The Four Phases of Boreoamerican Federalization
Phase One: A Council of Councils
The predecessors to the ASB have existed for centuries, most being originally formed solely for the purpose of reaching out from the colonies to the natives. The Covenant Chain was the first alliance for this specific reason, and tied together the newly formed Dutch colony of New Netherland with the Iroquois tribes. It wasn’t called the Covenant Chain until the leader of the Iroquois converted to Christianity in 1686, but the semi-frequent series of meetings between the two cultures would be carried forward as main ideals of the ASB. As time went on, the French did the same with the ethnically-Ojibwe Three Fires Confederation. These native states were not regarded as colonies of the European powers, but they were instead seen as potential allies and possible partners in trade. This became a popular ideology in the north, eventually affecting the settlement of Labrador and what became the middle regions of the ASB. The Children of Onontio was founded in 1665 as a loose organization, where the government of the Canada colony would meet with the three leaders of the Ojibwe Confederation on a yearly basis. Later on, it would represent autonomy in the Canadian colony and eventually transitioned the Upper Country through admission into the ASB.
Yeah, this is basically the attitude in OTL that French officials, traders, and missionaries adopted. Some English/British officials did, too, like in Pennsylvania a lot of the time, but a huge population relative to their rivals, and a culture of hungry land acquisition, meant it did not last in OTL.
Minor point, the Three Fires was made up of 3 ethnic groups, yes, but they were not coherent entities with single leaders. Real power was in the hands of village chiefs, and villages more often than not had members of more than one ethnic group. So "Onontio's Children" were all the local chiefs who accepted the leadership of the governor of New France ("Onontio"). The villages of the Three Fires tribes were Onontio's most powerful Children in the western Great Lakes, but the alliance also included Iroquoian and Algonquian peoples around Erie and Ontario and, less consistently, south into the Ohio Country. (This is all OTL, as well as TTL.) In TTL, the Ojibwe/Chippewa, Potawatomi, and Odawa/Ottawa tribes have for the most part merged into a single Anishinaabe ethnic group. Some people might know which of the three tribes they descend from, but most just think of themselves as Anishinaabe (or Anishinaabe-French-German, etc. etc.).
Phase Two: Congresses of North America
Eventually, things transitioned from somewhat-organized meetings into fully scheduled ambassadorial congresses. The switch into this phase was mostly marked by revolts and wars of independence in the Americas, which caused autonomy to be achieved by many North American colonies. In the 1730’s, the Congress for the West Indies was founded after a large slave revolt, led by the bastard son of famous former slave William Matthews. It was originally meant to be a cooperation between free blacks and other free Cubans, but grew to be an alliance between the other Spanish colonies as well as French Louisiana.
OK, here I actually would prefer that the Congress of the Indies evolve in the opposite direction. It starts maybe in the 1750s or 60s as a diplomatic meeting among the French and Spanish colonial governors around the Caribbean. Then, as society in Louisiana or the Floridas liberalizes, leaders of the Free People of Color in New Orleans and St. Augustine start showing up to the meetings to air their grievances. At some point they go even further and start hearing leaders of other nonwhite groups, like the Maroon communities of Cuba descended from Mateo's slave revolts.
This marked eventual self-government, which began to make the European powers quite angry. However, after the Wars of Independence in the 1760’s, there was not much the Europeans could do about places like Maryland and North New England. While America was severely divided, the organization known as the Anglo-American Congress brought relations back together with recently independent English states with their surviving colonies. While the main leadership of England wasn’t too happy about this development, there was ultimately nothing they could do. The alliance between the English-speaking places in North America was a net gain for them, and they could afford to sacrifice a bit of their pride for a lot of stability. In the beginning, the Anglo-American Congress (or AAC) wasn’t too heavily enforced, but meetings grew to become more stable and federalized later on in the eighteenth century.
That's a good way to put it. I'll add that diplomacy with Indian peoples, especially the Iroquois, was one of the main reasons that Congress first came into existence. (As it was in OTL with the Albany Congress.) Cooperating diplomatically with Indian and European powers was a big part of what kept it going in TTL. So was sorting out "weird" areas like Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, as you say.
Phase Three: One Congress of the Nations
The Anglo-American Congress began to solidify, becoming a true series of meetings between all English-speaking areas of America. Eventually, the entity itself had a strong enough congress to present itself to other cultures and ethnicities, besides being solely English. In 1792, the Anglo-American Congress decided to reach out a hand to the Covenant Chain, to form a better alliance across the entire Atlantic Coast. This duel “alliance-alliance” became known as the Anglo-Dutch Federation, or the League of the Atlantic. The government of this was arguably one of the most convoluted of all time. There were two houses that met bi-annually in Pennsylvania, one for the Dutch and one for the English. The natives were somewhat divided up between the two houses, although a subsection of the Dutch house was reserved for Iroquois and even Susquehanna delegates. The two houses met to discuss certain issues going on in the colonies, but the natives had the power to veto any proposal with a unilateral vote (at least for the Dutch house, for the English it was a much harder process) as to not let the Europeans get too voluntarily powerful. Colonies still belonging to England had their own section (the Dutch didn’t need this, as the entirety of New Netherland was still a colony, not just parts of it), with “reduced membership”. “Ambassadors” from other colonies were allowed time to speak at each of the meetings (but didn’t have any power to vote or provide more than one proposal), which could normally last up to two days.
This is a good idea for a transition between the Anglo Congress and the Congress of the Nations. The League would have been instrumental in creating some key features of the ASB. It would have organized the State of Poutaxia (northeastern Pennsylvania in OTL) in territory that was disputed between Pennsylvania, New Netherland, and the Iroquois, as well as independent communities of Shawnee, Lenape, Susquehannock, etc., and a growing population of Metis who felt loyal to the idea of a peaceful North America but not loyal to any particular side. That group would be the natural leaders of the new state. And Poutaxia would set the template for creating states out of other disputed areas, namely Allegheny, Ohio, the Upper Country, Dakota, and West Florida. The cumbersome way of voting is a sensible transition between the old ways (Congresses for the whites, diplomatic councils for the Indians) and modern equal representation.
The Anglo-Dutch Federation kept up good relations with the Children of Onontio and the Congress for the West Indies, but had secret desires for expansion and federalization throughout North America. Things were going well, and by the 1830’s the government of the Anglo-Dutch Federation had mostly gotten rid of the Covenant Chain and the Anglo-American Congress.
I would say that they sort of subsumed them rather than got rid of them. Both the Covenant Chain and the Anglo Congress probably still were understood to exist, and probably even met occasionally, even in the early years of the ASB.
Another short-lived body was the Confederation of New England, which formed in the 1770s from the states that rebelled against English rule. Massachusetts dominated the Confederation so thoroughly that it drove Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth to quickly secede; eventually they actually rejected the revolution and re-joined the Dominion. The Confederation continued to limp along with just two members, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and off and on Vermont. Once the Anglo-American Congress was revived, the Confederation basically ceased to exist.
Phase Four: Foundation of Parliament
The expansion of the Anglo-Dutch Federation into North America was something came up at nearly every meeting after 1820, and they were just waiting for the opportunity of expansion to arise. While it wasn’t a unified entity, they were planning for it to eventually federalize (at least the non-colonial parts of it, anyway). The fact that they existed already stirred a reaction in the people of Canada, who desired to join such a federation to a degree. However, the Children of Onontio were all but ignored by France, who had recently decided to disregard the natives and focus on bare expansion. This proved to be a bad choice, as the North Onontio Rebellion raged on for years in the 1830’s. France provided enough military response to keep the war going, but not enough to crush it. The fact that they desired colonial expansion in other regions forced them to not focus their full forces on Canada, which led to their downfall in the colony.
Let's give it a different name, but I'm liking where this is going. I had not done much with the core French states because I've been indecisive over how to handle French history, whether the colonies rebelled to win independence or achieved it gradually, and whether France itself is still involved somehow. Having France go through an overseas imperialist phase, at a time when in OTL it got itself bogged down in Europe, is an interesting beginning. Let's see how it takes shape.
The Anglo-Dutch Federation extended their hand out to Onontio (then comprised of what would become Ohio, Illinois, Canada, Huronia, and the Upper Country), asking them to join their alliance. Canada asked two things of them; a name change to better suit their French-native origin, and a more federalized government. They complied, and the alliance was changed to the “Affiliated States of Boreoamerica” on April 1st, 1841. It began the path of federalization of the ASB, making Canada one of the founding members of the affiliation. The Iroquois would agree to subsume to ASB rule next, followed by the south in the 1850’s. For France, the loss of Canada was heartbreaking, as it was one of their first colonies. They went on a colonization spree, forming the colonies of Terresud (OTL South Australia) and Patagonie (OTL Southern Argentina). This also led them to try to hold Louisiana for as long as possible, which meant keeping autonomy from them for as long as possible. France tried to attempt things that England never would have, including breaking up Louisiana’s membership in the Congress for the West Indies. This plan worked spectacularly, although it plunged the economies of the Spanish Caribbean colonies significantly. East Dominica fell from France in a major revolt known as the “Ayiti Revolution”, but ended up having next to no trade partners. Cuba and West Dominica were still a part of Spain, but that didn’t last. Neither did the French hold on Louisiana. The ASB ended up extending their hand to these Caribbean nations, with them joining around 1870. The centralized Parliament was formed around then as well, which led to the current present incarnation of Boreoamerica we know today.
The Iroquois would have already been members, I think. They would have been essential members of that League of the Atlantic between the English and Dutch. Cherokee, as a Carolina protectorate, would also be a relatively early member of the proto-ASB. During this later period I think you'd see the other southern tribes come into full participation.
April 1, 1841 is a fine choice for Affiliation Day! I think that as in all things in this world, it involved a lot of continuity as well. The Congress of the Nations probably existed as some kind of diplomatic body at least from the 1830s, maybe meeting irregularly even earlier; but the permanence that comes with a Name would be a later creation.
Creating a Parliament would be a truly bold step, but probably an essential one as the population grew and the economy became more interconnected.
OK! We have a framework! The dawn of the ASB is quite a bit less mysterious.