How is it possible to prevent the Cuban Missile Crisis becoming nuclear war? What effects would this have? what if?
The Centrality of WW3 to the last half of the 21st century makes this very difficult to determine. We live in a second industrial era, a reconstruction of this country and the devastated former Canada*, as well as trying to healing damage caused by heavy damage to American cities, the near collapse of Western Europe and the creation of the Great European Forest**
The issues of those times seem so remote to us. In those fires of national reconstruction, who would refuse the help of highly motivated Blacks, Native Americans or Asians? Hunger and privation were the common threat, that racial stupidity was a luxury we couldn't afford. People debated the role of government in society and espoused a deregulated libertarian utopia that is no longer possible--without the Cabinet Department of National Reconstruction, government rationing, government jobs and government projects would be TINY compared to today.
We'd be less religious. In those dark days, churches of all stripes joined in a massive humanitarian effort to save as many people from radiation, hunger and despair as they could. There would be no great religious revival in the 1970s.
We'd be wealthier, no doubts. The computer is finally emerging as a household item; Oil would be purchasable without a ration card and public aviation might be mainstream.
The Cultural effects would be harder to describe. Without WWIII, Women would still be expected to stay at home and raise children as opposed to the post-war system that required them to work. Female Laborers, Soldiers, Sailors and Miners were all very rare prewar; the aftermath required them to serve in these roles.
Buildings of the 60s and 70s reflect either a temporary shelter turned permanent residence look or a survivalist "ready for the world" style quasi-fortification. Even to this day, those few glass and steel skyscrapers seem to harken to a different day; a time of many more people***, where vast expenses were worthwhile in an urban center and before it was well understood that it as a complete deathtrap in a nuclear war.
Even more recent designs are squat, solid and largely present stone faces to the world; an improvement over enlarged bunkers but still echoing the fear of more nuclear weapons.
I think the hardest blow, though, is that it could all have be prevented. I was born twenty years after the war began; it was just a large playground with very interesting stuff still around. My Parents were small children when it happened, and they barely remember much more than being terrified in a small shelter. But the Grandparents--so much pain in their eyes and hearts. That they'd had something and lost it; and not just them, but the hundreds of millions of people after it ended.
For myself, I don't know how I'd be different. There would probably not be a female electrician (the same trade as my own) I'd marry. Her story, a daughter of two human French Emigrants leaving their ancestral home to make a hard living as farmers, would be out the window. Maybe I'd have attended one of those universities--but theoretical knowledge is still less of a priority and our country needs workers, not dreamers. But I'm happy, I work hard and make a decent living, and we're long past the worst.
BM's Calculations:
*Well within range of Soviet Bombers, Canada would suffer quite badly from a Soviet nuclear barrage. I'm thinking they're so badly off that they've outright fallen into the status of a US Protectorate.
**Losses in Eastern Europe are so heavy that the region reverts to nature. Although tens of millions survive the initial hit, the destruction of food supply, at least a short term hard freeze, starvation and massive fire, as well as lingering radiation dangers. Fifty Years later, Eastern Europe is dungeon country--too few people, too many ruins.
***Does population boom in the aftermath? No--Women are required to work for the difficult duties of national reconstruction, which reduces the number of children they have. The United States takes in many Canadians and Western Europeans, but the losses of many metropolitan areas leave them tens of millions behind. The Pill predates the PoD, and if women are desperately needed to work in 1962-5, they can't afford to become pregnant either.