Shall Eagles Not Be Eagles?
An American Timeline
Shall eagles not be eagles? wrens be wrens?
If all the world were falcons, what of that?
The wonder of the eagle were the less,
But he not less the eagle
- Alfred Tennyson
Chalchuapa, El Salvador 1885
The heat of battle, this is what Justo Barrios both loathed and loved. It reminded him of being at the heart of the revolution in his native Quetzanalgo. But this was a new kind of warfare. One where men threw themselves into long barreled cannons before falling to the ground. Very much unlike the romantic liberal revolution of his young adulthood.This kind of war disgusted him. But Barrios had no time for such trivial nostalgia now Barrios needed to win this fight. The walls of Chalchuapa, the gateway to El Salvador were in front of him and soon as The Salvadorans gave in it was his. A messenger arrives from the front. “Sir, another officer is believed to have been hit by our guns.” “Then let us rally the cavalry boy!” exclaimed Barrios. He was going to personally make sure they did it right. The Salvadoran guns took a toll on his men, the ground here was uphill and lined with thick walls giving a good advantage for The Salvadorans. Each shot of a Krupp Gun or a mitrailleuse made him wince. But when the cavalry hit the line the enemy quickly fell apart. The Salvadorans scattered about leaving much of their weaponry including several mitrailleuse’s behind. Barrios took the rest of the day to reorganize and rest. One more day to San Salvador. One more day to the more perfect union.
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Julias Sandana, A history of Liberalism in Latin America (Morazán University Press 2007)
After The Battle of Chalchuapa Justo Barrios faced little resistance on the march to San Salvador. Knowing that he would be killed otherwise Rafael Zaldivar the rebellious President of El Salvador surrendered The Nation to Guatemala, now known as The United Provinces of Central America. In the city Barrios met Francisco Menéndez a Salvadoran liberal who was exiled to Guatemala due to a disagreement with President Zaldivar. Barrios had found much in common with the 55 year old politician and appointed him the new governor of The El Salvadoran Province. Menéndez, a talented speaker was able to cool many peoples qualms with the new federation. Luis Bográn the President of Honduras soon joined the federation. But the newly minted federation still had trouble in the south and west in the forms of Declarations of War from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Mexico. But conflict from within in the forms of Conservatives and The Catholic Church. This period will be covered in the next chapter.
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Justo Rufino Barrios (July 19, 1835 – May 4, 1910) was a President of Guatemala and later The United Provinces of Central America known as “The Bismarck of Central America” Barrios was the key figure in forming The United Provinces of Central America and reforming much of Central America into a modern nation. He with Domingo Santa María and José María Pino Suárez are considered to be the leaders most exemplary of the “era del pueblo”.
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