with the First World War, rapidly devolved into political chaos as rival factions across China vyed for control of the splintered nation. Throughout the 1930's, President Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist government in Beijing struggled to combat powerful Chinese warlords in the interior while simultaneously attempting to hold back a series of invasions by the increasingly aggressive Empire of Japan. As the League of Nations worked to assuage the endless wars engulfing Kai-Shek's government, the Soviet Union turned its eyes to China as Stalin's foreign policy drive accelerated.
The unstable political situation in China encouraged the Kremlin to turn to China as an easy target for Stalin's new international involvement. Internicene strife between warlords in north-west China in early 1943 led to increasing numbers of refugees seeking asylum in the neighbouring USSR, and as the Nationalist government had no authority in the region, the Soviet Union was able to greatly exaggerate the situation in order to justify its subsequent involvement in the area. The Kremlin had, for some time, been backing the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Tse-Tung, whose "Long March" had almost brought Beijing under communist control. Supplying Mao's troops with weapons and equipment to recommence their march, the Soviet Union struck directly into Sinkiang province and the weak independent state of Mongolia. Within weeks, the Red Army had crushed local warlords and Nationalist armies, forcing Chiang Kai-Shek and his government to flee to Taiwan as Mao's communists seized Beijing. With the blessing of the USSR, Mao assumed control of China, and immediately signed a peace treaty with Stalin that ceded Mongolia and Xianjiang province directly to the USSR.
Mao Tse-Tung's Chinese Communist Party enters Beijing, establishing the short-lived Peoples' Republic of China
The new Peoples' Republic of China, buoyed up by Russian support, faced difficult challenges in its early years. Essentially a puppet of the Kremlin, Mao was forced to concede to the Soviet Union's plundering of China in order to fuel Soviet military buildup for their planned invasion of the European Alliance. Interference from the USSR resulted in Mao's cabinet devolving into a cabal of NKVD spies, and while Stalin was eager to plunder Chinese industry, he paid little attention to China's remaining warlords, who continued to fight Beijing as they sought to establish themselves in power. During the Second World War, the USSR's focus on Europe resulted in Mao being abandoned to fight China's internal battles while the Soviet Union's involvement in Chinese affairs dwindled to little more than a Russian desire to plunder China's resources to feed and fuel the Red Army.
The war came to Chinese soil in June 1952 when the United Nations despatched an army to seize Kowloon and Zhanjiang, while Chiang Kai-Shek led a Nationalist force from Taiwan to Fuzhou. The Empire of Japan, a recent member of the World Alliance, signed an accord with the Nationalist government and invaded China from Manchuko (Manchuria) in a march on Beijing. The United Nations army under General Douglas MacArthur seized Guangzhou, and by extension the richest provinces of China, in August 1952 while the Nationalists captured Shanghai and the Japanese approached Beijing. Invaded on three fronts, stripped of production facilities and military goods by the USSR, and stricken by civil wars in western China, the communist government in Beijing removed Mao from power in an NKVD-orchestrated coup d'etat. Within days, the NKVD coup was overthrown by a Nationalist putsch which transferred power back to Kai-Shek. As the United Nations army spread westwards to quell China's remaining warlords, the Japanese Army turned northwards to support a recent UN invasion of the Soviet Far East, allowing Kai-Shek's government to establish itself unthreatened in Beijing. The Chinese people, eager for peace after half a century of civil strife, showed an overwhelming support for the Nationalist government after United Nations-initiated referendums in December 1952. With Kai-Shek's government enjoying mass popular support, China entered a period of peace unparalleled in the nation since the beginning of the nineteenth century.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, China's position on the world stage grew rapidly. Recognising China as one of the most important nations of the world, albeit somewhat crippled, the United Nations initiated immense reconstruction programmes in the Republic of China. Having endured decades of internal strife, China's infrastructures had decayed significantly while Chinese industry had been stripped bare by a Soviet Union bent on continental conquest. Global investment in China soared as the World Bank lauded the potential of the nation, and by the mid-1960's, China's economy had strengthened substantially. International commerce skyrocketed at China gained lucrative contracts to supply the shrunken new USSR with goods and services to rebuild the shattered nation, fuelling growth and expansion in China as factories sprung up to provide Russia with manufactured goods and Moscow advertised endless employment opportunities in rebuilding Romanov's new Soviet Union.
During the Third World War, the Republic of China succeeded in remaining neutral. The new USSR, embattled in the United States and frantically attempting to keep the European Union out of the war, paid little attention to China during the two years of conflict. The United Nations, unwilling to open a new theatre of conflict in Asia, equally kept a diplomatic distance from the government in Beijing. The 1972-1973 Yurian Incident, though, hit China hard. The sprawling nation, home to 20% of the human species, was, like other nations across the planet, plunged into chaos as the Psychic Dominator Disaster wracked Chinese cities and Chinese Yurianists launched attacks on the authorities. With the assistance of the United Nations Peacekeepers, the Chinese army ultimately succeeded in crushing Yurianism in the nation, but at a high price. Chinese industries and agriculture were left ravaged by Yurian plundering during the movement's harsh economic drives of 1971 - as the United Nations gradually began to eliminate Yurianism, China became Yuri's breadbasket and Chinese production was left heavily scarred by the Incident.
In the aftermath of Yurianism, China experienced a short period of internal strife as retaliation against Yurians erupted across the nation. By the mid-1970's, though, China had entered a new golden age of economic prosperity as the country rebuilt the damage inflicted by Yurianism and the Beijing government sought to increase its power at United Nations headquarters in the face of a war-ravaged United States, a crippled Russian Federation, and a squabbling European Union.
China continues to grow in prosperity and production, and United Nations predictions estimate that China will emerge as a dominant economic power in the coming twenty-first century. The discovery of Tiberium in China, though, has already had an unsettling effect on China as Beijing and the United Nations evacuate Tiberium areas in the Chinese nation. It remains to be seen how China, like the other nations of Earth, will react to the Tiberium crisis.
The Commonwealth of Nations
The dissolution of the British Empire, beginning with grants of semi-autonomous government to South Africa in 1911 and accelearating following two World Wars, caused significant shifts in global politics. As the dominant power on Earth for the greater part of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and as one of the leading entities following the First World War, the British Empire exerted immense authority and influence over its acquistions and possessions, annexed during a series of Victorian-era colonial wars. Following the First World War, London was obliged to grant increasing autonomy to its "White Dominions" - Canada, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand - in recompense for the Empire's crucial role in the Great War, while ignoring Indian, African, and Caribbean demands for the same semi-autonomous grants in recompense for their assistance in the war.
The Yurian Conglomerate
The Brotherhood of Nod
Little is known about the Brotherhood of Nod. This elusive extremist group has emerged recently and has an unclear agenda, but nonetheless, investigations by intelligence agencies worldwide have yielded valuable information. It seems to be led by a man called 'Kane', a charismatic figure whose passionate propaganda speeches have gathered many recruits for the Brotherhood worldwide. Besides his appearance, virtually nothing is known about Kane, including his age and nationality. Disturbing evidence uncovered in old Soviet archives indicate that Kane or a figure similar to Kane was an advisor to Stalin during the Second World War. Besides this, there is no information on his past.
The Brotherhood also seems to have a psuedo-religious standing, although its exact idealogy is unclear. It accepts members from all religions and backgrounds, judging by its campaigns in Africa and Europe. Besides this, it is unclear what the Brotherhood sees itself as fighting for, but all evidence points to Nod soldiers being very fanatical.
More clear is the information on the Brotherhood's military forces. Until recently, it was assumed that Nod was just a small organization, but new intelligence reveals that it has access to air, sea and land forces. Its technology does not seem to particularly advanced, with mainstay ground vehicles being mainly cheap vehicles like buggies and motorbikes, but lately the CIA announced that Nod infiltrators have stolen old technical information from archives in Washington DC, concerning prism and mirage technology from the Third World War. How Nod intends to apply this technology is unknown, but the CIA added that it imagines that Nod might be planning some sort of focusing beam and stealth technology project.
Recent evidence has also pointed to Nod being chiefly responsible for infecting nations worldwide with the extraterrestrial substance known as 'Tiberium', which originally landed in Italy recently. Why Nod desires this is also unclear, but Tiberium for some reason seems to be part of Nod's plans.
Further information on Nod is sketchy at best, but as this movement grows in power, further intelligence is likely to come to light.
Luna
In October 1968, the United Nations passed the treaty International Conventions on the Laws and Rights of Access to Earth's Moon. Drawing largely from the 1953 International Conventions on the Continent of Antarctica, the treaty of 1968 established our planet's only natural satellite as a legally neutral landmass, denying the nations of Earth from claiming territorial rights over the Moon.
The Lunar Conflict of 1971, fought between the Yurian Conglomerate and the United Nations Global Defence Initiative, forced a shift in international laws on the surface of Earth's moon. While the construction of Project Unity's settlement on the moon had adhered to UN law by establishing the base as a United Nations global effort, the brief campaign on the moon's surface obliged international lawmakers to re-evaluate legislation on who on Earth, if anyone, could claim rights to the moon.
Political Entities
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Comintern
The International
The European Council
Military Institutions
[The Red Army
Stalin's generals: Kuznetsov, Kukhov, Rokossovsky, Gradenko
A product of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the Red Army began as a hybrid military force created from mutinous remnants of the old Czarist Imperial Army, and throughout the 1917-1922 Russian Civil War, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army grew into a sprawling entity. By 1922, the newly-named Red Army headed by Leon Trotsky had established itself as the dominant military force in the new USSR, with significant political leverage.
During the 1920's and 1930's, the Red Army accelerated its operations using advanced technology, in the form of aircraft and armoured ground vehicles. Building upon these advances, Soviet generals developed the theory of "Deep Warfare", a method of fighting based upon using large concentrations of troops and armour to attack on one long front, winning a series of victories along the entire front. Diametrically opposed to European theories of war, which advocated defensive fighting or, in the case of Germna theoreticians, the use of pinpoint "Blitzkreig" attacks, Deep Warfare was utilised in the Sino-Soviet War with a high degree of success. In the European War, Deep Warfare achieved similar results in early campaigns, but was largely abandoned during 1949 as the front broke into seperate regions, obliging Soviet commanders to tailor their tactics to each zone.
The Red Army's command structure suffered greatly from the 1937 Great Purge, with most of the USSR's leading military personnel being indicted and executed on a variety of charges. Replacements, rapidly promoted from the lower echelons of the command structure, faced difficulties in adjusting to their new responsibilities as the threeat of further purges dissuaded commanders from revising strategy and techniques.
NKVD
The NKVD, state slaughterers of the twentieth century
The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had resulted in the creation of the Cheka, a communist secret police force established by Lenin for the purposes of smoking out counter-revolutionaries and Tsarist factions in the major cities of the crumbling Russian Empire. Dominated by members of the old Tsarist secret police and overshadowed by the MVD (Interior Ministry), the Cheka evolved into the GPU, then OGPU, and was finally restructured as the NKVD (Peoples' Commissariat of Internal Affairs) in 1934. A confusing entity, the NKVD was an umbrella organisation covering various departments, notably SMERSH (counter-espionage) and the NKGB (Secret Security Services). During the 1930's, Stalin's mistrust of the powerful organisation led to a sequence of NKVD commanders being liquidated. By 1942, the NKVD rested entirely in the hands of Lavrenty Beria, the sadistic and viciously cruel secret policeman who had risen through the ranks of the organisation and accumulated immense power. Stalin, suspicious of Beria and increasingly uncomfortable about Beria's growing power during the Sino-Soviet War, gave his patronage to a rising NKVD commander, Nadia Kulashenka. As a suspected mistress of both Beria and Stalin, Nadia enjoyed immense power and was probably responsible for poisoning Beria in order to take over the organisation herself. Under Nadia, the NKVD accelerated its activities in the USSR and during the years of war in Europe, applied its ghastly methods to European populations in an effort to crush all resistance to the rule of the Soviet Union.
During the Soviet Union's wars in China and Europe, the NKVD applied ruthless techniques to eliminate all potential resistance from enemy populations. Utilising methods of mass terror used against the USSR's own population in the 1930's, the organisation effectively crushed resistance in areas newly-conquered b the Red Army. Orchestrated famines, indiscriminate arrests and incarcerations, state-sponsored torture, and random executions of civil populations brought the nightmare of the Soviet Union's 1937 "Great Terror" to peoples from Beijing to Berlin. During the years of conflict in Europe, the NKVD vastly increased in power, evolving from a secret police force to a multi-national intelligence and espionage agency with its ears and eyes in every community across the new Soviet Empire.
The expansion of the NKVD, though, created powerful enemies of Nadia's sprawling agency. The Red Army vociferously criticised the organisation's internal, independent military force. Accusing NKVD military commanders of arrogance incompetence, Red Army leaders succeeded in convincing Stalin to rein in the NKVD's endless meddling in military affairs. Economic concerns also voiced their criticisms of the organisation. Lazar Kaganovich, Head of Railways for the Soviet Union, exploited every opportunity to blame the NKVD for clogging much-needed rail networks by pointlessly re-shipping convoys of political prisoners instead of freeing up railways for military supplies and industrial freight. In the corridors of the Kremlin, Russia's ruling elite conducted a whispering campaign against Nadia and her fierce ambition, uniting political rivals as a single faction determined to remove Nadia and wrench power back from the secret police.
While the USSR's rulers conspired to cripple the police, the NKVD itself faced increasing problems within its own leadership. Rapid expansion into almost every area of Soviet concern, from military affairs and industrial production to technical research and counter-intelligence, had resulted in increasing polarisation amongst the NKVD's key members, who fought with and conspired against one another in order to secure greater power for their own departments. Tasked with controlling so many facets of the empire, the NKVD increasingly found itself overworked and unable to focus adequate attention on its tasks. As the NKVD's influence spread across the swollen Soviet sphere of influence, local NKVD found themselves required to perform more and more work with less and less resources, severely hindering the ability of the once-omnipotent organisation to maintain its tyrannical hold on civil populations. As the war turned against the Soviets and Allied troops pushed the USSR's borders back towards Moscow, the NKVD faced mounting criticism from Stalin himself, furious at the inability of his secret police to severely cripple Russia's enemies. The demands of defending the swollen, weakened, and disunited Soviet Union against the forces of the United Nations resulted in fewer resources being allocated to police activities and increasing support for the anti-Nadia party in the corridors of power. By the time Allied troops invaded Russia itself, Stalin was no longer prepared to listen to Nadia and as he slipped into psychosis, the new ruling elite of the dying USSR sought to remove all power from the Director of the NKVD.
At the end of the war, the NKVD was a shrunken remnant. Declared a criminal organisation by the United Nations at the Kiev Trials, the NKVD was formally disbanded and its captured operatives tried (and often executed) for Crimes Against Humanity. The Allied mandate of Russia place police and internal security back into the hands of the Interior Ministry, replacing the state slaughterers of the NKVD with the bureaucrats of the MVD.
In Romanov's New Russia, the MVD greatly altered the structure of domestic security forces. Allied withdrawal from Russian affairs in the 1960's allowed Yuri Molotov to amalgamate Russia's various security forces under his personal direction. The MVD once again combined Russian police forces into one cohesive, centralised force while the best investigative police officers - and many ex-NKVD officers - secretly formed the nucleus of a new state security force, the KGB.
SMERSH
The Soviet Psychic Corps
Yuri Molotov and Josef Stalin in a doctored photograph c.1949
One of the most secret organs of the Red Army, the Soviet Psychic Corps was a confusing entity which overlapped various departments within the Soviet command structure, allowing the Psychic Corps to remain so secretive and elusive that besides Corps members, Stalin, and Stalin's personal circle of elites, very few people were aware that the Corps even existed. Founded in September 1941 by a persoanl edict of Stalin, the Psychic Corps was headed by the enigmatic Yuri Molotov and based simultaneously in Moscow and Omsk. Official command of the Corps was held by Yuri, and despite constant probing my the ever-suspicious Stalin, Yuri surprisingly succeeded in keeping Psychic Corps activities largely hidden from the NKVD and the Central Committee. Indeed, the Corps was so secretive that the European Alliance and the majority of the USSR's political and military elite remained unaware of its existence throughout the war, and even during the Third World War, few Allied leaders were convinced of the Corps' existence.
The Psychic Corps' command and administrative offices were based in a wing of the NKVD's Lubyanka Prison complex in central Moscow, but as the Corps was centralised in Yuri himself, the actual running of the unit was split between Yuri's apartments in the Kremlin and his research facility in Omsk. During the war, the Corps worked alongside the NKVD and SMERSH in counter-intelligence operations and foreign intelligence-gathering projects, providing surveillance equipment and utilising experimental psychic interrogation techniques on captured Allied spies and Soviet political prisoners. The Psychic Corps survived to the end of the Second World War as one of the few organisations in the USSR which was never penetrated by European spies. After the war, the International Military Tribunal declared the Psychic Corps a criminal organisation based upon evidence of unethical medical experiments conducted on human subjects at the Omsk facility. Most Corps operatives were uncovered by occupation forces, tried, and sentenced to execution or lifetime imprisonment.
In 1969, Yuri Molotov, who had disappeared in 1953, reappeared in the USSR in 1956 (his role as commander of the Psychic Corps during the Second World War remained unknown even in the Soviet Union, allowing Yuri to pass himself off as merely an eccentric scientist). In 1958, Premier Romanov secretly re-established the Psychic Corps, and during thr Third World War, the Corps played an active front-line role. The Corps was dissolved in 1972 and formed the core of the Yurian Conglomerate.
The Allied capture of the Psychic Corps' Omsk facility in 1954 uncovered a large quantity of documented work on research projects carried out at the facility. Researchers at the base are known to have conducted experiments into telepathy, psycho- and tele-kinesis, psionic activities, extra-sensory perception, mental thought control, remote viewing, and various other fringe elements of parapsychological theory. Much of the research conducted was applied in experimental forms on unwilling human subjects, a violation of international human rights. Following the dismemberment of the Psychic Corps, parapsychological research across the world was subjected to a Hippocratic-style set of procedures and boundaries, outlined under the United Nations Convention on Psychological and Parapsychological Research and Application. Following the Yurian Incident, evidence of much more advanced, and illegal, psychic research was uncovered by United Nations forces. The information found, however, is highly classified and inaccessible to non-Global Defence Initiative research personnel.
Sovnarkom
International Military Tribunal
Established in 1954 by the primary nations of the Alliance, the IMT was created in order to try Soviet war criminals under international law. The controversial establishment convened in the Ukrainian city of Kiev in February 1954 to commence a series of trials on a select group of Stalin's henchmen, who had been selected for trial by the Alliance in order to create a defendant group reflecting the entire spectrum of the Soviet government structure.
The IMT was headed by five judges representing the five primary nations of the World Alliance; Geoffrey Lawrence (United Kingdom), Henri de Varbes (France), Kurt Waldeheim (German Federation), Francis Biddle (United States), and Hoshi Sato (Japanese Empire). The defendants of the trial were each indicted on a combination of four crimes, as defined by the United Nations. The crimes included; Crimes against peace, planning and engaging in wars of aggression, War crimes, and Crimes against humanity.
At the Kiev Trials, the USSR's security and intelligence organisations were targeted as a whole. The NKVD, NKGB, MVD (Interior Police) and SMERSH were declared criminal organisations guilty of committing crimes against humanity. All members of these organisations held in Allied custody were sentenced in subsequent trials. Discussions were held over whether or not to apply the same principles to the Psychic Corps, but lack of evidence as to its existence, and the fact that no known Psychic Corps personnel had been captured, prevented the IMT from declaring the organisation illegal.
The primary defendants at the Kiev Trials were selected so as to provide a cross-section of Stalin's government. In the first, and most publicised trial, the following defendants were indicted and sentenced:
- Vyacheslav Molotov; Peoples' Commissar for Foreign Affairs, President of the USSR (1953), Politburo Member. Sentenced to death.
- Georgy Malenkov; Head of the Communist Party, Premier of the USSR (1953), Politburo Member. Sentenced to death.
- Vasily Stalin; Air Force General and son of Josef Stalin. Committed suicide in custody.
- Lazar Kaganovich; Peoples' Commissar for Transport, Politburo Member. Sentenced to death.
- Nikita Khrushchev; Viceroy of the Ukraine, Politburo Member. Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment.
- Anastas Mikoyan; President of the State Defence Committee, Politburo Member. Sentenced to 20 years' imprisionment.
- Kliment Voroshilov; Marshal of the Soviet Union, Politburo Member. Sentenced to death.
- Andrei Zhdanov; Head of the Leningrad Communist Party, Politburo Member. Died before sentencing
- Nadia Kulashenka (In absentia), Peoples' Commissar for Internal Affairs, Commander of the NKVD, Politburo Member. Sentenced to death.
- Konstantin Rokossovsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union. Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment.
- Nikolai Kuznetsov, Admiral of the Soviet Union, Peoples' Commissar for the Navy. Sentenced to 20 years' imprisionment.
- Nikolai Bulganin, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Peoples' Commissar for Defence, Politburo Member. Sentenced to death.
- Igor Kurchatov, Director of the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project. Sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment.
- Nikolai Voznesensky, Director of Gosplan, Economics Commissar. Sentenced to death.
- Alexander Poskrebyshev, General, Josef Stalin's private secretary. Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.
- Lev Mekhlis; Head of the Red Army Political Department. Sentenced to death.
- Semyon Timoshenko, Marshal of the Soviet Union. Sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment.
- Alexander Novikov, Chief Marshal of Aviation for the Red Air Force. Sentenced to death.
Subsequent trials lasted until 1958, as the IMT judged and sentenced more than 15,000 citizens of the old USSR. Those put on trial were largely NKVD officers and some lower-level Red Army commanders, along with Party apparatchicks who had planned the Ukrainian famine and mass population deportations. The appointment of Alexander Romanov in 1958 shifted Russia's political climate, and judging the IMT successful in having tracked down and adequately punished the perpetrators of Stalin's crimes, the United Nations disbanded the IMT in June 1958.
The International Military Tribunal gained lasting worldwide fame for its role in the Kiev Trials. Working alongside the International Criminal Police Organisation (Interpol), the European Defence Agency, the CIA, and the United Nations, the organisation succeeded in bringing international criminals to justice, laid down precepts of international law and global human rights, defended the principles of the United Nations Charter, and laid the foundations for the establishment in 1962 of the World High Court. The principles established by the IMT in Kiev formed the core of new international legislation; laws which would play significant roles in the aftermaths of the Third World War and the Yurian Incident, and which continue to this day to be the bedrock of the global justice system.
Unified Military Operations
"The Troika"; Marshal Brooke, Maréchal Weygand, and Marschall Model of the General Staff
Founded by a European Council declaration in August 1945, Unified Military Operations acted as the military wing of the European Alliance. UMO's central command, the European General Staff, was based at European Defence Headquarters in London, housed in a vast and extremely secretive complex of bunkers dug underneath St. James' Park in Westminster. Reflecting the Alliance's multi-national nature, the General Staff was administered throughout the war by three Chiefs of Staff; Maxime Weygand, Alan Brooke, and Walther Model, each of whom held the rank of Marshal of Europe, the effective equivalent of a six-star general. At the pinnacle of the UMO command pyramid rested Europe's Chief of Military Operations and Supreme Commander of Allied Forces; Gunther von Esling, Grand Marshal of the European Alliance.
UMO co-ordinated a widespread military network composed of three primary branches, with various secondary-level and ancillary formations beneath them. The primary branches comprised:
- Unified Ground Forces; the land-based wing of UMO, UGF was formed from individual military forces contributed to a joint European army. In the early stages of the war, UGF operated as an international strike-force operating alongside national armies, and acted as a central reserve from which units could be assigned to support individual nations' efforts to defend their borders. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland, UGF was gradually expanded to absorb all ground forces fielded by all members of the Alliance, and by early 1950, all national militaries had been subordinated to UGF.
- Joint Fleet Operations; the naval branch of UMO, Joint Fleet Operations began as a conglomerate of British and French military shipping, founded as an experimental Allied naval force. Early commitment to JFO was limited, as both the Royal Navy and the French Republican Fleet were reluctant to commit many of their ships, and as the need for military vessels to protect international shipping lanes drew warships away from European waters. Following the Alliance's catastrophic naval defeat at the Battle of Copenhagen, in which more than 40% of the Royal Navy's surface ships were sunk, Joint Fleet Operations was expanded. Alliance member-states contributed military shipping to the newly-formed Allied High Seas Fleets, divided into five sectors. From Scapa Flow, Sector I covered the North and Norwegian Seas; Sector II was based at Svalbard to cover the Arctic Ocean; Sector III, based at Brest and Cork, covered the Atlantic Ocean; Sector IV covered the Mediterranean Sea from Cadiz and Malta; while Sector V, the largest fleet designation, covered European shipping across the remainder of the world's oceans. JFO was co-ordinated firstly from European Defence Headquarters, but following the death of Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz during the Soviet attack of June 1950, command was decentralised and reassigned to command posts within the five sectors, with a central command based in Glasgow. Joint Fleet Operations was further sub-divided into Joint Surface Vessel Command and Unified Submersible Command.
- United Air Defences; the airborne division of UMO, United Air Defences controlled the Alliance's air forces, divided into Fighter Command and Bomber Command, both based at European Defence Headquarters in London. Initally comprised of the Royal Air Force and the Armee de l'Air, UAD expanded to include the newly-formed Luftwaffe and the Italian Aeronautica Militare. UAD also co-ordinated Europe's paratrooper forces and shouldered a large portion of European reconaissance initiatives.
Following the end of the Second World War, Unified Military Operations was greatly reduced in size, although the command structure remained intact. In 1961, following the death of Gunther von Esling, the European Parliament abolished the rank of Grand Marshal. During the 1960's, UMO was systematically decentralised and reduced in order to fulfill United Nations global disarmament drives and as the European Union sought to cut military spending in the aftermath of the war. Upon the outbreak of the Third World War in May 1970, UMO was primarily based in Vienna, with regional command centres at Stockholm, Sarajevo, Seville, and Samsun, from which the operations fronts covered the EU-USSR border.
During the Second World War, the staff command of Unified Military Operations was based in a highly secretive complex designated European Defence Headquarters, in London. The bulk of the complex was built under St James' Park, while a smaller section underneath Hyde Park was linked via tunnel to the main compound. Linked to the underground operations centres of the British military at the Admiralty, Horse Guards, and the Air Ministry, European Defence Heaquarters grew into a sprawling network of bomb-proof concrete chambers deep beneath the streets of London. Grand Marshal von Esling, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff of UMO, were usually based at the headquarters complex throughout the war. The facility came under attack in June 1950 from several hundred Soviet paratroopers, who seized much of the complex during underground fighting with the facility's Scottish Black Watch and Senegalese tirailleur guards. Following the war, Defence Headquarters was decommissioned and converted into a museum. Today, UMO is headquartered across European capitals due to the decentralised nature of the European Union.
European Defence Agency
The Golden Eagle, controversial symbol of European hegemony
Following the establishment of the European Alliance, commentators and military advisors called for the creation of a Europe-wide security service charged with protecting European interests and gathering intelligence on the increasingly-hostile Soviet Union. A series of conferences in London and Paris in early 1944 led to the initiation of a unified intelligence service based in Paris. While the participating nations were reluctant to share sensitive information or pool their best spies, the fledgling EDA benefitted from the recruitment of reputable secret agents sourced primarily from Great Britain's Secret Intelligence Services (MI6), France's Service de Documentation Exterieure et de Contre-Espionnage, and Germany's Bundesnachrichtendienst. The EDA made extensive use of Russian exiles and expatriates who had fled Russia following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.
The EDA's primary goals, as outlined in the 1944 Charter on Continental Security, were:
- (1) "To guarantee the security of the European Alliance via the acquisition of pertinent foreign intelligence,"
- (2) "To hinder enemy intelligence operations within Europe via the application of counter-espionage techniques,"
- (3) "To assist Allied military operations through the use of propaganda, sabotage, encouraging insurrection, and other applicable methods and techniques, at enemy civil populations."
While the Charter was never made public for security reasons, several government, military, and security leaders expressed concern about some elements of the document, most notably Clause II, which many feared would grant the EDA free rein to begin an "Inquisition" against suspected pro-communist sympathisers in Europe.
Direct counter-intelligence operations frequently involved the interrogation of captured COMINTERN and NKVD agents. The European Council had passed strict laws governing interrogation techniques, and no violent or abusive coercion techniques whatsoever were permitted. Unlike captured EDA agents who faced the threat and infliction of intensive interrogation techniques by SMERSH, captured Soviet agents were treated with humanity by their European captors. At the EDA's primary Detention Centre on the Mediterranean island of Ibiza, captured Soviet agents from across Europe and Africa were interrogated for information on the USSR's intelligence network, but in many cases captured Soviet agents received little questioning, as the EDA was aware that Soviet overseas agents frequently had little knowledge of the broad scope of their project.
The EDA operated a network of detention centres across Western Europe in which captured Soviet intelligence personnel, and suspected spies in Europe, were interred. The primary centre, on the Balearic Island of Ibiza, was supplemented by additional centres at Mont St. Michel off the coast of Normandy, Foulness Island off the coast of eastern England, and a facility on the Isle of Man.
Besides its main functions as the intelligence and counter-intelligence arm of the Alliance, the EDA worked closely with Unified Military Operations in intelligence procurement, providing valuable data on enemy forces during combat engagements. Official figures declassified in the early 1990's reveal that at the height of the war in 1950, the EDA had approximately 340 secret agents across the world, 297 of whom were based in the USSR and its conquered satellite states.
Headed throughout the war by a secretive committee formed from the leaders of MI6 and the SDECE, the EDA was frequently criticised by other Alliance members for being dominated by the British and French, with little regard for other Alliance members. The need for extreme secrecy prohibited expansion of the EDA's network much beyond trusted British, French, and German agents, resulting in frequent complaints from other Alliance states. Following the war, the EDA was downsized by a European Council decree. The smaller, even more secretive organisation was relocated from Spain to France, and is still headquartered on the Ile-de-la-Cite in central Paris, in a series of underground chambers between the Prefecture de Police and Notre Dame cathedral.
United Nations Peacekeeping Force
The United Nations, born at a time of global strife and planetary conflict, relied heavily in its early years upon the forces of the United Nations Peacekeepers. Building upon the principles of Article 16 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Peacekeeping Accords established a global force of military units designed to enforce the UN's peace in the most politically turbulent areas of the world.
Peacekeeping operations commenced in 1951, during the Chinese campaign of the Second World War. As Allied armies progressed into China, the Peacekeepers were deployed as a neutral, multi-national force in liberated areas in order to prevent local political factions from fighting for power. The operations were a success, and a similar pattern of Peacekeeper-garrisoning was swiftly adopted across Europe and the eastern USSR as the Allies liberated territory. As per Security Council agreements, the Peacekeepers never directly participated in armed conflict, particularly in front-line areas. The decision to withhold Peacekeepers from front-line aeas was largely based upon the United Nations' desire to project the Peacekeepers as a neutral, benign force of security enforcers as opposed to belligerent conquerors. As such, the "Blue Helmets" operated in purely supportive roles, acting as internal security forces in newly-liberated areas.
The end of the Second World War saw a rapid reduction in global military forces due to prevailing financial coniderations, propelling the Peacekeepers into a more crucial role. As Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean broke away from European imperialism in the 1960's, the Peacekeepers were called upon to oversee the transition from colonialism to independence in more volatile regions of the planet. The European Union, eager to reduce its military expenditure, co-ordinated a worldwide response with newly-independent nations in Africa and Asia to enhance the scope of peacekeeping operations by committing troops to the international defence force rather than individual, expensive national armies. By the late 1960's, the Peacekeepers had extended their operations across land, sea, air, and even space. By 1969, the United Nations Peacekeeping Force consisted of:
- United Nations Ground Operations. The land-based arm of the peacekeepers, Ground Operations formed the bulk of UN forces across the world, providing on-the-spot security and garnering the most attention from the international community.
- United Nations Global Maritime Security. Established to enforce the United Nations Conventions on the Laws of the Sea, the naval arm of the peacekeepers sought to enforce United Nations law across Earth's oceans and seas.
- United Nations Air Defence. Acting in a primarily reconaissance and intelligence role, the UN Air Force provided support to ground forces and provided intelligence on ongoing operations.
- United Nations Planetary Orbital Security Force. By far the smallest of the Peacekeeping arms, the POSF provided crews and security for United Nations space operations under construction in the 1960's.
The outbreak of the Third World War in 1970 led to further increases in Peacekeeping numbers. The deaths of several dozen peacekeepers during the Soviet attack on United Nations headquarters in New York City prompted the Secretary-General to enact the controversial "Global Security Amendment" to the United Nations Charter, obliging nations to commit further forces to the Peacekeepers. The United States and Soviet Union, at war with one another, declined to provide troops, resulting in the Peacekeepers relying heavily on the support of the European Union, African League, and Federation of Asian Republics supplying large military forces to bolster the Peacekeepers. During the Third World War, the Peacekeepers provided crucial security functions - defending the US-Canadian border against possible Soviet incursions and quelling uprisings in India, China, South America, and Africa.
The Yurian Incident thrust the Peacekeepers into a precarious role as the forefront of Earth's defences against the fanatical Yurian Movement. As the movement affected every nation simultaneously, the resulting two years of insurgency saw the nations of the world pool their military resources under the remit of the Peacekeepers. The United Nations Peacekeeping Conventions of 1971, signed in Kinshasa, Zaire, formally unified the Peacekeepers as a "Global Defence Initiative" aimed at combatting the manifold threats posed by the Yurian Movement. During the global war on Yurianism, the Peacekeepers evolved into a highly adaptable, specialised force that ultimately quelled Yurianism. The defeat of Yuri compelled the Security Council to formally morph the Peacekeepers into a new organisation aimed at enforcing the UN's peace across Earth - the Global Defence Initiative.
United Nations Global Defence Initiative
The "New Eagle", symbol of the United Nations Global Defence Initiative
Scientific Establishments
Soviet Atomic Bomb Project
Maud Committee
Founded in 1946 by a European Council declaration, Maud was the European Alliance's multi-national project to develop an atomic bomb. Throughout the 1930's, research into atomic theory, and the increasing prospect of humanity's ability to develop applied atomic technology led to increasing concerns that the Soviet Union could develop a weapon based on atomic fission. In response to the perceived threat from the USSR, the European Alliance convened the Maud Committee, composed of Europe's leading nuclear physicists, to perform and develop the necessary research and technology to construct a weapon before the Soviet Union. Leading members of the Committee included;
Neils Bohr; Danish professor and the world's leading nuclear theorist
George Paget Thomson; British winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
Enrico Fermi; Italian atomic theorist
Werner Heisenberg; German particle theorist
Albert Einstein; German quantum theorist and researcher on a variety of secretive military projects
Francis Perrin; French theorist on applied atomic power
Otto Frisch; Austrian mechanical theorist
Rudolf Peierls; German solid-state physicist
Mark Oliphant; Australian physicist, developed Maud's particle accelerators
Frédéric Joliot-Curie; French physicist and Nobel laureate
Lew Kowarski; Polish chain-reaction theorist
Leó Szilárd; Hungarian atomic physicist
Based primarily at the Kaiser Wilhem Institute in Berlin and at the University of Birmingham, Maud's specialists achieved critical mass on Uranium-235 in Berlin in April 1947. As the Red Army approached Berlin in late 1947, Maud was evacuated to the University of Manchester to continue development. The accidental explosion of a particle accelerator at the University of Cambridge in February 1948 delayed the project by some months, and prompted increased involvement by EDA operatives fearful of Soviet espionage and saboteurs.
By early 1950, the Committee's research had reached a level sufficient to construct a working atomic bomb. However, the members' motives to build such a weapon were far from eager. Heisenberg and Oliphant led a long-running protest against the EDA and the European Council arguing against the construction of a device which, they feared, would result in appalling casualties. Grand Marshal von Esling, Chairman of the Council of Ministers, lent his support for the anti-bomb scientists by arguing that in addition to the humanitarian questions raised by the construction of an atomic device, building such a weapon could easily provoke the Soviet Union into developing its own bomb, with a resulting aggressive exchange of atomic devices. Technical fears added credence to the anti-bomb group - nuclear theorists at Maud were unable to agree on what environmental problems such a device could create. Many of the Committee's leading members expressed, to the European Council, their concerns that the sudden and immense amount of energy released by an atomic fission reaction could crack the planetary crust, blast a hole through a tectonic plate, or at worst, trigger a chain reaction with isotopic elements in the air and ignite Earth's atmosphere, raising the planet's surface temperature to a level incompatible with any animal or plant life, effectively destroying life on Earth. At the European Council, those opposed to building an atomic bomb prevailed, and under the premise of Better Red than Dead, Maud declined to begin construction of such a weapon.
Work on the device resumed following the Soviet Union's destruction of Ashkhabad and Ulaanbataar using the USSR's own atomic bombs. Information from EDA operatives in the Soviet Union confirmed the USSR's continuing development of atomic weapons; in the aftermath of the atomic attacks in Central Asia, Russia's continued construction of bombs forced Maud to begin construction of its own atomic arsenal. The European Alliance's first bomb, Phoenix, was detonated in southern Algeria on October 13th 1950, closing the "atomic gap" with the Soviet Union.
Manhattan Project
Soviet Academy of Sciences
NASA
European Space Agency (ESA)
European scientists' long-standing interest in extra-terrestrial travel blossomed in the 1920's and 1930's, as the art-nouveau movement swept European middle classes and as science fiction gained in popularity. Across Europe, a host of organisations, corresponding societies, and subscription funds emerged as physicists and entrepreneurs advocated the real possibility of space exploration in the twentieth century. The two leading associations - the Society for Interplanetary Exploration (based in Berlin), and the London Society of Interplanetary Space fuelled public imagination in the possibility of space travel. In applied matters, the SIE advanced practical knowledge of launch vehicles. The German Army, prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles from maintaining long-range artillery, granted increasing funds to the SIE and the German Rocketry Society for the purposes of research into ballistics and rocketry; while the German Army sought to secretly develop rockets for military purposes, the SIE aimed to use the devices as launch vehicles to enter planetary orbit. Utilising developments pioneered by the American rocketeer Robert Goddard and subsequent improvements discovered by European inventors, the knowledge and application of rocket theory increased.
Russian Space Bureau (RSB)
United Earth Space Probe Agency
Rapid expansion of humankind's space technology posed a variety of opportunities and threats. During the 1960's, tension between the United States and European Union had resulted in a frenzied "Space Race", as each power sought to gain prestige by developing and enhancing technologies to the detriment of their opponent. By the late 1970's, human activity beyond Earth's atmosphere had advanced to a level whereby lunar landings had become commonplace and humanity's first extra-terrestrial settlement had been established. Mankind's first extra-terrestrial conflict, fought over the remnants of Phase Two in the lunar Sea of Tranquility, ushered in a new era of global conflict assessment, as the threat of orbital warfare loomed over Earth.
The establishment of the United Earth Space Probe Agency sought to address a variety of concerns, not least of which being public anxiety at the threat of uncontrolled deployment of belligerent technology in orbit of our planet.
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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The Yurian Conglomerate
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Comintern
The International
The European Council
SMERSH
Manhattan Project
Soviet Academy of Sciences
NASA
Russian Space Bureau (RSB)