If I may state my position on more $$$ in education- eliphas- it's a matter of who gets it when, getting parents, students, educators and administrators on the same page about priorities and what pathways are favored that matters.
Also funding the support staff, (TA's. counselors, and IT) so teachers can focus on teaching, tweaking curricula, etc instead of administrative donkey work, classroom set-up, and the endless collateral duties sucking time and focus away from teaching.
Study after study has shown that Head Start (pre-school) works wonders, but the effects fade b/c if the environments sucks badly enough, the kids realize school isn't teaching them what they need to know.
A buck invested then yields twenty in better outcomes AFAIC.
Doing primary school right- IMO if primary school's done its job, you've got kids who can read and write well enough to construct a sentence and maybe do simple algebra, do homework assignments and projects with only a little help from mom/dad.
A buck invested there yields ten in better outcomes. Basically, if you get a kid and give them a good foundation in primary school, they do extremely well later, even once the evil hormones kick in.
I vividly recall what a waste junior high school (grades 7 and 8) were as far as learning went. I got the mistaken impression that choosing my classes didn't matter and the real work would start in ninth grade.
My parents, counselors, and teachers would say different, but there was no real track for me to pursue until HS.
THEN the 40W bulb came on I had to pay attention and prioritize.
Trying to fix kids whose primary education sucked or was based on social promotion w/o any real education at the secondary level is where it gets expensive and frustrating even for students w/o LD's such as autism, dyslexia, and so on. With LD's, it takes a 5-10X the work to get the kid up to speed with their peers.
That's why to that extent class size matters. Some kids need very little guidance and feedback, but others need a lot more attention and coaching. There's no magic formula that will get you great results with every student.
That's why study after study has shown trying to intervene with HS dropouts w or w/o LD's is expensive and frustrating for all concerned and seems like a bottomless pit with shit outcomes.
Still, education from grades K-12 IMO needs a thorough reboot.
For kids of average or better intelligence, there's no reason they couldn't have an associates' degree at eighteen w/o killing themselves.
That's IF primary education's squared away, you can bridge pubertal onset and make academic progress, and give everyone a clear idea what's on the table soon enough to plan accordingly so secondary education is a worthwhile endeavor.
You can choose a practical track or academic track or a combination of both. Just let people know the required courses and we'll fund seven courses a six weeks.
It might be dreaming, but I think the feds and states should budget for lifelong retraining throughout their working lives b/c whatever was world-class in 1988 is either dated or irrelevant.
I've been fortunate that I've kept learning and going back to school every few years to stay sharp.